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Biosensors
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Biosensor Nanoengineering: Design, Operation and Implementation
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Biosensor Nanoengineering: Design, Operation and Implementation

A special issue of Biosensors (ISSN 2079-6374). This special issue belongs to the section "Nano- and Micro-Technologies in Biosensors".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 31 July 2024 | Viewed by 23453

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Dhanjai Dhanjai

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Guest Editor
Department of Chemistry, University of Allahabad, Pryagraj, India
Interests: nanoengineering; biomaterials; biosensor design
Prof. Dr. Samuel Mugo

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Guest Editor
Interim Chair, Department of Physical Sciences,MacEwan University, Edmonton, AB, Canada
Interests: environmental and food analysis; microfluidic devices for blood lipid analysis
Dr. Ankita Sinha

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Bioscience Engineering, University of Antwerp, Antwerpen, Belgium
Interests: nanoengineering; biomaterials; biosensor design

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

This Special Issue will focus on biosensor nanoengineering design, real time operation and their implementation to solve real-life problems in the whole ecosystem. This issue will deal with the nanoengineering of biomaterials and nanomaterials and their interactions to develop state-of-the-art nanostructures, systems, and devices to be used as sensing/biosensing tools. There are many challenges for the real time implementation of biosensors such as poor stability, low specificity, poor sensing performance of materials and environmental sensitivity. In addition, the use of biodegradable materials for fabrication of disposable biosensors, their reusability, signal capture or amplification are other hurdles in the way of creating sustainable biosensing devices. Nanoengineering of biomaterials such as enzyme, aptamers (nucleic acids), antigen-antibodies, whole cell, and new age nanomaterials such as metal carbides, metal oxides, transition metal di-chalcogenides, as well as carbon allotropes will help to tackle the abovementioned shortcomings and will result in the development of highly sensitive, selective, and stable biosensing detection platforms. Moreover, the use of artificial intelligence and machine learning will further result in the rapid interpretation of data prediction and implementation of developed biosensing devices in real-time situations. The developments shall bring more realistic technical solutions to emerging global concerns such as food safety, environmental protection, and health-care monitoring.

In this Special Issue, we are pleased to invite contributions that will lead towards significant advancements in the field of biosensor technologies concerning food safety, environmental protection, social security, and health care monitoring.

Contributions as critical reviews on recent developments in the abovementioned topics are most welcome.

Dr. Dhanjai Dhanjai
Prof. Dr. Samuel Mugo
Dr. Ankita Sinha
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Biosensors is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2700 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • nanoengineering
  • biomaterials
  • biosensor design, immobilization
  • bio-mimics, biomarkers
  • bio-receptors
  • smart biosensors
  • self-powered biosensors
  • portable biosensors
  • bio-integrated sensors
  • flexible biosensors wearable biosensors
  • plant wearables
  • AI and machine learning enabled biosensors
  • enzyme, aptamer, antibodies
  • stimuli responsive polymers
  • chemical sensors
  • physical sensors
  • 3D printed sensors
  • food safety
  • point-of-care devices
  • environmental protection and monitoring
  • health care monitoring

Published Papers (11 papers)

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Research

Jump to: Review

14 pages, 5581 KiB  
Article
Aggregation-Resistant, Turn-On-Off Fluorometric Sensing of Glutathione and Nickel (II) Using Vancomycin-Conjugated Gold Nanoparticles
by Atul Kumar Tiwari, Munesh Kumar Gupta, Hari Prakash Yadav, Roger J. Narayan and Prem C. Pandey
Biosensors 2024, 14(1), 49; https://doi.org/10.3390/bios14010049 - 16 Jan 2024
Viewed by 1417
Abstract
Glutathione (GSH) and nickel (II) cation have an indispensable role in various physiological processes, including preventing the oxidative damage of cells and acting as a cofactor for lipid metabolic enzymes. An imbalance in the physiological level of these species may cause serious health [...] Read more.
Glutathione (GSH) and nickel (II) cation have an indispensable role in various physiological processes, including preventing the oxidative damage of cells and acting as a cofactor for lipid metabolic enzymes. An imbalance in the physiological level of these species may cause serious health complications. Therefore, sensitive and selective fluorescent probes for the detection of GSH and nickel (II) are of great interest for clinical as well as environmental monitoring. Herein, vancomycin-conjugated gold nanoparticles (PEI-AuNP@Van) were prepared and employed for the detection of GSH and nickel (II) based on a turn-on-off mechanism. The as-synthesized PEI-AuNP@Van was ~7.5 nm in size; it exhibited a spherical shape with face-centered cubic lattice symmetry. As compared to vancomycin unconjugated gold nanoparticles, GSH led to the turn-on state of PEI-AuNP@Van, while Ni2+ acted as a fluorescence quencher (turn-off) without the aggregation of nanoparticles. These phenomena strongly justify the active role of vancomycin conjugation for the detection of GSH and Ni2+. The turn-on-off kinetics was linearly proportional over the concentration range between 0.05–0.8 µM and 0.05–6.4 μM. The detection limits were 205.9 and 90.5 nM for GSH and Ni2+, respectively; these results are excellent in comparison to previous reports. This study demonstrates the active role of vancomycin conjugation for sensing of GSH and Ni2+ along with PEI-AuNP@Van as a promising nanoprobe. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biosensor Nanoengineering: Design, Operation and Implementation)
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10 pages, 2451 KiB  
Communication
Transitional Electrodes in Electrowetting-Based Droplet Dispensing
by Wei Wang, Qijun Cai, Shangzhe Xu and Xucan Chen
Biosensors 2024, 14(1), 44; https://doi.org/10.3390/bios14010044 - 14 Jan 2024
Viewed by 1132
Abstract
Digital microfluidic systems based on electrowetting-on-dielectric technology, particularly valuable in producing and manipulating microdroplets steadily and consistently, have experienced notable advancements in recent years. In this paper, experimental characterizations reveal that simply adding one transitional electrode between the reservoir and the splitting electrode [...] Read more.
Digital microfluidic systems based on electrowetting-on-dielectric technology, particularly valuable in producing and manipulating microdroplets steadily and consistently, have experienced notable advancements in recent years. In this paper, experimental characterizations reveal that simply adding one transitional electrode between the reservoir and the splitting electrode improves the volumetric consistency and reproducibility for droplet dispensing. The volumetric coefficient variation of the consecutively dispensed droplets from a non-refilling reservoir decreases by 1% after the addition of one transitional electrode, with no extra external apparatus. This work provides a straightforward yet effective approach to the improvement of digital microfluidic systems and micro total analysis systems. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biosensor Nanoengineering: Design, Operation and Implementation)
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23 pages, 12242 KiB  
Article
Building Block Engineering toward Realizing High-Performance Electrochromic Materials and Glucose Biosensing Platform
by Aliekber Karabag, Dilek Soyler, Yasemin Arslan Udum, Levent Toppare, Gorkem Gunbas and Saniye Soylemez
Biosensors 2023, 13(7), 677; https://doi.org/10.3390/bios13070677 - 25 Jun 2023
Viewed by 1054
Abstract
The molecular engineering of conjugated systems has proven to be an effective method for understanding structure–property relationships toward the advancement of optoelectronic properties and biosensing characteristics. Herein, a series of three thieno[3,4-c]pyrrole-4,6-dione (TPD)-based conjugated monomers, modified with electron-rich selenophene, 3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene (EDOT), [...] Read more.
The molecular engineering of conjugated systems has proven to be an effective method for understanding structure–property relationships toward the advancement of optoelectronic properties and biosensing characteristics. Herein, a series of three thieno[3,4-c]pyrrole-4,6-dione (TPD)-based conjugated monomers, modified with electron-rich selenophene, 3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene (EDOT), or both building blocks (Se-TPD, EDOT-TPD, and EDOT-Se-TPD), were synthesized using Stille cross-coupling and electrochemically polymerized, and their electrochromic properties and applications in a glucose biosensing platform were explored. The influence of structural modification on electrochemical, electronic, optical, and biosensing properties was systematically investigated. The results showed that the cyclic voltammograms of EDOT-containing materials displayed a high charge capacity over a wide range of scan rates representing a quick charge propagation, making them appropriate materials for high-performance supercapacitor devices. UV-Vis studies revealed that EDOT-based materials presented wide-range absorptions, and thus low optical band gaps. These two EDOT-modified materials also exhibited superior optical contrasts and fast switching times, and further displayed multi-color properties in their neutral and fully oxidized states, enabling them to be promising materials for constructing advanced electrochromic devices. In the context of biosensing applications, a selenophene-containing polymer showed markedly lower performance, specifically in signal intensity and stability, which was attributed to the improper localization of biomolecules on the polymer surface. Overall, we demonstrated that relatively small changes in the structure had a significant impact on both optoelectronic and biosensing properties for TPD-based donor–acceptor polymers. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biosensor Nanoengineering: Design, Operation and Implementation)
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13 pages, 2055 KiB  
Article
A Fast and Reliable Method Based on QCM-D Instrumentation for the Screening of Nanoparticle/Blood Protein Interactions
by Mariacristina Gagliardi, Laura Colagiorgio and Marco Cecchini
Biosensors 2023, 13(6), 607; https://doi.org/10.3390/bios13060607 - 02 Jun 2023
Viewed by 1455
Abstract
The interactions that nanoparticles have with blood proteins are crucial for their fate in vivo. Such interactions result in the formation of the protein corona around the nanoparticles, and studying them aids in nanoparticle optimization. Quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation monitoring (QCM-D) can [...] Read more.
The interactions that nanoparticles have with blood proteins are crucial for their fate in vivo. Such interactions result in the formation of the protein corona around the nanoparticles, and studying them aids in nanoparticle optimization. Quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation monitoring (QCM-D) can be used for this study. The present work proposes a QCM-D method to study the interactions on polymeric nanoparticles with three different human blood proteins (albumin, fibrinogen and γ-globulin) by monitoring the frequency shifts of sensors immobilizing the selected proteins. Bare PEGylated and surfactant-coated poly-(D,L-lactide-co-glycolide) nanoparticles are tested. The QCM-D data are validated with DLS and UV-Vis experiments in which changes in the size and optical density of nanoparticle/protein blends are monitored. We find that the bare nanoparticles have a high affinity towards fibrinogen and γ-globulin, with measured frequency shifts around −210 Hz and −50 Hz, respectively. PEGylation greatly reduces these interactions (frequency shifts around −5 Hz and −10 Hz for fibrinogen and γ-globulin, respectively), while the surfactant appears to increase them (around −240 Hz and −100 Hz and −30 Hz for albumin). The QCM-D data are confirmed by the increase in the nanoparticle size over time (up to 3300% in surfactant-coated nanoparticles), measured by DLS in protein-incubated samples, and by the trends of the optical densities, measured by UV-Vis. The results indicate that the proposed approach is valid for studying the interactions between nanoparticles and blood proteins, and the study paves the way for a more comprehensive analysis of the whole protein corona. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biosensor Nanoengineering: Design, Operation and Implementation)
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12 pages, 2652 KiB  
Article
Gold Leaf-Based Microfluidic Platform for Detection of Essential Oils Using Impedance Spectroscopy
by Ankita Sinha, Adrian K. Stavrakis, Mitar Simić, Sanja Kojić and Goran M. Stojanović
Biosensors 2022, 12(12), 1169; https://doi.org/10.3390/bios12121169 - 14 Dec 2022
Viewed by 1607
Abstract
Drug delivery systems are engineered platforms for the controlled release of various therapeutic agents. This paper presents a conductive gold leaf-based microfluidic platform fabricated using xurography technique for its potential implication in controlled drug delivery operations. To demonstrate this, peppermint and eucalyptus essential [...] Read more.
Drug delivery systems are engineered platforms for the controlled release of various therapeutic agents. This paper presents a conductive gold leaf-based microfluidic platform fabricated using xurography technique for its potential implication in controlled drug delivery operations. To demonstrate this, peppermint and eucalyptus essential oils (EOs) were selected as target fluids, which are best known for their medicinal properties in the field of dentistry. The work takes advantage of the high conductivity of the gold leaf, and thus, the response characteristics of the microfluidic chip are studied using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) upon injecting EOs into its micro-channels. The effect of the exposure time of the chip to different concentrations (1% and 5%) of EOs was analyzed, and change in electrical resistance was measured at different time intervals of 0 h (the time of injection), 22 h, and 46 h. It was observed that our fabricated device demonstrated higher values of electrical resistance when exposed to EOs for longer times. Moreover, eucalyptus oil had stronger degradable effects on the chip, which resulted in higher electrical resistance than that of peppermint. 1% and 5% of Eucalyptus oil showed an electrical resistance of 1.79 kΩ and 1.45 kΩ at 10 kHz, while 1% and 5% of peppermint oil showed 1.26 kΩ and 1.07 kΩ of electrical resistance at 10 kHz respectively. The findings obtained in this paper are beneficial for designing suitable microfluidic devices to expand their applications for various biomedical purposes. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biosensor Nanoengineering: Design, Operation and Implementation)
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14 pages, 1679 KiB  
Article
A Surface Acoustic Wave (SAW)-Based Lab-on-Chip for the Detection of Active α-Glycosidase
by Mariacristina Gagliardi, Matteo Agostini, Francesco Lunardelli, Alessio Miranda, Antonella Giuliana Luminare, Fabrizio Cervelli, Francesca Gambineri and Marco Cecchini
Biosensors 2022, 12(11), 1010; https://doi.org/10.3390/bios12111010 - 11 Nov 2022
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2160
Abstract
Enzyme detection in liquid samples is a complex laboratory procedure, based on assays that are generally time- and cost-consuming, and require specialized personnel. Surface acoustic wave sensors can be used for this application, overcoming the cited limitations. To give our contribution, in this [...] Read more.
Enzyme detection in liquid samples is a complex laboratory procedure, based on assays that are generally time- and cost-consuming, and require specialized personnel. Surface acoustic wave sensors can be used for this application, overcoming the cited limitations. To give our contribution, in this work we present the bottom-up development of a surface acoustic wave biosensor to detect active α-glycosidase in aqueous solutions. Our device, optimized to work at an ultra-high frequency (around 740 MHz), is functionalized with a newly synthesized probe 7-mercapto-1-eptyl-D-maltoside, bringing one maltoside terminal moiety. The probe is designed ad hoc for this application and tested in-cuvette to analyze the enzymatic conversion kinetics at different times, temperatures and enzyme concentrations. Preliminary data are used to optimize the detection protocol with the SAW device. In around 60 min, the SAW device is able to detect the enzymatic conversion of the maltoside unit into glucose in the presence of the active enzyme. We obtained successful α-glycosidase detection in the concentration range 0.15–150 U/mL, with an increasing signal in the range up to 15 U/mL. We also checked the sensor performance in the presence of an enzyme inhibitor as a control test, with a signal decrease of 80% in the presence of the inhibitor. The results demonstrate the synergic effect of our SAW Lab-on-a-Chip and probe design as a valid alternative to conventional laboratory tests. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biosensor Nanoengineering: Design, Operation and Implementation)
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15 pages, 2954 KiB  
Article
A Multipurpose and Multilayered Microneedle Sensor for Redox Potential Monitoring in Diverse Food Analysis
by Samuel M. Mugo, Dhanjai, Weihao Lu and Scott Robertson
Biosensors 2022, 12(11), 1001; https://doi.org/10.3390/bios12111001 - 10 Nov 2022
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1813
Abstract
This work presents a multipurpose and multilayered stainless steel microneedle sensor for the in situ redox potential monitoring in food and drink samples, termed MN redox sensor. The MN redox sensor was fabricated by layer-by-layer (LbL) approach. The in-tube multilayer coating comprised carbon [...] Read more.
This work presents a multipurpose and multilayered stainless steel microneedle sensor for the in situ redox potential monitoring in food and drink samples, termed MN redox sensor. The MN redox sensor was fabricated by layer-by-layer (LbL) approach. The in-tube multilayer coating comprised carbon nanotubes (CNTs)/cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) as the first layer, polyaniline (PANI) as the second layer, and the ferrocyanide redox couple as the third layer. Using cyclic voltammetry (CV) as a transduction method, the MN redox sensor showed facile electron transfer for probing both electrical capacitance and redox potential, useful for both analyte specific and bulk quantification of redox species in various food and drink samples. The bulk redox species were quantified based on the anodic/cathodic redox peak shifts (Ea/Ec) on the voltammograms resulting from the presence of redox-active species. The MN redox sensor was applied to detect selected redox species including ascorbic acid, H2O2, and putrescine, with capacitive limits of detection (LOD) of 49.9, 17.8, and 263 ng/mL for each species, respectively. For the bulk determination of redox species, the MN redox sensor displayed LOD of 5.27 × 103, 55.4, and 25.8 ng/mL in ascorbic acid, H2O2, and putrescine equivalents, respectively. The sensor exhibited reproducibility of ~1.8% relative standard deviation (%RSD). The MN redox sensor was successfully employed for the detection of fish spoilage and antioxidant quantification in king mushroom and brewed coffee samples, thereby justifying its potential for food quality and food safety applications. Lastly, the portability, reusability, rapid sampling time, and capability of in situ analysis of food and drink samples makes it amenable for real-time sensing applications. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biosensor Nanoengineering: Design, Operation and Implementation)
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13 pages, 2118 KiB  
Article
A Wearable, Textile-Based Polyacrylate Imprinted Electrochemical Sensor for Cortisol Detection in Sweat
by Samuel M. Mugo, Weihao Lu and Scott Robertson
Biosensors 2022, 12(10), 854; https://doi.org/10.3390/bios12100854 - 10 Oct 2022
Cited by 15 | Viewed by 3102
Abstract
A wearable, textile-based molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) electrochemical sensor for cortisol detection in human sweat has been demonstrated. The wearable cortisol sensor was fabricated via layer-by-layer assembly (LbL) on a flexible cotton textile substrate coated with a conductive nanoporous carbon nanotube/cellulose nanocrystal (CNT/CNC) [...] Read more.
A wearable, textile-based molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) electrochemical sensor for cortisol detection in human sweat has been demonstrated. The wearable cortisol sensor was fabricated via layer-by-layer assembly (LbL) on a flexible cotton textile substrate coated with a conductive nanoporous carbon nanotube/cellulose nanocrystal (CNT/CNC) composite suspension, conductive polyaniline (PANI), and a selective cortisol-imprinted poly(glycidylmethacrylate-co-ethylene glycol dimethacrylate) (poly(GMA-co-EGDMA)) decorated with gold nanoparticles (AuNPs), or plated with gold. The cortisol sensor rapidly (<2 min) responded to 9.8–49.5 ng/mL of cortisol, with an average relative standard deviation (%RSD) of 6.4% across the dynamic range, indicating excellent precision. The cortisol sensor yielded an excellent limit of detection (LOD) of 8.00 ng/mL, which is within the typical physiological levels in human sweat. A single cortisol sensor patch could be reused 15 times over a 30-day period with no loss in performance, attesting to excellent reusability. The cortisol sensor patch was successfully verified for use in quantification of cortisol levels in human sweat. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biosensor Nanoengineering: Design, Operation and Implementation)
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13 pages, 5304 KiB  
Article
Paper-Based Screen-Printed Ionic-Liquid/Graphene Electrode Integrated with Prussian Blue/MXene Nanocomposites Enabled Electrochemical Detection for Glucose Sensing
by Wisanu Niamsi, Nutcha Larpant, Pramod K. Kalambate, Vitsarut Primpray, Chanpen Karuwan, Nadnudda Rodthongkum and Wanida Laiwattanapaisal
Biosensors 2022, 12(10), 852; https://doi.org/10.3390/bios12100852 - 09 Oct 2022
Cited by 14 | Viewed by 2712
Abstract
As glucose biosensors play an important role in glycemic control, which can prevent the diabetic complications, the development of a glucose sensing platform is still in needed. Herein, the first proposal on the in-house fabricated paper-based screen-printed ionic liquid/graphene electrode (SPIL-GE) modified with [...] Read more.
As glucose biosensors play an important role in glycemic control, which can prevent the diabetic complications, the development of a glucose sensing platform is still in needed. Herein, the first proposal on the in-house fabricated paper-based screen-printed ionic liquid/graphene electrode (SPIL-GE) modified with MXene (Ti3C2Tx), prussian blue (PB), glucose oxidase (GOx), and Nafion is reported. The concentration of PB/Ti3C2Tx was optimized and the optimal detection potential of PB/Ti3C2Tx/GOx/Nafion/SPIL-GE is −0.05 V. The performance of PB/Ti3C2Tx/GOx/Nafion modified SPIL-GE was characterized by cyclic voltammetry and chronoamperometry technique. This paper-based platform integrated with nanomaterial composites were realized for glucose in the range of 0.0–15.0 mM with the correlation coefficient R2 = 0.9937. The limit of detection method and limit of quantification were 24.5 μM and 81.7 μM, respectively. In the method comparison, this PB/Ti3C2Tx/GOx/Nafion/SPIL-GE exhibits a good correlation with the reference hexokinase method. This novel glucose sensing platform can potentially be used for the good practice to enhance the sensitivity and open the opportunity to develop paper-based electroanalytical devices. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biosensor Nanoengineering: Design, Operation and Implementation)
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Review

Jump to: Research

19 pages, 4969 KiB  
Review
Advances in Engineered Nano-Biosensors for Bacteria Diagnosis and Multidrug Resistance Inhibition
by Qingxiu Xia, Hui Jiang, Xiaohui Liu, Lihong Yin and Xuemei Wang
Biosensors 2024, 14(2), 59; https://doi.org/10.3390/bios14020059 - 23 Jan 2024
Viewed by 1591
Abstract
Bacterial infections continue to pose a significant global health challenge, with the emergence of multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria and biofilms further complicating treatment options. The rise of pan-resistant bacteria, coupled with the slow development of new antibiotics, highlights the urgent need for new therapeutic [...] Read more.
Bacterial infections continue to pose a significant global health challenge, with the emergence of multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria and biofilms further complicating treatment options. The rise of pan-resistant bacteria, coupled with the slow development of new antibiotics, highlights the urgent need for new therapeutic strategies. Nanotechnology-based biosensors offer fast, specific, sensitive, and selective methods for detecting and treating bacteria; hence, it is a promising approach for the diagnosis and treatment of MDR bacteria. Through mechanisms, such as destructive bacterial cell membranes, suppression of efflux pumps, and generation of reactive oxygen species, nanotechnology effectively combats bacterial resistance and biofilms. Nano-biosensors and related technology have demonstrated their importance in bacteria diagnosis and treatment, providing innovative ideas for MDR inhibition. This review focuses on multiple nanotechnology approaches in targeting MDR bacteria and eliminating antimicrobial biofilms, highlighting nano-biosensors via photodynamics-based biosensors, eletrochemistry biosensors, acoustic-dynamics sensors, and so on. Furthermore, the major challenges, opportunities of multi-physical-field biometrics-based biosensors, and relevant nanotechnology in MDR bacterial theranostics are also discussed. Overall, this review provides insights and scientific references to harness the comprehensive and diverse capabilities of nano-biosensors for precise bacteria theranostics and MDR inhibition. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biosensor Nanoengineering: Design, Operation and Implementation)
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32 pages, 6803 KiB  
Review
Flexible and Wearable Biosensors for Monitoring Health Conditions
by Zhimin Song, Shu Zhou, Yanxia Qin, Xiangjiao Xia, Yanping Sun, Guanghong Han, Tong Shu, Liang Hu and Qiang Zhang
Biosensors 2023, 13(6), 630; https://doi.org/10.3390/bios13060630 - 07 Jun 2023
Cited by 11 | Viewed by 4328
Abstract
Flexible and wearable biosensors have received tremendous attention over the past decade owing to their great potential applications in the field of health and medicine. Wearable biosensors serve as an ideal platform for real-time and continuous health monitoring, which exhibit unique properties such [...] Read more.
Flexible and wearable biosensors have received tremendous attention over the past decade owing to their great potential applications in the field of health and medicine. Wearable biosensors serve as an ideal platform for real-time and continuous health monitoring, which exhibit unique properties such as self-powered, lightweight, low cost, high flexibility, detection convenience, and great conformability. This review introduces the recent research progress in wearable biosensors. First of all, the biological fluids often detected by wearable biosensors are proposed. Then, the existing micro-nanofabrication technologies and basic characteristics of wearable biosensors are summarized. Then, their application manners and information processing are also highlighted in the paper. Massive cutting-edge research examples are introduced such as wearable physiological pressure sensors, wearable sweat sensors, and wearable self-powered biosensors. As a significant content, the detection mechanism of these sensors was detailed with examples to help readers understand this area. Finally, the current challenges and future perspectives are proposed to push this research area forward and expand practical applications in the future. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biosensor Nanoengineering: Design, Operation and Implementation)
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