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Electric Vehicle Charging: Social and Technical Issues
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Electric Vehicle Charging: Social and Technical Issues

A special issue of Energies (ISSN 1996-1073). This special issue belongs to the section "E: Electric Vehicles".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (20 June 2023) | Viewed by 48272

Special Issue Editor

Prof. Dr. Piedad Garrido Picazo

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Computing and Systems Engineering, University of Zaragoza, Teruel, Spain
Interests: vehicular networks; intelligent transportation system; information technologies; electric vehicle
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Recent European Environment Agency (EEA) reports such as ‘Electric Vehicles from Life Cycle and Circular Economy Perspectives’ or 'Transport and Environment Reporting Mechanism’ (TERM) show that the transport sector is a key economic sector in Europe.

Reports have suggested that current analysis of the transport sector relates to energy, emissions, climate, environmental noise, cleaner technologies, sustainable mobility, etc. However, a proper interpretation of the significant implications of the electric vehicles from a social and economic perspective is still scarce.

A more in-depth analysis of the bibliography indicates the existence of several gaps in both the social and the technical issues of the electric-vehicle charging process. In general, it predominates empirical research on concrete case studies over big countries. Since the complexity of the study of the electric-vehicle charging, we believe that issues such as improving quality of life (QoL), user profiles, social vehicular network, circular economy, behavior patterns, etc. are parameters to consider in simulations tools. In short, since the studies lack a holistic and multidisciplinary vision that can account for such a multidimensional and complex reality, with this Special Issue, we would like to lay the foundations towards greater interdisciplinary cooperation in addressing electric-vehicle charging is visible.

Prof. Piedad Garrido Picazo
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

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Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • quality of life
  • social sciences
  • circular economy
  • electric-vehicle charging
  • transport sector

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Published Papers (16 papers)

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Research

Jump to: Review

23 pages, 7417 KiB  
Article
A Trading Mode Based on the Management of Residual Electric Energy in Electric Vehicles
by Xiuli Wang, Junkai Wei, Fushuan Wen and Kai Wang
Energies 2023, 16(17), 6317; https://doi.org/10.3390/en16176317 - 30 Aug 2023
Viewed by 831
Abstract
Aiming at the distributed resources of electric vehicles with photovoltaics (PVs) on the user side, a trading mode of surplus energy sharing for electric vehicles based on the user-side PVs is proposed by utilizing the bidirectional mobility of information and energy. Power transfer [...] Read more.
Aiming at the distributed resources of electric vehicles with photovoltaics (PVs) on the user side, a trading mode of surplus energy sharing for electric vehicles based on the user-side PVs is proposed by utilizing the bidirectional mobility of information and energy. Power transfer can be implemented between different electric vehicle users through vehicle-to-grid (V2G) technology with a reasonable distribution of benefits taken into account. First, the operational framework of electric energy trading is presented, and the transmission architecture of each body of interest in the system is analyzed. Second, the portraits of EV users’ charging behaviors are established considering their different charging habits, and electric vehicle users are divided into electricity buyers and sellers in each trading time period. An electricity transaction model based on “multi-seller–multi-buyer” is established, and all electricity transactions are realized through blockchain-based decentralized technology. Finally, the benefit to each interest group is maximized using the improved Northern Goshawk Optimization (NGO) algorithm. Simulation results of a sample system indicate that the new power trading mode proposed in this study could lead to reasonable reuse of the electric energy of private electric vehicles and can achieve a win–win situation for all stakeholders. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electric Vehicle Charging: Social and Technical Issues)
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25 pages, 1124 KiB  
Article
Agent-Based Investigation of Charger Queues and Utilization of Public Chargers for Electric Long-Haul Trucks
by Johannes Karlsson and Anders Grauers
Energies 2023, 16(12), 4704; https://doi.org/10.3390/en16124704 - 14 Jun 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 748
Abstract
This paper investigates the charging needs and charger utilisation of a system of battery electric trucks and their public fast chargers, along the highway between the Swedish cities of Helsingborg and Stockholm, in a possible future scenario in which all trucks are battery [...] Read more.
This paper investigates the charging needs and charger utilisation of a system of battery electric trucks and their public fast chargers, along the highway between the Swedish cities of Helsingborg and Stockholm, in a possible future scenario in which all trucks are battery electric. The system is investigated via an agent-based model which simulates a typical day with current levels of truck traffic on the road. The traffic flow is based on hourly truck flow data during a day and the annual flow of trucks. The findings indicate major potential for a well-functioning system of public chargers for trucks, with high utilisation, few queuing problems at charging stations, cheap public fast charging and a robust response to queues caused by peaks or increases in the traffic flow. The number of 900 kW chargers along the road needed to achieve this has been estimated at 140, and the utilisation factor for the chargers is predicted to be 30%. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electric Vehicle Charging: Social and Technical Issues)
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13 pages, 6004 KiB  
Article
A Multi-Criteria Approach for Optimizing the Placement of Electric Vehicle Charging Stations in Highways
by Panagiotis Skaloumpakas, Evangelos Spiliotis, Elissaios Sarmas, Alexios Lekidis, George Stravodimos, Dimitris Sarigiannis, Ioanna Makarouni, Vangelis Marinakis and John Psarras
Energies 2022, 15(24), 9445; https://doi.org/10.3390/en15249445 - 13 Dec 2022
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 1864
Abstract
The electric vehicle (EV) industry has made significant progress but, in many markets, there are still barriers holding back its advancement. A key issue is the anxiety caused to the drivers by the limited range of current EV models and the inadequate access [...] Read more.
The electric vehicle (EV) industry has made significant progress but, in many markets, there are still barriers holding back its advancement. A key issue is the anxiety caused to the drivers by the limited range of current EV models and the inadequate access to charging stations in long-distance trips, as is the case on highways. We propose an intuitive multi-criteria approach that optimally places EV charging stations on highways that (partially) lack such points. The approach, which is applied in an iterative fashion to dynamically evaluate the alternatives, considers a set of practical criteria related to the traffic intensity and the relative location of the charging stations with interchanges, major cities, and existing stations, thus supporting decisions in a pragmatic way. The optimal locations are determined by taking into consideration constraints about the EV driving range and installation preferences to improve the operation of the highway while ensuring reasonable cost of investment. The proposed approach is showcased in the Egnatia Motorway, the longest highway in Greece that runs a total of 670 km but currently involves a single EV charging point. Our findings illustrate the utility of the proposed approach and highlight its merits as a decision-support tool. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electric Vehicle Charging: Social and Technical Issues)
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26 pages, 17617 KiB  
Article
State of Charge Estimation for Electric Vehicle Battery Management Systems Using the Hybrid Recurrent Learning Approach with Explainable Artificial Intelligence
by Saleh Mohammed Shahriar, Erphan A. Bhuiyan, Md. Nahiduzzaman, Mominul Ahsan and Julfikar Haider
Energies 2022, 15(21), 8003; https://doi.org/10.3390/en15218003 - 27 Oct 2022
Cited by 9 | Viewed by 2905
Abstract
Enhancing the accuracy of the battery state of charge (SOC) estimation is essential in developing more effective, dependable, and convenient electric vehicles. In this paper, a hybrid CNN and gated recurrent unit-long short-term memory (CNN-GRU-LSTM) approach, which is a recurrent neural network (RNN) [...] Read more.
Enhancing the accuracy of the battery state of charge (SOC) estimation is essential in developing more effective, dependable, and convenient electric vehicles. In this paper, a hybrid CNN and gated recurrent unit-long short-term memory (CNN-GRU-LSTM) approach, which is a recurrent neural network (RNN) based model with an explainable artificial intelligence (EAI) was used for the battery SOC estimation, where the cell parameters were explicitly synchronized to the SOC. The complexed link between the monitoring signals related to current, voltage, and temperature, and the battery SOC, was established using the deep learning (DL) technique. A LG 18650HG2 li-ion battery dataset was used for training the model so that the battery was subjected to a dynamic process. Moreover, the data recorded at ambient temperatures of −10 °C, 0 °C, 10 °C, and 25 °C are fed into the method during training. The trained model was subsequently used to estimate the SOC instantaneously on the testing datasets. At first, the training process was carried out with all temperature data to estimate the SOC by the trained model at various ambient temperatures. The proposed approach was capable to encapsulate the relationships on time into the network weights and, as a result, it produced more stable, accurate, and reliable estimations of the SOC, compared to that by some other existing networks. The hybrid model achieved a mean absolute error (MAE) of 0.41% to 1.13% for the −10 °C to 25 °C operating temperatures. The EAI was also utilized to explain the battery SOC model making certain decisions and to find out the significant features responsible for the estimation process. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electric Vehicle Charging: Social and Technical Issues)
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18 pages, 2289 KiB  
Article
Battery-Conscious, Economic, and Prioritization-Based Electric Vehicle Residential Scheduling
by Jordan P. Sausen, Alzenira R. Abaide, Juan C. Vasquez and Josep M. Guerrero
Energies 2022, 15(10), 3714; https://doi.org/10.3390/en15103714 - 19 May 2022
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1620
Abstract
Advances in communication technologies and protocols among vehicles, charging stations, and controllers have enabled the application of scheduling techniques to prioritize EV fleet charging. From the perspective of users, residential EV charging must particularly address cost-effective solutions to use energy more efficiently and [...] Read more.
Advances in communication technologies and protocols among vehicles, charging stations, and controllers have enabled the application of scheduling techniques to prioritize EV fleet charging. From the perspective of users, residential EV charging must particularly address cost-effective solutions to use energy more efficiently and preserve the lifetime of the battery—the most expensive element of an EV. Considering this matter, this research addresses a residential EV charging scheduling model including battery degradation aspects when discharging. Due to the non-linear characteristics of charging and battery degradation, we consider a mixed integer non-linearly constrained formulation with the aim of scheduling the charging and discharging of EVs to satisfy the following goals: prioritizing charging, reducing charging costs and battery degradation, and limiting the power demand requested to the distribution transformer. The results shows that, when EVs are discharged before charging up within a specific state-of-charge range, degradation can be reduced by 5.3%. All charging requests are completed before the next-day departure time, with 16.35% cost reduction achieved by scheduling charging during lower tariff prices, in addition to prevention of overloading of the distribution transformer. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electric Vehicle Charging: Social and Technical Issues)
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10 pages, 18872 KiB  
Article
Optimal Allocation for Electric Vehicle Charging Stations
by Jiwon Lee, Midam An, Yongku Kim and Jung-In Seo
Energies 2021, 14(18), 5781; https://doi.org/10.3390/en14185781 - 14 Sep 2021
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2836
Abstract
Currently, more than 30% of the fine dust generated in the Seoul metropolitan area is a pollutant emitted from automobiles such as diesel vehicles, and air pollution caused by this is becoming increasingly serious. In addition, the importance of electric vehicle distribution [...] Read more.
Currently, more than 30% of the fine dust generated in the Seoul metropolitan area is a pollutant emitted from automobiles such as diesel vehicles, and air pollution caused by this is becoming increasingly serious. In addition, the importance of electric vehicle distribution is increasing due to the strengthening of international environmental regulations on automobile exhaust gas and increasing the possibility of depletion of petroleum resources. This manuscript proposes a method for selecting an optimal electric vehicle charging station location in expanding charging facilities to activate electric vehicle distribution. For the sake of illustration, directions will be provided on how to select the best location for electric vehicle charging stations using data from Seoul, which has the best access. As the features, the number of living population and work force people and the number of guest facilities, which are determined to affect demand for quick charging, are considered. The missing values of the observed data are imputed based on the kriging technique from spatial correlation, and by segmenting the data through clustering, a representative technique of unsupervised learning, the characteristics of each cluster are examined and the characteristics of the clusters are identified. In addition, machine learning techniques such as the elastic net, random forest, support vector machine, and extreme gradient boosting are applied to examine the influence of the features used in predicting classes of data. In clustering analysis, the optimal number of clusters was determined to be 3 based on the heuristic and information-theoretic methods, and all the machine learning techniques considered showed that the number of work force population is the most important feature in predicting classes of data. All things considered from our results, it is reasonable to install quick electric vehicle charging stations in the places with the highest concentration of work force population and guest facility. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electric Vehicle Charging: Social and Technical Issues)
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21 pages, 43074 KiB  
Article
Research on Optimal Charging of Power Lithium-Ion Batteries in Wide Temperature Range Based on Variable Weighting Factors
by Boshi Wang, Haitao Min, Weiyi Sun and Yuanbin Yu
Energies 2021, 14(6), 1776; https://doi.org/10.3390/en14061776 - 23 Mar 2021
Cited by 9 | Viewed by 1952
Abstract
With the popularity of electric vehicles (EV), the charging technology has become one of the bottleneck problems that limit the large-scale deployment of EVs. In this paper, a charging method using multi-stage constant current based on SOC (MCCS) is proposed, and then the [...] Read more.
With the popularity of electric vehicles (EV), the charging technology has become one of the bottleneck problems that limit the large-scale deployment of EVs. In this paper, a charging method using multi-stage constant current based on SOC (MCCS) is proposed, and then the charging time, charging capacity and temperature increase of the battery are optimized by multi-objective particle swarm optimization (MOPSO) algorithm. The influence of the number of charging stages, the cut-off voltage, the combination of different target weight factors and the ambient temperature on the charging strategy is further compared and discussed. Finally, according to the ambient temperature and users’ requirements of charging time, a charging strategy suitable for the specific situation is obtained by adjusting the weight factors, and the results are analyzed and justified on the basis of the experiments. The results show that the proposed strategy can intelligently make more reasonable adjustments according to the ambient temperature on the basis of meeting the charging demands of users. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electric Vehicle Charging: Social and Technical Issues)
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21 pages, 4936 KiB  
Article
An Economic Penalty Scheme for Optimal Parking Lot Utilization with EV Charging Requirements
by Ruifeng Shi, Jie Zhang, Hao Su, Zihang Liang and Kwang Y. Lee
Energies 2020, 13(22), 6155; https://doi.org/10.3390/en13226155 - 23 Nov 2020
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2384
Abstract
In the parking lots of public commercial areas, such as shopping malls, hospitals, and scenic spots, the parking spaces with electric vehicle (EV) charging facilities are often occupied by ordinary cars. How to regulate the parking order in the parking lot is a [...] Read more.
In the parking lots of public commercial areas, such as shopping malls, hospitals, and scenic spots, the parking spaces with electric vehicle (EV) charging facilities are often occupied by ordinary cars. How to regulate the parking order in the parking lot is a key issue in the operation and management of the parking facilities. In this paper, a method of assessing parking fees for vehicles parked at the charging facilities is proposed based on an economic penalty strategy, including fixed-penalty and dynamic-penalty strategies. First, a traffic flow model of the parking lot in public area is established. Then, a price and consumption model of parking fees and parking lot utilization is established, along with different penalty strategies. Finally, taking the parking lot of a shopping mall as an example, the penalty strategies are optimized through particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm. The simulation results show that the method proposed can help to improve the utilization of EV charging facilities in parking lots and guide the orderly parking and charging of EVs at the same time. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electric Vehicle Charging: Social and Technical Issues)
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22 pages, 2117 KiB  
Article
Investigation of the Impact of Large-Scale Integration of Electric Vehicles for a Swedish Distribution Network
by Sylvester Johansson, Jonas Persson, Stavros Lazarou and Andreas Theocharis
Energies 2019, 12(24), 4717; https://doi.org/10.3390/en12244717 - 11 Dec 2019
Cited by 25 | Viewed by 3517
Abstract
Social considerations for a sustainable future lead to market demands for electromobility. Hence, electrical power distribution operators are concerned about the real ongoing problem of the electrification of the transport sector. In this regard, the paper aims to investigate the large-scale integration of [...] Read more.
Social considerations for a sustainable future lead to market demands for electromobility. Hence, electrical power distribution operators are concerned about the real ongoing problem of the electrification of the transport sector. In this regard, the paper aims to investigate the large-scale integration of electric vehicles in a Swedish distribution network. To this end, the integration pattern is taken into consideration as appears in the literature for other countries and applies to the Swedish culture. Moreover, different charging power levels including smart charging techniques are examined for several percentages of electric vehicles penetration. Industrial simulation tools proven for their accuracy are used for the study. The results indicate that the grid can manage about 50% electric vehicles penetration at its current capacity. This percentage decreases when higher charging power levels apply, while the transformers appear overloaded in many cases. The investigation of alternatives to increase the grid’s capabilities reveal that smart techniques are comparable to the conventional re-dimension of the grid. At present, the increased integration of electric vehicles is manageable by implementing a combination of smart gird and upgrade investments in comparison to technically expensive alternatives based on grid digitalization and algorithms that need to be further confirmed for their reliability for power sharing and energy management. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electric Vehicle Charging: Social and Technical Issues)
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19 pages, 2490 KiB  
Article
Multi-Objective Optimal Charging Control of Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicles in Power Distribution Systems
by Wei Li, Zhiyun Lin, Kai Cai, Hanyun Zhou and Gangfeng Yan
Energies 2019, 12(13), 2563; https://doi.org/10.3390/en12132563 - 03 Jul 2019
Cited by 9 | Viewed by 2301
Abstract
With the increasing popularity of plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs), the coordinated charging of PHEVs has become an important issue in power distribution systems. This paper employs a multi-objective optimization model for coordinated charging of PHEVs in the system, in which the problem [...] Read more.
With the increasing popularity of plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs), the coordinated charging of PHEVs has become an important issue in power distribution systems. This paper employs a multi-objective optimization model for coordinated charging of PHEVs in the system, in which the problem of valley filling and total cost minimization are both investigated under the system’s technical constraints. To this end, a hierarchical optimal algorithm combining the water-filling-based algorithm with the consensus-based method is proposed to solve the constrained optimization problem. Moreover, a moving horizon approach is adopted to deal with the case where PHEVs arrive and leave randomly. We show that the proposed algorithm not only enhances the stability of the power load but also achieves the global minimization of vehicle owners charging costs, and its implementation is convenient in the multi-level power distribution system integrating the physical power grid with a heterogeneous information network. Numerical simulations are presented to show the desirable performance of the proposed algorithm. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electric Vehicle Charging: Social and Technical Issues)
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Review

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28 pages, 2763 KiB  
Review
Quality of Service and Associated Communication Infrastructure for Electric Vehicles
by Rajeshkumar Ramraj, Ehsan Pashajavid, Sanath Alahakoon and Shantha Jayasinghe
Energies 2023, 16(20), 7170; https://doi.org/10.3390/en16207170 - 20 Oct 2023
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1062
Abstract
Transportation electrification is pivotal for achieving energy security and emission reduction goals. Electric vehicles (EVs) are at the forefront of this transition, driving the development of new EV technologies and infrastructure. As this trend gains momentum, it becomes essential to enhance the quality [...] Read more.
Transportation electrification is pivotal for achieving energy security and emission reduction goals. Electric vehicles (EVs) are at the forefront of this transition, driving the development of new EV technologies and infrastructure. As this trend gains momentum, it becomes essential to enhance the quality of service (QoS) of EVs to encourage their widespread adoption. This paper has been structured with two primary aims to effectively address the above timely technological needs. Firstly, it comprehensively reviews the various QoS factors that influence EVs’ performance and the user experience. Delving into these factors provides valuable insights into how the QoS can be improved, thereby fostering the increased use of EVs on our roads. In addition to the QoS, this paper also explores recent advancements in communication technologies vital for facilitating in-formation exchanges between EVs and charging stations. Efficient communication systems are crucial for optimizing EV operations and enhancing user experiences. This paper presents expert-level technical details in an easily understandable manner, making it a valuable resource for researchers dedicated to improving the QoS of EV communication systems, who are tirelessly working towards a cleaner, more efficient future in transportation. It consolidates the current knowledge in the field and presents the latest discoveries and developments, offering practical insights for enhancing the QoS in electric transportation. A QoS parameter reference map, a detailed classification of QoS parameters, and a classification of EV communication technology references are some of the key contributions of this review paper. In doing so, this paper contributes to the broader objectives of promoting transportation electrification, enhancing energy security, and reducing emissions. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electric Vehicle Charging: Social and Technical Issues)
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18 pages, 2653 KiB  
Review
Impact of Grid Unbalances on Electric Vehicle Chargers
by Sultan Alwahaibi, Patrick Wheeler, Marco Rivera and Md Rishad Ahmed
Energies 2023, 16(17), 6201; https://doi.org/10.3390/en16176201 - 26 Aug 2023
Viewed by 1125
Abstract
There is a global trend to reduce emissions from cars through the adoption of other alternatives, such as electric vehicles (EVs). The increasing popularity of EVs has led to a growing demand for electric vehicle chargers. EV chargers are essential for charging the [...] Read more.
There is a global trend to reduce emissions from cars through the adoption of other alternatives, such as electric vehicles (EVs). The increasing popularity of EVs has led to a growing demand for electric vehicle chargers. EV chargers are essential for charging the batteries of EVs. Since the EV charger stays connected to the grid for long periods of time to charge the EV battery, it must be able to handle disturbances in the power grid. The goal of this paper is to present an overview of the impact of grid events on EV battery chargers. As well as the impact of grid unbalances on EV chargers, this paper also provides an overview of the impact of grid faults on other, similar power electronics interfaced resources such as PV and energy storage systems. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electric Vehicle Charging: Social and Technical Issues)
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18 pages, 1746 KiB  
Review
Wireless Chargers for Electric Vehicle: A Systematic Review on Converter Topologies, Environmental Assessment, and Review Policy
by Pradeep Vishnuram, Suresh P., Narayanamoorthi R., Vijayakumar K. and Benedetto Nastasi
Energies 2023, 16(4), 1731; https://doi.org/10.3390/en16041731 - 09 Feb 2023
Cited by 9 | Viewed by 4306
Abstract
The delivery of electricity employing an electromagnetic field that extends across an intervening region is called a wireless power transfer (WPT). This approach paves the way for electric vehicles (EVs) to use newly available options to reduce their environmental impact. This article is [...] Read more.
The delivery of electricity employing an electromagnetic field that extends across an intervening region is called a wireless power transfer (WPT). This approach paves the way for electric vehicles (EVs) to use newly available options to reduce their environmental impact. This article is a review that examines the WPT technology for use in electric vehicle applications from both the technical aspect and the environmental impact. This review will attempt to accomplish the following objectives: (1) describe the present state of the technology behind the development and application of a WPT across the transportation industry; (2) substantiate the actual implementation of WPT EV systems; and (3) estimate the functioning of the autonomous system, as well as detect the potential stumbling blocks and openings for enhancement. The most recent advancements and implementation in compensating topologies, power electronics converters, and control techniques are dissected and debated scientifically to improve the system’s performance. To evaluate the performance from a sustainable perspective, energy, environmental, and economic factors are utilized, and at the same time, policy drivers and health and safety problems are researched. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electric Vehicle Charging: Social and Technical Issues)
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35 pages, 1103 KiB  
Review
Review of Solid-State Transformer Applications on Electric Vehicle DC Ultra-Fast Charging Station
by Seyedamin Valedsaravi, Abdelali El Aroudi and Luis Martínez-Salamero
Energies 2022, 15(15), 5602; https://doi.org/10.3390/en15155602 - 02 Aug 2022
Cited by 12 | Viewed by 6061
Abstract
The emergence of DC fast chargers for electric vehicle batteries (EVBs) has prompted the design of ad-hoc microgrids (MGs), in which the use of a solid-state transformer (SST) instead of a low-frequency service transformer can increase the efficiency and reduce the volume and [...] Read more.
The emergence of DC fast chargers for electric vehicle batteries (EVBs) has prompted the design of ad-hoc microgrids (MGs), in which the use of a solid-state transformer (SST) instead of a low-frequency service transformer can increase the efficiency and reduce the volume and weight of the MG electrical architecture. Mimicking a conventional gasoline station in terms of service duration and service simultaneity to several customers has led to the notion of ultra-fast chargers, in which the charging time is less than 10 min and the MG power is higher than 350 kW. This survey reviews the state-of-the-art of DC ultra-fast charging stations, SST transformers, and DC ultra-fast charging stations based on SST. Ultra-fast charging definition and its requirements are analyzed, and SST characteristics and applications together with the configuration of power electronic converters in SST-based ultra-fast charging stations are described. A new classification of topologies for DC SST-based ultra-fast charging stations is proposed considering input power, delta/wye connections, number of output ports, and power electronic converters. More than 250 published papers from the recent literature have been reviewed to identify the common understandings, practical implementation challenges, and research opportunities in the application of DC ultra-fast charging in EVs. In particular, the works published over the last three years about SST-based DC ultra-fast charging have been reviewed. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electric Vehicle Charging: Social and Technical Issues)
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23 pages, 4878 KiB  
Review
Challenges of Fast Charging for Electric Vehicles and the Role of Red Phosphorous as Anode Material: Review
by Hong Zhao, Li Wang, Zonghai Chen and Xiangming He
Energies 2019, 12(20), 3897; https://doi.org/10.3390/en12203897 - 15 Oct 2019
Cited by 31 | Viewed by 5611
Abstract
Electric vehicles (EVs) are being endorsed as the uppermost successor to fuel-powered cars, with timetables for banning the sale of petrol-fueled vehicles announced in many countries. However, the range and charging times of EVs are still considerable concerns. Fast charging could be a [...] Read more.
Electric vehicles (EVs) are being endorsed as the uppermost successor to fuel-powered cars, with timetables for banning the sale of petrol-fueled vehicles announced in many countries. However, the range and charging times of EVs are still considerable concerns. Fast charging could be a solution to consumers’ range anxiety and the acceptance of EVs. Nevertheless, it is a complicated and systematized challenge to realize the fast charging of EVs because it includes the coordinated development of battery cells, including electrode materials, EV battery power systems, charging piles, electric grids, etc. This paper aims to serve as an analysis for the development of fast-charging technology, with a discussion of the current situation, constraints and development direction of EV fast-charging technologies from the macroscale and microscale perspectives of fast-charging challenges. If the problem of fast-charging can be solved, it will satisfy consumers’ demand for 10-min charging and accelerate the development of electric vehicles. This paper summarized the development statuses, issues, and trends of the macro battery technology and micro battery technology. It is emphasized that to essentially solve the problem of fast charging, the development of new battery materials, especially anode materials with improved lithium ion diffusion coefficients, is the key. Finally, it is highlighted that red phosphorus is one of the most promising anodes that can simultaneously satisfy the double standards of high-energy density and fast-charging performance to a maximum degree. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electric Vehicle Charging: Social and Technical Issues)
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16 pages, 3493 KiB  
Review
Factors Affecting the Uptake of Hybrid and Electric Vehicles in the European Union
by Panayotis Christidis and Caralampo Focas
Energies 2019, 12(18), 3414; https://doi.org/10.3390/en12183414 - 04 Sep 2019
Cited by 42 | Viewed by 6971
Abstract
This paper explores the factors affecting the uptake of hybrid and electric vehicles in the European Union (EU) using data from two extensive cross-sectional surveys. Each survey consists of 26,500 responses to a questionnaire that combines socio-economic and behavioral aspects. The share of [...] Read more.
This paper explores the factors affecting the uptake of hybrid and electric vehicles in the European Union (EU) using data from two extensive cross-sectional surveys. Each survey consists of 26,500 responses to a questionnaire that combines socio-economic and behavioral aspects. The share of respondents across the EU stating that they would certainly or probably consider purchasing a hybrid or a battery-powered electric vehicle (H&EV) in the near future rose from 32% in 2014 to 37.4% in 2018. There is, however, a high variability among EU member states, as well as across different socio-economic groups. Propensity is highly correlated with income, educational attainment, and urbanization level. In order to address the high degree of collinearity, we applied a machine learning classification model to analyze and explain the interaction between the variables that affected the expressed propensity to purchase such a vehicle. The findings highlight something largely missing from the literature, namely that local conditions and regional variation are a major, if not decisive, factor regarding purchasing choices. Seen from a policy perspective, this conclusion may provide guidance regarding how to support the take up of H&EVs through measures that are tailored to the specific needs at the local level. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electric Vehicle Charging: Social and Technical Issues)
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