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Global Perspective on Mycotoxin Detection and Analysis: Reality and Expectation
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Global Perspective on Mycotoxin Detection and Analysis: Reality and Expectation

A special issue of Foods (ISSN 2304-8158). This special issue belongs to the section "Food Toxicology".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (25 September 2023) | Viewed by 9660

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Kai Zhang

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
US Food and Drug Administration, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Office of Regulatory Science, HFS-717, 5001 Campus Drive, College Park, MD 20740, USA
Interests: mycotoxins; LC-MS; automated technologies
Dr. Kaushik Banerjee

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
National Referral Laboratory, NRC for Grapes (ICAR), Manjari Farm Post, Solapur Road, Pune-412 307, Maharashtra, India
Interests: Mycotoxins; HPLC-fluorescence; LC-MS/MS; Automated technologies

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

The consumption of foods contaminated with mycotoxins can lead to adverse health effects. In support of consumer safety, the analysis of mycotoxins is an essential part of regulatory monitoring and surveillance programs. In reality, continuous efforts are still required to improve existing sampling plans, data quality, analytical technologies, and risk assessments. This Special Issue aims to provide a platform for researchers from different countries to share their perspectives, outline challenges, and explore future mycotoxin research directions from their own specific areas.

This Special Issue will comprise original research papers, concise opinion pieces, and comprehensive reviews to help readers keep abreast of the advances, trends, and challenges related to mycotoxin analysis. We hope that this Special Issue will generate interest, discussion, and collaboration opportunities within the international mycotoxin community.

Dr. Kai Zhang
Dr. Kaushik Banerjee
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Foods is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2900 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • mycotoxin analysis
  • rapid assay
  • LC-MS
  • data quality control

Published Papers (3 papers)

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Research

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11 pages, 1490 KiB  
Article
Determination of Mycotoxins in Dried Fruits Using LC-MS/MS—A Sample Homogeneity, Troubleshooting and Confirmation of Identity Study
by Kai Zhang, Steven Tan and David Xu
Foods 2022, 11(6), 894; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods11060894 - 21 Mar 2022
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 3152
Abstract
To monitor co-exposure to toxic mycotoxins in dried fruits, it is advantageous to simultaneously determine multiple mycotoxins using a single extraction and liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) analysis. In this study, we applied a stable isotope dilution and LC-MS/MS method to [...] Read more.
To monitor co-exposure to toxic mycotoxins in dried fruits, it is advantageous to simultaneously determine multiple mycotoxins using a single extraction and liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) analysis. In this study, we applied a stable isotope dilution and LC-MS/MS method to multi-mycotoxin analysis in dried fruits, selecting raisins, plums, figs, and cranberries for matrix extension. Samples were prepared using cryogenic grinding, followed by the fortification of carbon-13 (13C) uniformly labeled internal standards for twelve mycotoxins, and extraction using 50% acetonitrile. Homogeneity of prepared samples, defined as particle size Dv90 < 850 µm for the tested matrices, was characterized using a laser diffraction particle size analyzer, and reached using cryogenic grinding procedures. The majority of recoveries in the four matrices for aflatoxins and ochratoxin A spiked at 1–100 ng/g; fumonisins, T-2 toxin, HT-2 toxin, and zearalenone spiked at 10–1000 ng/g, ranged from 80 to 120% with relative standard deviations (RSDs) of <20%. Deoxynivalenol was not detected at 10 and 100 ng/g in plums, and additional troubleshooting procedures using liquid-liquid extraction (LLE), solid phase extraction (SPE), and elution gradient were evaluated to improve the detectability of the mycotoxin. Furthermore, we confirmed the identity of detected mycotoxins, ochratoxin A and deoxynivalenol, in incurred samples using enhanced product ion scans and spectral library matching. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Global Perspective on Mycotoxin Detection and Analysis: Reality and Expectation)
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Review

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25 pages, 819 KiB  
Review
Mycotoxin Monitoring, Regulation and Analysis in India: A Success Story
by Sujata Chatterjee, Archana Dhole, Anoop A. Krishnan and Kaushik Banerjee
Foods 2023, 12(4), 705; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods12040705 - 06 Feb 2023
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 4636
Abstract
Mycotoxins are deleterious fungal secondary metabolites that contaminate food and feed, thereby creating concerns regarding food safety. Common fungal genera can easily proliferate in Indian tropical and sub-tropical conditions, and scientific attention is warranted to curb their growth. To address this, two nodal [...] Read more.
Mycotoxins are deleterious fungal secondary metabolites that contaminate food and feed, thereby creating concerns regarding food safety. Common fungal genera can easily proliferate in Indian tropical and sub-tropical conditions, and scientific attention is warranted to curb their growth. To address this, two nodal governmental agencies, namely the Agricultural and Processed Food Products Export Development Authority (APEDA) and the Food Safety and Standards Authority of India (FSSAI), have developed and implemented analytical methods and quality control procedures to monitor mycotoxin levels in a range of food matrices and assess risks to human health over the last two decades. However, comprehensive information on such advancements in mycotoxin testing and issues in implementing these regulations has been inadequately covered in the recent literature. The aim of this review is thus to uphold a systematic picture of the role played by the FSSAI and APEDA for mycotoxin control at the domestic level and for the promotion of international trade, along with certain challenges in dealing with mycotoxin monitoring. Additionally, it unfolds various regulatory concerns regarding mycotoxin mitigation in India. Overall, it provides valuable insights for the Indian farming community, food supply chain stakeholders and researchers about India’s success story in arresting mycotoxins throughout the food supply chain. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Global Perspective on Mycotoxin Detection and Analysis: Reality and Expectation)
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Other

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8 pages, 1162 KiB  
Opinion
Opinion: Multi-Mycotoxin Reference Materials
by Kai Zhang and Melissa Phillips
Foods 2022, 11(17), 2544; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods11172544 - 23 Aug 2022
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1301
Abstract
The analysis of mycotoxins in food and feed using liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry is considered advantageous because the hyphenated technology enables simultaneous determination of multiple mycotoxins. Multi-mycotoxin analysis requires special consideration of quality control parameters to ensure proper evaluation of data [...] Read more.
The analysis of mycotoxins in food and feed using liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry is considered advantageous because the hyphenated technology enables simultaneous determination of multiple mycotoxins. Multi-mycotoxin analysis requires special consideration of quality control parameters to ensure proper evaluation of data quality for all target mycotoxins in method development and routine sample analysis. Mycotoxin matrix reference materials, especially certified reference materials, are stable and homogeneous matrices with certified traceability, concentrations, and uncertainty for mycotoxin(s) of interest. The use of these reference materials for single mycotoxin analysis has been a well-accepted practice and should be extended to multi-mycotoxin analysis. This opinion piece discusses the following essential metrological and operational components to improve data quality: (1) purposes of multi-mycotoxin reference materials; (2) comparison of reference materials, certified reference materials, and in-house quality control materials; (3) advantages of using reference materials for multi-mycotoxin analysis; (4) current trends and challenges of multi-mycotoxin reference materials. Potential applications of reference materials discussed here can improve routine mycotoxin determination and will lead to better accuracy and consistency of results. Quality control processes that incorporate reference materials in the field of mycotoxin analysis ensure successful development and implementation of liquid chromatography mass spectrometry-based multi-mycotoxin methods. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Global Perspective on Mycotoxin Detection and Analysis: Reality and Expectation)
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