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The Effect of Nutritional Aspect on Obesity and Hypertension

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A special issue of Nutrients (ISSN 2072-6643). This special issue belongs to the section "Nutritional Epidemiology".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (30 September 2023) | Viewed by 12620

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Special Issue Editors

Prof. Dr. Manuel Bicho

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Guest Editor

1. Environmental Health Institute (ISAMB), Faculty of Medicine, University of Lisbon (FMUL), 1649-028 Lisbon, Portugal
2. Scientific Research Institute Bento da Rocha Cabral (IICBRC), 1250-047 Lisbon, Portugal
Interests: cardiovascular medicine; genetic association studies; hypertension; dislipidaemia; obesity; metabolic syndrome; salt sensitivity of blood pressure; psoriasis; cancer; biomarkers; biochemical and molecular genetics; evolutionary medicine
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Dr. Ana Valente

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Egas Moniz-School of Health & Science, Caparica, Portugal
Interests: nutrigenetics; intestinal microbiota; nutrition and non-communicable diseases like type 2 diabetes mellitus; obesity and cardiovascular diseases; nutrition in pregnancy; sports nutrition; food composition and quality assurance

Dr. Irene Rebelo

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1. UCIBIO, Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, Laboratory of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
2. Associate Laboratory i4HB, Laboratory of Biochemistry, Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
Interests: maternal health; hypertension; pregnancy; metabolism; nutrition

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Hypertension has been a well-known modifiable risk factor for cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases (coronary heart disease, heart failure, chronic kidney disease, stroke) since the 1960s, and has been known as a risk factor for dementia and age-related macular degeneration since the late 1990s. However, it has only been known as a metabolic disease since the 1980s as a result of its evident association with obesity, dyslipidemia and insulin resistance in the so-called metabolic syndrome. The environment through the life cycle (preconception, prenatal, infancy, childhood, adolescence, adulthood, old age) clearly participates in the etiopathogenesis and progression of hypertension, and may be actively modifiable, particularly from the nutritional point of view, in a diverse way in several ecogenetic niches. The nutritional factor more metabolically related to endothelial dysfunction characteristic of metabolic syndrome is the availability of sodium, which has an individual blood pressure response based on genetic and epigenetic factors. Other related ions such as potassium, calcium, magnesium, chloride and more (e.g., recently nitrate and nitrite) may also be involved. Other nutritional factors whose levels and availability influence endothelial dysfunction in obesity are vitamins B2 B6, B9 (folic acid) and B12, which are involved in methylation, transsulfuration and antioxidative processes. Macronutrients such as carbohydrates, particularly glucose and more recently fructose at basal state or with overload (glucose tolerance test) or under the effect of exercise and mental stress, influence the endothelial function and also have genetic variation in metabolic processes. The response of blood pressure to essential polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) has also been studied. In obesity, the variability of inflammatory processes associated with endothelial dysfunction and hypertension can be scientifically evidenced by biomarkers at various biological levels. This Special Issue aims to update the knowledge on the role of nutrition as a modifier of prevention in the various stages of the natural history of hypertensive disease in obesity, evidenced by basic studies and animal experimentation or applied to humans through observational and intervention epidemiological studies.

Authors are invited to contribute original research in animal studies and in humans with clinical, epidemiological, observational and intervention studies. Narrative or systematic reviews alone or accompanying meta-analyses will also be accepted.

Prof. Dr. Manuel Bicho
Dr. Ana Valente
Dr. Irene Rebelo
Guest Editors

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Keywords

hypertension prevention
obesity
metabolic syndrome
macronutrients
salt sensitivity
oligoelements
calcium and magnesium
iron
vitamins
vitamin D

Published Papers (6 papers)

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Research

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13 pages, 1518 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Iron Levels and Markers of Inflammation in a Population of Adults with Severe Obesity, a Cross-Sectional Study

by Daniela Laudisio, Giulia de Alteriis, Claudia Vetrani, Sara Aprano, Gabriella Pugliese, Francesca Zumbolo, Annamaria Colao and Silvia Savastano

Nutrients 2023, 15(21), 4702; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15214702 - 06 Nov 2023

Viewed by 1174

Abstract

Low-grade chronic inflammation linked to obesity can lead to alterations in biomarkers of iron status. The aim of this study was to investigate the primary determinant of serum iron levels among anthropometric measurements, body fat, and serum biomarkers of low-grade chronic inflammation in a group of adult individuals with severe obesity. We enrolled 114 individuals (84 females; 30 males) aged 40.96 ± 12.54 years. Weight and body mass index (BMI) were 121.20 ± 22.33 kg and 44.94 ± 7.29 kg/m², respectively. Some 30% of individuals had class-II obesity (BMI ≥ 35 ≤ 39.9 kg/m²) and 70% had class-III obesity (BMI ≥ 40 kg/m²). A weak, albeit significant, inverse correlation was found between serum iron levels and c-reactive protein (CRP) (r = −0.259, p = 0.008), fibrinogen (r = −0.261, p = 0.006), BMI (r = −0.186, p = 0.04), waist circumference (WC) (r = −0.265, p = 0.004), and fat mass % (r = −0.285, p = 0.003). With multiple linear regression analysis including CRP, fibrinogen, BMI, WC, and fat mass % as independent variables and serum iron levels as dependent variable, WC was entered in the first step (p = 0.001), which was followed by fat mass % (p = 0.047) and CRP (p = 0.047). Grouping the individuals according to the interquartile range of BMI, WC, and fat mass % (Q1–Q4), the lowest serum iron levels were found in Q4 groups of WC and fat mass % (p = 0.02), while no significant differences were found between groups in BMI quartiles. In conclusion, in our study, population serum iron levels were inversely associated with BMI, visceral obesity, fat mass %, CRP, and fibrinogen, but WC was the major negative predictor of serum iron level. These results supported the fact that visceral distribution of body fat, more than obesity per se, was associated with low serum iron levels in adult individuals with severe obesity. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Effect of Nutritional Aspect on Obesity and Hypertension)

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14 pages, 472 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Influence of the TAS2R38 Gene Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms in Metabolism and Anthropometry in Thyroid Dysfunction

by Marta Mendes Costa, Alda Pereira Da Silva, Carolina Santos, Joana Ferreira, Mário Rui Mascarenhas, Manuel Bicho and Ana Paula Barbosa

Nutrients 2023, 15(9), 2214; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15092214 - 06 May 2023

Viewed by 2145

Abstract

The gene TAS2R38 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs-P49A, A262V and V296I) can condition bitter tasting by PAV (proline–alanine–valine) and non-bitter-tasting by AVI (alanine–valine–isoleucine) homozygosity. We evaluated this polymorphisms association with thyroid function, metabolism and anthropometry parameters determined by: Endpoint analysis (SNPs); DXA (fat mass-%, total fat mass—kg, lean mass—kg); Standard methods (lipid metabolism parameters, HbA1c-%, glycemia—mg/dL, insulinemia—µIU/mL, HOMA-IR, uricemia—mg/dL, calcemia—mg/dL and BMI—kg/m²); ELISA (leptinemia—ng/mL); Spectrophotometry (Angiotensin Converting Enzyme activity—UI/L). Statistics: SPSS program; OR [IC95%]; p < 0.05. Sample: 114 hypothyroid, 49 hyperthyroid, and 179 controls. An association between A262V-valine–valine and hypothyroidism/hyperthyroidism was verified (OR = 2.841; IC95% [1.726–4.676]), p < 0.001/OR = 8.915; IC95% [4.286–18.543]), p < 0.001). Protector effect from thyroid dysfunction: A262V-alanine–valine (OR = 0.467; IC95% [0.289–0.757], p = 0.002/OR = 0.132; IC95% [0.056–0.309], p < 0.001) and PAV (OR = 0.456; IC95% [0.282–0.737], p = 0.001/OR = 0.101; IC95% [0.041–0.250], p < 0.001). Higher parameter values associated with genotypes were: fat-mass-% (V296I-valine–isoleucine), lean-mass (P49A-proline–proline; PVI), leptin (AVI), HbA1c (A262V-alanine–valine) and lower values in lean-Mass (AVI; PVV), leptin (A262V-alanine–alanine), HbA1c (PVV), uricemia (V296I-valine–isoleucine), glycemia (A262V-alanine–alanine; AAV) and plasma triglycerides (PVV). In conclusion, TAS2R38 influences thyroid function, body composition and metabolism. Bitter taste perception (PAV) and the genotype A262V-alanine–valine can protect from thyroid dysfunction. AVV, PVV and genotype A262V-valine–valine may confer higher predisposition for thyroid dysfunction, particularly PVV for hyperthyroidism. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Effect of Nutritional Aspect on Obesity and Hypertension)

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13 pages, 282 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Systematic Breakfast Consumption of Medium-Quantity and High-Quality Food Choices Is Associated with Better Vascular Health in Individuals with Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors

by Eirini D. Basdeki, Antonios A. Argyris, Olga Efthymiou, Elpida Athanasopoulou, Petros P. Sfikakis, Athanase D. Protogerou and Kalliopi Karatzi

Nutrients 2023, 15(4), 1025; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15041025 - 18 Feb 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1600

Abstract

Background: Breakfast consumption has been associated with the improvement of many cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors, yet data regarding its association with subclinical vascular damage, which precedes the onset of CVD, are scarce. The aim of this study is to investigate this association in a large sample of adults with CVD risk factors. Methods: Anthropometric measurements, vascular biomarkers and dietary intake with two 24-h dietary recalls, focusing on breakfast frequency and its quantity and content, were assessed in 902 adults (45.2% males). Breakfast quality was assessed by identifying a posteriori breakfast dietary pattern (DP) by using principal component analysis (PCA). Results: Systematic breakfast consumption (SBC) was inversely associated with central systolic blood pressure (b: −3.28, 95% C.I.: −5.7 to −0.86), diastolic blood pressure (b: −1.85, 95% C.I.: −3.34 to −0.36), augmentation index (b: −3.17, 95% C.I.:−4.98 to 1.35) and left carotid intima media thickness (b: −0.03, 95% C.I.:−0.06 to −0.01) compared to breakfast skipping independently of age, sex, hypertension, diabetes, dyslipidemia, smoking, and BMI. SBC of 10–20% of daily total energy intake (dTEI) was inversely associated with Aix (b: −2.31, 95% C.I.:−4.05 to −0.57) compared to <10% dTEI after adjustment for the aforementioned confounders. DP1 (high coffee and sugar consumption, low consumption of low- and full-fat dairy products, fruits, and fresh juices) was positively associated with Aix (b: 1.19, 95% C.I.: 0.48 to 1.90). Conclusion: SBC comprised of medium-energy density and high-nutrient content food items may be a simple daily habit associated with better vascular health. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Effect of Nutritional Aspect on Obesity and Hypertension)

16 pages, 8123 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Perinatal Fat-Diets Increased Angiotensin II-Mediated Ca²⁺ through PKC-L-Type Calcium Channel Axis in Resistance Arteries via Agtr1a-Prkcb Gene Methylation

by Qiutong Zheng, Yun He, Lingjun Li, Can Rui, Na Li, Yumeng Zhang, Yang Ye, Ze Zhang, Xiaojun Yang, Jiaqi Tang and Zhice Xu

Nutrients 2023, 15(1), 245; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15010245 - 03 Jan 2023

Viewed by 1923

Abstract

Perinatal malnutrition affects vascular functions, and calcium is important in vascular regulations. It is unknown whether and how perinatal maternal high-fat diets (MHF)-mediated vascular dysfunction occurs via the angiotensin-PKC-L-type-calcium-channels (LTCC) axis. This study determined angiotensin II (AII) roles in the PKC-LTCC axis in controlling calcium influx in the arteries of offspring after perinatal MHF. Mesenteric arteries (MA) and smooth muscle cells (SMCs) from 5-month-old offspring rats were studied using physiological, ion channel, molecular, and epigenetic analysis. Pressor responses to AII were significantly increased in the free-moving MHF offspring rats. In cell experiments, MA-SMC proliferation was enhanced, and associated with thicker vascular wall in the obese offspring. Imaging analysis showed increase of fluorescence Ca²⁺ intensity in the SMCs of the MHF group. Angiotensin II receptor (AT1R)-mediated PKC-LTCC axis in vasoconstrictions was altered by perinatal MHF via reduced DNA methylation at specific CpG sites of Agtr1a and Prkcb gene promoters at the transcription level. Accordingly, mRNA and protein expression of AT1R and PKCβ in the offspring MA were increased, contributing to enhanced Ca²⁺ currents and vascular tone. The results showed that DNA methylation resulted in perinatal MHF-induced vascular disorders via altered AT1-PKC-LTCC pathway in resistance arteries of the offspring, providing new insights into the pathogenesis and early prevention/treatments for hypertension in developmental origins. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Effect of Nutritional Aspect on Obesity and Hypertension)

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Review

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31 pages, 2319 KiB

Open AccessReview

Decoding the Influence of Obesity on Prostate Cancer and Its Transgenerational Impact

by Mariana Santos-Pereira, Sara C. Pereira, Irene Rebelo, Maria A. Spadella, Pedro F. Oliveira and Marco G. Alves

Nutrients 2023, 15(23), 4858; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15234858 - 21 Nov 2023

Viewed by 2271

Abstract

In recent decades, the escalating prevalence of metabolic disorders, notably obesity and being overweight, has emerged as a pressing concern in public health. Projections for the future indicate a continual upward trajectory in obesity rates, primarily attributable to unhealthy dietary patterns and sedentary lifestyles. The ramifications of obesity extend beyond its visible manifestations, intricately weaving a web of hormonal dysregulation, chronic inflammation, and oxidative stress. This nexus of factors holds particular significance in the context of carcinogenesis, notably in the case of prostate cancer (PCa), which is a pervasive malignancy and a leading cause of mortality among men. A compelling hypothesis arises from the perspective of transgenerational inheritance, wherein genetic and epigenetic imprints associated with obesity may wield influence over the development of PCa. This review proposes a comprehensive exploration of the nuanced mechanisms through which obesity disrupts prostate homeostasis and serves as a catalyst for PCa initiation. Additionally, it delves into the intriguing interplay between the transgenerational transmission of both obesity-related traits and the predisposition to PCa. Drawing insights from a spectrum of sources, ranging from in vitro and animal model research to human studies, this review endeavors to discuss the intricate connections between obesity and PCa. However, the landscape remains partially obscured as the current state of knowledge unveils only fragments of the complex mechanisms linking these phenomena. As research advances, unraveling the associated factors and underlying mechanisms promises to unveil novel avenues for understanding and potentially mitigating the nexus between obesity and the development of PCa. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Effect of Nutritional Aspect on Obesity and Hypertension)

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14 pages, 379 KiB

Open AccessReview

Sleep Patterns, Eating Behavior and the Risk of Noncommunicable Diseases

by Sofia Gomes, Cátia Ramalhete, Isabel Ferreira, Manuel Bicho and Ana Valente

Nutrients 2023, 15(11), 2462; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15112462 - 25 May 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2669

Abstract

Sleep is extremely important for the homeostasis of the organism. In recent years, various studies have been carried out to address factors related to sleep patterns and their influence on food choices, as well as on the onset of chronic noncommunicable diseases. The aim of this article is to provide a scientific literature review on the possible role of sleep patterns on eating behavior and the risk of noncommunicable diseases. A search was performed on Medline (PubMed interface) using several keywords (e.g., “Factors Influencing Sleep” OR “Sleep and Chronic Diseases”). Articles published between 2000 and the present date that relate sleep to cyclic metabolic processes and changes in eating behavior were selected. Changes in sleep patterns are increasingly detected today, and these modifications are mainly caused by work and lifestyle conditions as well as a growing dependence on electronic devices. Sleep deprivation and the resultant short sleep duration lead to an increased appetite via an increase in the hunger hormone (ghrelin) and a decrease in the satiety hormone (leptin). Nowadays, sleep is undervalued, and thus often impaired, with consequences for the performance of various body systems. Sleep deprivation alters physiological homeostasis and influences eating behavior as well as the onset of chronic diseases. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Effect of Nutritional Aspect on Obesity and Hypertension)

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