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Potential Benefits of Dietary Fat in Chronic Diseases

A special issue of Nutrients (ISSN 2072-6643). This special issue belongs to the section "Lipids".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (20 November 2023) | Viewed by 4334

Special Issue Editors


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Guest Editor
Independent Researcher, Québec, QC, Canada
Interests: cardiovascular medicine; nutrition; disease prevention; systems biology; personalized medicine; biomarker discovery; digital health; wellness

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Guest Editor
Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods (INAF), Université Laval, Quebec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
Interests: molecular biology; biochemistry; bioinformatics; insulin resistance; diabetes; malnutrition; metabolism; metabolic syndrome; fat; metabolic diseases

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Optimal cardiovascular health and its correlates are rare, making cardiometabolic and cardiovascular diseases among the leading causes of disability and death worldwide. There is thus a pressing need to find non-pharmacological means of prevention and treatment to increase the quality of life of individuals and to lower the pressures on health systems and societies.

Beneficial dietary fatty acids have been regarded as potent preventive and curative means of chronic diseases ever since their presence was observed as one of the cornerstones of the traditional Mediterranean diet, and since epidemiological studies have underlined their association with health and longevity.

However, discordant findings from trials using purified forms of beneficial fats such as long-chain mono or polyunsaturated fats for the treatment of dyslipidemia have created confusion in the field, which might have hindered their use in preventive and curative settings.

Many interesting questions still need to be addressed in order to clear up any doubts.

For instance, what is the direct causative role of circulating beneficial fats? Could they merely be surrogates of healthy eating habits and lifestyles or of protective cultural and geographical (genetic) parameters? Should purified, high-dose supplementation be preferred over whole food sources that include potentially beneficial components of food matrices? What is the targeted EPA to the DHA ratio, and what is the role of the less studied DPA intermediate? Is there inter-individual variability in response to dietary fats and, if so, how can this variability impact future dietary recommendations and treatment strategies? What are the most appropriate exposure biomarkers, treatment timing, and clinical populations to maximize outcomes?

These topics represent just a few lines of thought helping to guide this Special Issue in order to ultimately clarify and provide new insights into the potential benefits of dietary fat in optimizing health and prevent chronic diseases. All original contributions, including epidemiological or observational studies, systematic reviews and meta-analyses, and editorials, are welcome.

Dr. Sébastien Lacroix
Dr. Juan De toro Martin
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

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Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2900 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • cardiovascular disease
  • cardioprotective
  • dyslipidemia
  • anti-inflammatory

Published Papers (2 papers)

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Research

13 pages, 2203 KiB  
Article
Update of a Genetic Risk Score Predictive of the Plasma Triglyceride Response to an Omega-3 Fatty Acid Supplementation in the FAS Study
by Ellie Gauthier, Juan de Toro-Martín, Bastien Vallée-Marcotte, Simone Lemieux, Iwona Rudkowska, Patrick Couture and Marie-Claude Vohl
Nutrients 2023, 15(5), 1156; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15051156 - 25 Feb 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1271
Abstract
A genetic risk score (GRS) predictive of the plasma triglyceride (TG) response to an omega-3 fatty acid (n-3 FA) supplementation has been previously developed in the Fatty Acid Sensor (FAS) Study. Recently, novel single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) interacting with a fish [...] Read more.
A genetic risk score (GRS) predictive of the plasma triglyceride (TG) response to an omega-3 fatty acid (n-3 FA) supplementation has been previously developed in the Fatty Acid Sensor (FAS) Study. Recently, novel single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) interacting with a fish oil supplementation and associated with plasma lipid levels have been identified in the UK Biobank. The aim of this study was to verify whether the addition of SNPs identified in the UK Biobank to the GRS built in the FAS Study improves its capacity to predict the plasma TG response to an n-3 FA supplementation. SNPs interacting with fish oil supplementation in the modulation of plasma lipid levels in the UK Biobank and associated with plasma TG levels have been genotyped in participants of the FAS Study (n = 141). Participants have been supplemented with 5 g fish oil/day for six weeks. Plasma TG concentrations were measured before and after the supplementation. Based on the initial GRS of 31 SNPs (GRS31), we computed three new GRSs by adding new SNPs identified in the UK Biobank: GRS32 (rs55707100), GRS38 (seven new SNPs specifically associated with plasma TG levels), and GRS46 (all 15 new SNPs associated with plasma lipid levels). The initial GRS31 explained 50.1% of the variance in plasma TG levels during the intervention, whereas GRS32, GRS38, and GRS46 explained 49.1%, 45.9%, and 45%, respectively. A significant impact on the probability of being classified as a responder or a nonresponder was found for each of the GRSs analyzed, but none of them outperformed the predictive capacity of GRS31 in any of the metrics analyzed, i.e., accuracy, area under the response operating curve (AUC-ROC), sensitivity, specificity and McFadden’s pseudo R2. The addition of SNPs identified in the UK Biobank to the initial GRS31 did not significantly improve its capacity to predict the plasma TG response to an n-3 FA supplementation. Thus, GRS31 still remains the most precise tool so far by which to discriminate the individual responsiveness to n-3 FAs. Further studies are needed in the field to increase our knowledge of factors underlying the heterogeneity observed in the metabolic response to an n-3 FA supplementation. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Potential Benefits of Dietary Fat in Chronic Diseases)
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12 pages, 526 KiB  
Article
Increased Intake of Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids Is Associated with Reduced Odds of Low Hand Grip Strength in Korean Adults
by Yoonjin Shin and Eugene Chang
Nutrients 2023, 15(2), 321; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15020321 - 09 Jan 2023
Cited by 9 | Viewed by 2688
Abstract
Nutritional status is thought to be one of the modifiable risk factors for muscle health. This study investigates the association between dietary omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) intake and hand grip strength (HGS) in Korean adults. The cross-sectional analysis was performed on 18,278 [...] Read more.
Nutritional status is thought to be one of the modifiable risk factors for muscle health. This study investigates the association between dietary omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) intake and hand grip strength (HGS) in Korean adults. The cross-sectional analysis was performed on 18,278 participants aged ≥19 years enrolled in the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey from 2016–2019. Omega-3 PUFA consumption was positively linked to the dietary intake of nuts, fish, and shellfish in Korean adults. After adjusting for potential confounders, the results showed that increased omega-3 PUFA intake was associated with a decreased risk of low HGS (odds ratio (OR) for upper quartile (Q4) compared to Q1, men: OR = 1.42 (95% CI: 1.17–1.72), women: OR = 1.61 (1.37–1.89)). This inverse association was reported in people who did no resistance exercise or had an insufficient protein intake. In contrast, this association was not evident in adults who did resistance exercise or had sufficient protein intake. Furthermore, participants with hypertension or type 2 diabetes showed stronger associations between dietary omega-3 PUFA intake and HGS compared with other subgroups. These results suggest that dietary omega-3 PUFA intake positively related with HGS in Korean adults. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Potential Benefits of Dietary Fat in Chronic Diseases)
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