Journal of Functional Morphology and Kinesiology

11 pages, 1776 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Influence of Weight Loss in Postural Control in Women Undergoing Sleeve Gastrectomy

by Valentina Bullo, Stefano Gobbo, Lucia Cugusi, Andrea Di Blasio, Alessandro Bortoletto, Roberto Pippi, David Cruz-Diaz, Andrea Gasperetti, Roberto Vettor, Andrea Ermolao and Marco Bergamin

J. Funct. Morphol. Kinesiol. 2022, 7(4), 117; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk7040117 - 19 Dec 2022

Viewed by 1539

Abstract

Background: Bariatric surgery is the most effective procedure for obesity management, with a greater body weight loss and the remission of several diseases. The aim of this study was to analyze the relationships between the anthropometric profile and postural control outcomes in a [...] Read more.

Background: Bariatric surgery is the most effective procedure for obesity management, with a greater body weight loss and the remission of several diseases. The aim of this study was to analyze the relationships between the anthropometric profile and postural control outcomes in a group of obese adult women, and the effect of bariatric surgery on postural control. Methods: eighty-eight women candidates for bariatric surgery were recruited. Static balance was measured with the ARGO stabilometric platform under two conditions: open eyes (OE) and closed eyes (CE). Results: Multiple linear regression indicated BMI as the first predictor for postural control in all parameters, except for APO in open eyes, predicted mainly by height. Changes in body weight and BMI showed no statistically significant correlations with modification of postural control parameters (OE), while they appeared to exert an influence under closed eyes conditions. Conclusions: Before surgery, obese patients with a higher BMI showed a better postural control. After surgery, the sway path and antero-posterior oscillation improved under open eyes conditions, while the magnitude of weight loss was negatively correlated with differences in postural control. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Exercise Evaluation and Prescription—3rd Edition)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

13 pages, 1987 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Pivot Step Jump: A New Test for Evaluating Jumping Ability in Young Basketball Players

by Apostolos S. Theodorou, Hariklia-Parthenia Rizou, Emmanouil Zacharakis, Ioannis Ktistakis, Evangelos Bekris, Vassilios Panoutsakopoulos, Panagiotis Strouzas, Dimitrios I. Bourdas and Nikolaos Kostopoulos

J. Funct. Morphol. Kinesiol. 2022, 7(4), 116; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk7040116 - 15 Dec 2022

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2386

Abstract

Jumping ability in basketball is usually assessed using standardized vertical jump tests. However, they lack specificity and do not consider the player’s basketball skills. Several studies have suggested performing specific jump tests, which are tailored to the movement patterns and requirements of a [...] Read more.

Jumping ability in basketball is usually assessed using standardized vertical jump tests. However, they lack specificity and do not consider the player’s basketball skills. Several studies have suggested performing specific jump tests, which are tailored to the movement patterns and requirements of a basketball game. The pivot step jump test (PSJT) is a novel test designed to evaluate the specific jumping abilities of basketball players by combining a pivot step on one leg with a maximum bilateral vertical jump. This study had two aims: to determine the reliability and validity of the PSJT using typical jump tests as the criterion measure and to demonstrate the PSJT as a practical test to evaluate specific jumping ability in young male and female basketball players. Twenty female (EGA; 14.0 ± 0.7 years, 59.3 ± 7.9 kg, 162.1 ± 5.5 cm) and fifteen male (EGB; 14.0 ± 0.7 years, 58.1 ± 7.7 kg, 170.3 ± 6.4 cm) basketball players participated in the study. The test–retest reliability of the PSJT within sessions (intrasession reliability) and across sessions (intersession reliability) was assessed within EGA. For the evaluation of validity, EGB performed the PSJT and a series of criterion jumping tests. For EGA, no changes (p > 0.05) were found in PSJT performance between test sessions and excellent intra- and intersession reliability was observed (ICCs > 0.75). Correlation coefficients indicated high factorial validity between the jumping tests and PSJT (r = 0.71–0.91, p < 0.001). The PSJT appears to offer a valid assessment of jumping ability in basketball and is a practical test for assessing sport-specific jumping skills in young basketball players. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Efficiency in Kinesiology: Innovative Approaches in Enhancing Motor Skills for Athletic Performance)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

6 pages, 241 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Weight Loss and Competition Weight in Ultimate Fighting Championship (UFC) Athletes

by Corey A. Peacock, Duncan French, Gabriel J. Sanders, Anthony Ricci, Charles Stull and Jose Antonio

J. Funct. Morphol. Kinesiol. 2022, 7(4), 115; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk7040115 - 15 Dec 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 3875

Abstract

Previous research has demonstrated that professional mixed martial arts (MMA) athletes employ a variety of weight manipulation strategies to compete at given weight classes. Although there is much literature demonstrating weight manipulation methods, minimal research exists analyzing how much weight MMA athletes lose [...] Read more.

Previous research has demonstrated that professional mixed martial arts (MMA) athletes employ a variety of weight manipulation strategies to compete at given weight classes. Although there is much literature demonstrating weight manipulation methods, minimal research exists analyzing how much weight MMA athletes lose prior to the official weigh-in. Moreover, there is minimal research examining how much weight professional MMA athletes gain between the official weigh-in and competition. Therefore, the purpose of the current study was to analyze weight loss/regain in professional MMA athletes. Data collected from 616 professional MMA athletes (31.1 ± 4.0 yrs.; 177.1 ± 4.7 cm) competing for the Ultimate Fighting Championship (UFC) between 2020 and 2022 were used for the study. The athlete’s weight was obtained 72 h, 48 h, and 24 h prior to the official weigh-in, at the official weigh-in, and prior to competition. Random effects analysis was utilized to compare weight at a variety of time points between different weight classes. All statistics were analyzed, and significance was set at p ≤ 0.05. There is a significant (p ≤ 0.05) difference between weight classes and time points in professional MMA. MMA athletes decrease body weight significantly prior to the official weigh-in. MMA athletes increase body weight significantly between official weigh-in and competition. Based on these data, it appears that MMA athletes average a weight loss of nearly 7% within 72 h prior to the official weigh-in. The data also suggest that athletes gain nearly 10% of total weight between the official weigh-in and competition. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Research on Sports Nutrition: Body Composition and Performance 3.0)

11 pages, 2354 KiB

Open AccessReview

Scoping Review of the Isometric Mid-Thigh Pull Performance Relationship to Dynamic Sport Performance Assessments

by Garrett Giles, Greg Lutton and Joel Martin

J. Funct. Morphol. Kinesiol. 2022, 7(4), 114; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk7040114 - 15 Dec 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2821

Abstract

Attempting to understand on-field sport performance from dynamic performance tests of athleticism (i.e., sprinting, jumping, strength) is common practice in sport. In recent years, the isometric mid-thigh pull (IMTP) has gained popularity in the sport performance community as an assessment tool. This scoping [...] Read more.

Attempting to understand on-field sport performance from dynamic performance tests of athleticism (i.e., sprinting, jumping, strength) is common practice in sport. In recent years, the isometric mid-thigh pull (IMTP) has gained popularity in the sport performance community as an assessment tool. This scoping review examined the relationship of the IMTP to common dynamic sports assessments to evaluate the robustness of the IMTP to profile lower body force production characteristics. The literature search was conducted according to PRISMA-ScR guidelines. Articles were selected from 5 electronic databases. Data was extracted and synthesized to evaluate the reported relationships between IMTP and common dynamic sport performance assessments. Forty-eight publications were identified and included in the review. Articles reviewed were all within the past 25 years with most (66.7%) published within the past 5 years. Multiple researchers utilized the IMTP across numerous sports and generally reported consistent results. Strong correlations (41.8% of reported, r = 0.71 to 1.00) between the IMTP and the dynamic sport performance assessments were found. The available evidence suggests the IMTP is a viable option for practitioners and researchers to use to profile athletic ability. Furthermore, based on the publication year of included articles, IMTP research is relatively young and warrants further investigation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Applied Sport Physiology and Performance—3rd Edition)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

9 pages, 631 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Examining the Effects of Mirror Therapy on Psychological Readiness and Perception of Pain in ACL-Injured Female Football Players

by Tiziana D’Isanto, Francesca D’Elia, Giovanni Esposito, Gaetano Altavilla and Gaetano Raiola

J. Funct. Morphol. Kinesiol. 2022, 7(4), 113; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk7040113 - 14 Dec 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1871

Abstract

Virtual reality-guided imagery (VRGI) and mirror therapy (MT) have been used in isolation to treat patients suffering from different injuries. However, no attempts have been made to understand the effects of combined VRGI and MT added to conventional physical therapy, and no information [...] Read more.

Virtual reality-guided imagery (VRGI) and mirror therapy (MT) have been used in isolation to treat patients suffering from different injuries. However, no attempts have been made to understand the effects of combined VRGI and MT added to conventional physical therapy, and no information exists regarding perceptual responses to these rehabilitation strategies in female football players. Thus, this study aimed to examine the effect of MT added to conventional rehabilitation on psychological readiness and perception of pain in ACL-injured female football players. Thirty ACL-injured female football players competing in the 2nd and 3rd Italian tier who underwent an ACL rehabilitation program from the same clinic participated in this study. Players were randomly distributed in an MT group (n = 15) and a CON group (n = 15). All participants reported their perception of pain on a VAS before and after the interventions and their psychological readiness to return to sport after ACL injury and reconstruction surgery on the ACL-RSI scale after the intervention. An independent-sample t-test was performed to assess between-group differences in post-intervention ACL-RSI, and a further independent-sample t-test to assume non-significant differences between VAS values before the intervention. A two-way repeated-measures analysis of variance was used to test the null hypothesis of no different change in VAS over time between groups. After the intervention, the MT group perceived largely greater psychological readiness (p < 0.01). MT and CON groups experienced a large reduction in VAS after the intervention (p < 0.001). However, a small time × group interaction was observed (p = 0.023). MT reported a greater perception of the psychological readiness of the soccer players and a lower perception of pain than those who performed conventional therapy. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Working Group in Sports Medicine)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

16 pages, 1260 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of Spinal Cord Injury Site on Cardiac Autonomic Regulation: Insight from Analysis of Cardiovascular Beat by Beat Variability during Sleep and Orthostatic Challenge

by Pietro Guaraldi, Mara Malacarne, Giorgio Barletta, Giuseppe De Scisciolo, Massimo Pagani, Pietro Cortelli and Daniela Lucini

J. Funct. Morphol. Kinesiol. 2022, 7(4), 112; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk7040112 - 09 Dec 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1289

Abstract

Purpose: The goal of this study on Spinal Cord Injury (SCI) patients with cervical or thoracic lesion was to assess whether disturbances of ANS control, according to location, might differently affect vagal and sympatho-vagal markers during sleep and orthostatic challenge. We analyzed with [...] Read more.

Purpose: The goal of this study on Spinal Cord Injury (SCI) patients with cervical or thoracic lesion was to assess whether disturbances of ANS control, according to location, might differently affect vagal and sympatho-vagal markers during sleep and orthostatic challenge. We analyzed with linear and nonlinear techniques beat-by-beat RR and arterial pressure (and respiration) variability signals, extracted from a polysomnographic study and a rest–tilt test. We considered spontaneous or induced sympathetic excitation, as obtained shifting from non-REM to REM sleep or from rest to passive tilt. We obtained evidence of ANS cardiac (dys)regulation, of greater importance for gradually proximal location (i.e., cervical) SCI, compatible with a progressive loss of modulatory role of sympathetic afferents to the spinal cord. Furthermore, in accordance with the dual, vagal and sympathetic bidirectional innervation, the results suggest that vagally mediated negative feedback baroreflexes were substantially maintained in all cases. Conversely, the LF and HF balance (expressed specifically by normalized units) appeared to be negatively affected by SCI, particularly in the case of cervical lesion (group p = 0.006, interaction p = 0.011). Multivariate analysis of cardiovascular variability may be a convenient technique to assess autonomic responsiveness and alteration of functionality in patients with SCI addressing selectively vagal or sympathetic alterations and injury location. This contention requires confirmatory studies with a larger population. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Role of Exercises in Musculoskeletal Disorders—5th Edition)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

10 pages, 297 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Investigating External and Internal Loads in Male Older Adult Basketball Players during Official Games

by Daniele Conte, Federico Palumbo, Flavia Guidotti, Kestutis Matulaitis, Laura Capranica and Antonio Tessitore

J. Funct. Morphol. Kinesiol. 2022, 7(4), 111; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk7040111 - 07 Dec 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1595

Abstract

This study aimed at assessing the external [Player Load (PL), acceleration (ACC), changes of direction (COD), JUMP, and their relative values (PL/min; ACC/min; COD/min and JUMP/min)] and internal [percentage of the peak heart rate (%HR_peak) and the training load calculated with [...] Read more.

This study aimed at assessing the external [Player Load (PL), acceleration (ACC), changes of direction (COD), JUMP, and their relative values (PL/min; ACC/min; COD/min and JUMP/min)] and internal [percentage of the peak heart rate (%HR_peak) and the training load calculated with the session rating of perceived exertion (sRPE) method (sRPE-load)] loads of masters (senior citizen) basketball players during official games. Thirteen male basketball masters players (age: 66.6 ± 2.1 years; body mass: 89.9 ± 8.7 kg; stature: 183.7 ± 4.6 cm) were monitored during an official Lietuvos Krepsinio Veteranu Lyga (LKVL) 65-year game. Beside descriptive analysis, a chi-square goodness of fit test was adopted to assess the differences in the distribution within JUMP, ACC and COD classes of intensities (i.e., low, medium and high). The results revealed PL = 269.9 ± 83.3 AU and PL/min = 6.54 ± 1.29 AU/min. Moreover, significant differences (p < 0.001) in the distribution of the intensity classes were found for JUMP, ACC, and COD, with the lowest intensities as the most frequent. Finally, HR_peak = 81.7 ± 8.1% and sRPE-load = 148.9 ± 69.7 AU were found, with sRPE = ~3 AU. In conclusion, a low external load during an official basketball game was found compared to other basketball populations. Moreover, a high objective internal load did not correspond to a low perceived demand, which might increase the training adherence and motivation during long-term studies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Applied Sport Physiology and Performance—2nd Edition)

12 pages, 1141 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Concurrent Exercise Training: Long-Term Changes in Body Composition and Motives for Continued Participation in Women with Obesity

by Danielle D. Wadsworth, Kameron B. Suire, Ashley Peart, Shelby Foote, Chloe Jones, Mynor Rodriguez-Hernandez, James R. McDonald and David D. Pascoe

J. Funct. Morphol. Kinesiol. 2022, 7(4), 110; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk7040110 - 07 Dec 2022

Viewed by 1413

Abstract

The purpose of this project was to examine the effect of a concurrent exercise program (sprint interval training and resistance exercise) on body composition in women with obesity and factors associated with continued exercise participation following the program. Twenty women (37.1 ± 7.4 [...] Read more.

The purpose of this project was to examine the effect of a concurrent exercise program (sprint interval training and resistance exercise) on body composition in women with obesity and factors associated with continued exercise participation following the program. Twenty women (37.1 ± 7.4 y, height = 1.63 ± 0.09 m, weight = 98.22 ± 0.22 kg, BMI = 34.2 ± 2.50 kg/m²) participated in a 10-week exercise intervention consisting of a sprint interval treadmill protocol and resistance training three times a week totaling 30 sessions. Body composition was measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (iDXA) at pretest, 12 weeks, and six months post-intervention. Semi-structured interviews assessed participants’ perception of the program at both 12 weeks and six months. Participants significantly reduced fat mass (p < 0.001), gynoid fat mass (p < 0.010), android fat mass (p = 0.003), and visceral fat mass (p = 0.003) at 12 weeks post-test. At six months, participants maintained their reductions in fat mass (p = 0.015), visceral fat (p = 0.040) and gynoid fat mass (p = 0.032). There were no significant main time effects in lean mass (p = 0.099) or caloric intake (p = 0.053) at 12 weeks or six months. Themes that emerged from the semi-structured interviews at 12 weeks reflected enjoyment in the training, increases in competence and knowledge, as well as apprehension of continuing training on their own. At six months, themes that emerged reflected overcoming barriers, competence regarding high-intensity training, and a lack of competence to engage in resistance training. Sprint interval training coupled with resistance training is a feasible exercise protocol for women with obesity and results in reduced fat mass over six months. Improving women’s competence for training is imperative for continued participation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Motivational Factors Influencing Performance in Sport and Exercise)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

13 pages, 1210 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Assessment of Somatosensory and Motor Processing Time in Retired Athletes with a History of Repeated Head Trauma

by Alan J. Pearce, Doug King, Dawson J. Kidgell, Ashlyn K. Frazer, Mark Tommerdahl and Catherine M. Suter

J. Funct. Morphol. Kinesiol. 2022, 7(4), 109; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk7040109 - 02 Dec 2022

Viewed by 1799

Abstract

Measurement of the adverse outcomes of repeated head trauma in athletes is often achieved using tests where the comparator is ‘accuracy’. While it is expected that ex-athletes would perform worse than controls, previous studies have shown inconsistent results. Here we have attempted to [...] Read more.

Measurement of the adverse outcomes of repeated head trauma in athletes is often achieved using tests where the comparator is ‘accuracy’. While it is expected that ex-athletes would perform worse than controls, previous studies have shown inconsistent results. Here we have attempted to address these inconsistencies from a different perspective by quantifying not only accuracy, but also motor response times. Age-matched control subjects who have never experienced head trauma (n = 20; 41.8 ± 14.4 years) where compared to two cohorts of retired contact sport athletes with a history of head trauma/concussions; one with self-reported concerns (n = 36; 45.4 ± 12.6 years), and another with no ongoing concerns (n = 19; 43.1 ± 13.5 years). Participants performed cognitive (Cogstate) and somatosensory (Cortical Metrics) testing with accuracy and motor times recorded. Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) investigated corticospinal conduction and excitability. Results showed that there was little difference between groups in accuracy scores. Conversely, motor times in all but one test revealed that ex-athletes with self-reported concerns were significantly slower compared to other groups (p ranges 0.031 to <0.001). TMS latency showed significantly increased time (p = 0.008) in the group with ongoing concerns. These findings suggest that incorporating motor times is more informative than considering accuracy scores alone. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Working Group in Sports Medicine)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

12 pages, 1139 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Congested Period in Professional Youth Soccer Players Showed a Different High Decelerations Profile in the Group Performance and a Specific Positional Behaviour

by Borja Muñoz-Castellanos, Alberto Rabano-Muñoz, Bernardo Requena, Luis Suarez-Arrones and Jose A. Asian-Clemente

J. Funct. Morphol. Kinesiol. 2022, 7(4), 108; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk7040108 - 29 Nov 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1160

Abstract

Present soccer demands are increasing in terms of running requirements and the number of matches until youth soccer players experience several periods of fixture congestion during the season. Currently, congested periods have not been extensively studied in this population. For this reason, this [...] Read more.

Present soccer demands are increasing in terms of running requirements and the number of matches until youth soccer players experience several periods of fixture congestion during the season. Currently, congested periods have not been extensively studied in this population. For this reason, this study aimed to compare the running demands of professional youth soccer players in congested periods according to their specific playing positions. Twenty youth players were grouped according to their position: Central Defenders (CD), Fullbacks (FB), Midfielders (MF), Wide Midfielders (WM) and Strikers (ST). A GPS system was used to monitor the players during the first (M1), second (M2) and third (M3) matches played during a congested period, measuring their total distance covered (TDC), DC 18.0–20.9 km·h⁻¹, DC 21.0–23.9 km·h⁻¹, DC > 24.0 km·h⁻¹, number of high accelerations (>2.5 m·s⁻²), number of high decelerations (<2.5 m·s⁻²) and peak speed (km·h⁻¹). M1, M2 and M3 showed the same TDC, DC 18.0–20.9 km·h⁻¹, DC 21.0–23.9 km·h⁻¹, DC > 24.0 km·h⁻¹, number of high accelerations, and peak speed (p > 0.05). The statistical analysis showed significant differences between M1, M2 and M3 in the decelerations recorded between M1 and M3 (p < 0.05). Likewise, each position showed specific behaviours during the congested period, with all showing at least one difference in DC 18.0–20.9 km·h⁻¹, 21.0–23.9 km·h⁻¹ or >24.0 km·h⁻¹ between M1, M2 and M3 (p < 0.05). In conclusion, coaches should pay attention to the fatigue produced by the number of high decelerations. Secondly, an individualized training protocol should be considered according to the running requirements of each position when youth professional soccer players are involved in a congested period. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Efficiency in Kinesiology: Innovative Approaches in Enhancing Motor Skills for Athletic Performance)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

8 pages, 1725 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Location In Vivo of the Innervation Zone in the Human Medial Gastrocnemius Using Imposed Contractions: A Comparison of the Usefulness of the M-Wave and H-Reflex

by Rodrigo A. Guzmán-Venegas, Felipe H. Palma-Traro, Oscar D. Valencia, María José Hudson and Patricio A. Pincheira

J. Funct. Morphol. Kinesiol. 2022, 7(4), 107; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk7040107 - 28 Nov 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1375

Abstract

The anatomical territory where the neuromuscular junctions are grouped corresponds to the innervation zone (IZ). This can be located in-vivo using high-density electromyography and voluntary muscle contractions. However, in patients with motor impairment, the use of contractions imposed by electrical stimulation (ES) could [...] Read more.

The anatomical territory where the neuromuscular junctions are grouped corresponds to the innervation zone (IZ). This can be located in-vivo using high-density electromyography and voluntary muscle contractions. However, in patients with motor impairment, the use of contractions imposed by electrical stimulation (ES) could be an alternative. The present study has two aims: Firstly, to describe the location of the IZ in-vivo of the medial gastrocnemius (MG) using imposed contractions by ES. Secondly, to compare the usefulness of M-waves and H-reflexes to localize the IZs. Twenty-four volunteers participated (age: 21.2 ± 1.5 years). ES was elicited in the tibial nerve to obtain M-waves and H-reflexes in the MG. The evaluators used these responses to localize the IZs relative to anatomical landmarks. M-wave and H-reflex IZ frequency identification were compared. The IZs of the MG were mostly located in the cephalocaudal direction, at 39.7% of the leg length and 34% of the knee’s condylar width. The IZs were most frequently identified in the M-wave (83.33%, 22/24) compared to the H-reflex (8.33%, 2/24) (p > 0.001). Imposed contractions revealed that the IZ of the MG is located at 39.7% of the leg length. To locate the IZs of the MG muscle, the M-wave is more useful than the H-reflex. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Functional Anatomy and Musculoskeletal System)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

17 pages, 2883 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Impact of Sex and Velocity on Plantar Pressure Distribution during Gait: A Cross-Sectional Study Using an Instrumented Pressure-Sensitive Walkway

by Clara Leyh and Véronique Feipel

J. Funct. Morphol. Kinesiol. 2022, 7(4), 106; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk7040106 - 28 Nov 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1471

Abstract

In-shoe systems and pressure plates are used to assess plantar pressure during gait, but additional tools are employed to evaluate other gait parameters. The GAITRite^® system is a clinical gait evaluation tool. Extensive literature is available for spatiotemporal parameters, but it is [...] Read more.

In-shoe systems and pressure plates are used to assess plantar pressure during gait, but additional tools are employed to evaluate other gait parameters. The GAITRite^® system is a clinical gait evaluation tool. Extensive literature is available for spatiotemporal parameters, but it is scarce for relative plantar pressure data. Therefore, we investigated whether, when controlling for age, the GAITRite^® system is able to distinguish the effects of walking velocity on plantar pressure parameters in six plantar regions in a large sample of adults. Participants (83 women and 87 men, aged 18–85 years) walked at three self-selected velocities (slow, preferred, fast) on a 6-m long GAITRite^® walkway. Relative peak pressure, pressure-time integral, peak time and contact area were computed for six zones (lateral and medial heel, mid- and forefoot). The impact of age (covariate), sex, side, velocity, pressure zone and their interactions on pressure variables was evaluated. Velocity affected peak pressure, pressure-time integral, peak time and contact area (p < 0.001). With increasing self-selected gait velocity, medial forefoot peak pressure and pressure-time integral increased (p < 0.001), while heel and lateral forefoot regions displayed a nonlinear plantar pressure evolution. These results suggest lower (heel strike) or more equally distributed (push-off) loads at preferred gait velocity. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Athletic Training and Human Performance)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

8 pages, 513 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Dead Bodybuilders Speaking from the Heart: An Analysis of Autopsy Reports of Bodybuilders That Died Prematurely

by Guillermo Escalante, Dillon Darrow, V. N. Pradeep Ambati, Daniel L. Gwartney and Rick Collins

J. Funct. Morphol. Kinesiol. 2022, 7(4), 105; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk7040105 - 24 Nov 2022

Viewed by 7133

Abstract

This study analyzed publicly available autopsy reports of male bodybuilders under the age of 50 who reportedly died from cardiovascular-related events. A general Google search with the terms “dead bodybuilders” was performed on 10 February 2022. Six reports were available for review and [...] Read more.

This study analyzed publicly available autopsy reports of male bodybuilders under the age of 50 who reportedly died from cardiovascular-related events. A general Google search with the terms “dead bodybuilders” was performed on 10 February 2022. Six reports were available for review and analysis. Bodybuilders had the following means: age (±SD) = 36 ± 7.1 years; height 1.82 ± 0.02 m; weight = 103.8 ± 5.3 kg; weight of heart = 575 ± 134.4 g; and left ventricular myocardium thickness (n = 3) = 16.3 ± 3.5 mm. The bodybuilders analyzed had a mean heart weight that is 73.7% heavier than the reference man (575 g vs. 332 g). Similarly, 100% of the autopsies reported left ventricular myocardium thickness of 16.3 ± 3.5 mm; this is 125% thicker than normative data for men. While abuse of AASs for prolonged periods of time may contribute to some of the cardiac abnormalities present in these bodybuilders, it should be noted that cardiac hypertrophy, including left ventricular hypertrophy, has also been reported in drug-free strength athletes. Each autopsy report included cardiovascular abnormalities within the cause of death. Association does not mean causation, but nonetheless bodybuilders should be aware of potential contributing cardiovascular risks with AAS abuse. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Working Group in Sports Medicine)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

9 pages, 754 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Running-Induced Metabolic and Physiological Responses Using New Zealand Blackcurrant Extract in a Male Ultra-Endurance Runner: A Case Study

by Mark E. T. Willems and Andrew R. Briggs

J. Funct. Morphol. Kinesiol. 2022, 7(4), 104; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk7040104 - 23 Nov 2022

Viewed by 1823

Abstract

Physical training for ultra-endurance running provides physiological adaptations for exercise-induced substrate oxidation. We examined the effects of New Zealand blackcurrant (NZBC) extract on running-induced metabolic and physiological responses in a male amateur ultra-endurance runner (age: 40 years, body mass: 65.9 kg, BMI: 23.1 [...] Read more.

Physical training for ultra-endurance running provides physiological adaptations for exercise-induced substrate oxidation. We examined the effects of New Zealand blackcurrant (NZBC) extract on running-induced metabolic and physiological responses in a male amateur ultra-endurance runner (age: 40 years, body mass: 65.9 kg, BMI: 23.1 kg·m⁻², body fat: 14.7%,

\dot{V}

O_2max: 55.3 mL·kg⁻¹·min⁻¹, resting heart rate: 45 beats·min⁻¹, running history: 6 years, marathons: 20, ultra-marathons: 28, weekly training distance: ~80 km, weekly running time: ~9 h). Indirect calorimetry was used and heart rate recorded at 15 min intervals during 120 min of treadmill running (speed: 10.5 km·h⁻¹, 58%

\dot{V}

O_2max) in an environmental chamber (temperature: ~26 °C, relative humidity: ~70%) at baseline and following 7 days intake of NZBC extract (210 mg of anthocyanins·day⁻¹) with constant monitoring of core temperature. The male runner had unlimited access to water and consumed a 100-kcal energy gel at 40- and 80 min during the 120 min run. There were no differences (mean of 8, 15 min measurements) for minute ventilation, oxygen uptake, carbon dioxide production and core temperature. With NZBC extract, the respiratory exchange ratio was 0.02 units lower, carbohydrate oxidation was 11% lower and fat oxidation was 23% higher (control: 0.39 ± 0.08, NZBC extract: 0.48 ± 0.12 g·min⁻¹, p < 0.01). Intake of the energy gel did not abolish the enhanced fat oxidation by NZBC extract. Seven days’ intake of New Zealand blackcurrant extract altered exercise-induced substrate oxidation in a male amateur ultra-endurance runner covering a half-marathon distance in 2 h. More studies are required to address whether intake of New Zealand blackcurrant extract provides a nutritional ergogenic effect for ultra-endurance athletes to enhance exercise performance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Applied Sport Physiology and Performance—3rd Edition)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

11 pages, 1972 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Downhill Sections Are Crucial for Performance in Trail Running Ultramarathons—A Pacing Strategy Analysis

by Matteo Genitrini, Julian Fritz, Georg Zimmermann and Hermann Schwameder

J. Funct. Morphol. Kinesiol. 2022, 7(4), 103; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk7040103 - 21 Nov 2022

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2647

Abstract

Trail running is an increasingly popular discipline, especially over long-distance races (>42.195 km). Pacing strategy, i.e., how athletes modulate running speed for managing their energies during a race, appears to have a significant impact on overall performance. The aims of this study were [...] Read more.

Trail running is an increasingly popular discipline, especially over long-distance races (>42.195 km). Pacing strategy, i.e., how athletes modulate running speed for managing their energies during a race, appears to have a significant impact on overall performance. The aims of this study were to investigate whether performance level, terrain (i.e., uphill or downhill) and race stage affect pacing strategy and whether any interactions between these factors are evident. Race data from four race courses, with multiple editions (total races = 16), were retrieved from their respective events websites. A linear mixed effect model was applied to the full dataset, as well as to two subgroups of the top 10 male and female finishers, to assess potential differences in pacing strategy (i.e., investigated in terms of relative speed). Better finishers (i.e., athletes ranking in the best positions) tend to run downhill sections at higher relative speeds and uphill sections at lower relative speeds than slower counterparts (p < 0.001). In the later race stages, the relative speed decrease is larger in downhill sections than in uphill ones (p < 0.001) and in downhill sections, slower finishers perform systematically worse than faster ones, but the performance difference (i.e., between slower and faster finishers) becomes significantly larger in the later race stages (p < 0.001). Among elite athletes, no difference in pacing strategy between faster and slower finishers was found (p > 0.05). Both men (p < 0.001) and women (p < 0.001), in the later race stages, slow down more in downhill sections than in uphill ones. Moreover, elite women tend to slow down more than men (p < 0.001) in the later race stages, regardless of the terrain, in contrast to previous studies focusing on road ultramarathons. In conclusion, running downhill sections at higher relative speeds, most likely due to less accentuated fatigue effects, as well as minimizing performance decrease in the later race stages in downhill sections, appears to be a hallmark of the better finishers. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Athletic Training and Human Performance)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

19 pages, 1808 KiB

Open AccessReview

Training Specificity for Athletes: Emphasis on Strength-Power Training: A Narrative Review

by Michael H. Stone, W. Guy Hornsby, Dylan G. Suarez, Marco Duca and Kyle C. Pierce

J. Funct. Morphol. Kinesiol. 2022, 7(4), 102; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk7040102 - 16 Nov 2022

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 5965

Abstract

Specificity has two major components: A strength-endurance continuum (S-EC) and adherence to principles of Dynamic Correspondence. Available evidence indicates the existence of the S-EC continuum from two aspects. Indeed, the S-EC exists, particularly if work is equated as a high load low repetition [...] Read more.

Specificity has two major components: A strength-endurance continuum (S-EC) and adherence to principles of Dynamic Correspondence. Available evidence indicates the existence of the S-EC continuum from two aspects. Indeed, the S-EC exists, particularly if work is equated as a high load low repetition scheme at one end (strength stimulus) and high volume (HIEE stimulus) at the other. Furthermore, some evidence also indicates that the continuum as a repetition paradigm with high-load, low repetition at one end (strength stimulus) and a high repetition, low load at the other end. The second paradigm is most apparent under three conditions: (1) ecological validity—in the real world, work is not equated, (2) use of absolute loads in testing and (3) a substantial difference in the repetitions used in training (for example 2–5 repetitions versus ≥10 repetitions). Additionally, adherence to the principles and criteria of dynamic correspondence allows for greater “transfer of training” to performance measures. Typically, and logically, in order to optimize transfer, training athletes requires a reasonable development of capacities (i.e., structure, metabolism, neural aspects, etc.) before more specific training takes place. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Applied Sport Physiology and Performance—3rd Edition)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

11 pages, 317 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Which Performance Tests Best Define the Special Judo Fitness Test Classification in Elite Judo Athletes?

by Bayram Ceylan, Jožef Šimenko and Şükrü Serdar Balcı

J. Funct. Morphol. Kinesiol. 2022, 7(4), 101; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk7040101 - 14 Nov 2022

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 3102

Abstract

The normative values of the Special Judo Fitness Test (SJFT) are used to evaluate judo athletes, and the question arises of which performance tests from crucial motor abilities best define the SJFT classification in elite judo athletes. This study aimed to investigate the [...] Read more.

The normative values of the Special Judo Fitness Test (SJFT) are used to evaluate judo athletes, and the question arises of which performance tests from crucial motor abilities best define the SJFT classification in elite judo athletes. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between elite judo athletes’ physical performance and the evaluation using SJFT index norms. Nineteen judo athletes (11 females) (22.8 ± 2.5 years old) from the senior judo national team voluntarily participated in this study. Body composition, reaction time, balance, flexibility, agility, hand grip strength, 20 m sprint, vertical jump, SJFT, and Wingate tests were performed by athletes on four separate days at one-day intervals. Athletes were classified as regular and above (≥regular) or poor and below (≤poor) according to their SJFT index scores. Simple logistic regression analysis was used to evaluate this classification’s consistency with performance test results. Odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals related to each possible factor and Wald test statistics were calculated. The SJFT index classification was associated with Wingate peak and mean power, vertical jump, and sprint performance results (p < 0.05), whereas it was not associated with body fat percentage, agility, reaction time, hand grip strength, flexibility, and balance performances (p > 0.05). SJFT index classificatory norms are mainly related to athletes’ anaerobic power. Higher anaerobic power increases athletes’ possibility of being classified as ≥regular. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Applied Sport Physiology and Performance—3rd Edition)

10 pages, 2136 KiB

Open AccessCase Report

Full Recovery from O’Donoghue’s Triad with Autologous Bone Marrow Aspirate Matrix: A Case Report

by José Fábio Santos Duarte Lana, André Atsushi Sugano, Henrique Valadão De Barros, Tomas Mosaner, Gabriel Silva Santos, João Vitor Bizinotto Lana, Rodrigo Vicente and Marco Antônio Percope De Andrade

J. Funct. Morphol. Kinesiol. 2022, 7(4), 100; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk7040100 - 11 Nov 2022

Viewed by 1394

Abstract

O’Donoghue’s triad is an extremely debilitating condition. Although there are many conventional treatments available, there is still no consensus regarding the most effective rehabilitation protocol for a full recovery. Surgical interventions have become an ordinary consideration, but problems may still persist even after [...] Read more.

O’Donoghue’s triad is an extremely debilitating condition. Although there are many conventional treatments available, there is still no consensus regarding the most effective rehabilitation protocol for a full recovery. Surgical interventions have become an ordinary consideration, but problems may still persist even after the surgical procedure. Orthobiologics, however, have gained considerable popularity in regenerative medicine. Notable autologous alternatives, such as bone marrow aspirate (BMA), are often utilized in clinical settings. To our knowledge, the administration of BMA products for the management of O’Donoghue’s triad has not been thoroughly investigated in the literature. In this case report we describe a full recovery from O’Donoghue’s triad with BMA matrix in a patient who was recalcitrant to surgical intervention due to fear of complications. Our patient received three BMA matrix injections with four-week intervals, exhibiting significant recovery according to pain scores, functional assessment outcomes, and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) results. The patient returned to normal activities with no complaints and MRI evidence at follow-up showed significant signs of structural restoration of the musculoskeletal tissues. Here, we demonstrate that autologous BMA products are a feasible alternative for the accelerated recovery of musculoskeletal tissue injury with safety and efficacy. Full article

► Show Figures

Figure 1

19 pages, 1279 KiB

Open AccessReview

Whole Body Vibration: A Valid Alternative Strategy to Exercise?

by Roberto Bonanni, Ida Cariati, Cristian Romagnoli, Giovanna D’Arcangelo, Giuseppe Annino and Virginia Tancredi

J. Funct. Morphol. Kinesiol. 2022, 7(4), 99; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk7040099 - 03 Nov 2022

Cited by 14 | Viewed by 4278

Abstract

Several studies agree that mechanical vibration can induce physiological changes at different levels, improving neuromuscular function through postural control strategies, muscle tuning mechanisms and tonic vibration reflexes. Whole-body vibration has also been reported to increase bone mineral density and muscle mass and strength, [...] Read more.

Several studies agree that mechanical vibration can induce physiological changes at different levels, improving neuromuscular function through postural control strategies, muscle tuning mechanisms and tonic vibration reflexes. Whole-body vibration has also been reported to increase bone mineral density and muscle mass and strength, as well as to relieve pain and modulate proprioceptive function in patients with osteoarthritis or lower back pain. Furthermore, vibratory training was found to be an effective strategy for improving the physical performance of healthy athletes in terms of muscle strength, agility, flexibility, and vertical jump height. Notably, several benefits have also been observed at the brain level, proving to be an important factor in protecting and/or preventing the development of age-related cognitive disorders. Although research in this field is still debated, certain molecular mechanisms responsible for the response to whole-body vibration also appear to be involved in physiological adaptations to exercise, suggesting the possibility of using it as an alternative or reinforcing strategy to canonical training. Understanding these mechanisms is crucial for the development of whole body vibration protocols appropriately designed based on individual needs to optimize these effects. Therefore, we performed a narrative review of the literature, consulting the bibliographic databases MEDLINE and Google Scholar, to i) summarize the most recent scientific evidence on the effects of whole-body vibration and the molecular mechanisms proposed so far to provide a useful state of the art and ii) assess the potential of whole-body vibration as a form of passive training in place of or in association with exercise. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Role of Exercises in Musculoskeletal Disorders—5th Edition)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

11 pages, 2224 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Postural Evaluation in Young Healthy Adults through a Digital and Reproducible Method

by Bruno Trovato, Federico Roggio, Martina Sortino, Marta Zanghì, Luca Petrigna, Rosario Giuffrida and Giuseppe Musumeci

J. Funct. Morphol. Kinesiol. 2022, 7(4), 98; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk7040098 - 28 Oct 2022

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 5701

Abstract

Different tools for the assessment of posture exist, from the simplest and cheap plumb line to complex, expensive, 3D-marker-based systems. The aim of this study is to present digital postural normative data of young adults collected through a mobile app to expand the [...] Read more.

Different tools for the assessment of posture exist, from the simplest and cheap plumb line to complex, expensive, 3D-marker-based systems. The aim of this study is to present digital postural normative data of young adults collected through a mobile app to expand the possibilities of digital postural evaluation. A sample of 100 healthy volunteers, 50 males and 50 females, was analyzed with the mobile app Apecs-AI Posture Evaluation and Correction System^® (Apecs). The Student’s t-test evaluated differences between gender to highlight if the digital posture evaluation may differ between groups. A significant difference was present in the anterior coronal plane for axillary alignment (p = 0.04), trunk inclination (p = 0.03), and knee alignment (p = 0.01). Head inclination (p = 0.04), tibia shift (p = 0.01), and foot angle (p < 0.001) presented significant differences in the sagittal plane, while there were no significant differences in the posterior coronal plane. The intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) was considered to evaluate reproducibility. Thirteen parameters out of twenty-two provided an ICC > 0.90, three provided an ICC > 0.60, and six variables did not meet the cut-off criteria. The results highlight that digital posture analysis of healthy individuals may present slight differences related to gender. Additionally, the mobile app showed good reproducibility according to ICC. Digital postural assessment with Apecs could represent a quick method for preventing screening in the general population. Therefore, clinicians should consider this app’s worth as an auxiliary posture evaluation tool. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue 3D Analysis of Human Movement, Sport, and Health Promotion)

► Show Figures

Graphical abstract

7 pages, 246 KiB

Open AccessReview

The Usefulness of Synovial Fluid Proteome Analysis in Orthopaedics: Focus on Osteoarthritis and Periprosthetic Joint Infections

by Davide Bizzoca, Lorenzo Moretti, Antonio Gnoni, Francesco Luca Moretti, Salvatore Scacco, Giuseppe Banfi, Andrea Piazzolla, Giuseppe Solarino and Biagio Moretti

J. Funct. Morphol. Kinesiol. 2022, 7(4), 97; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk7040097 - 28 Oct 2022

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 1855

Abstract

Synovial fluid (SF) is a viscous and mucinous substance produced by the synovium, a specialized connective tissue that lines diarthrodial joints. SF represents a source of disease-related proteins that could be used as potential biomarkers in several articular diseases. Based on these findings [...] Read more.

Synovial fluid (SF) is a viscous and mucinous substance produced by the synovium, a specialized connective tissue that lines diarthrodial joints. SF represents a source of disease-related proteins that could be used as potential biomarkers in several articular diseases. Based on these findings the study of SF has been gaining increasing importance, in recent years. This review aims to summarize the usefulness of synovial fluid in orthopaedics research and clinical practice, mainly focusing on osteoarthritis (OA) and periprosthetic joint infections (PJIs). Proteomics of the SF has shown the up-regulation of several components of the classic complement pathway in OA samples, including C1, C2, C3, C4A, C4B, C5, and C4 C4BPA, thus depicting that complement is involved in the pathogenesis of OA. Moreover, proteomics has demonstrated that some pro-inflammatory cytokines, namely IL-6, IL-8, and IL-18, have a role in OA. Several SF proteins have been studied to improve the diagnosis of PJIs, including alpha-defensin (Alpha-D), leukocyte esterase (LE), c-reactive protein (CRP), interleukin-6 (IL-6), calprotectin and presepsin. The limits and potentials of these SF biomarkers will be discussed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Role of Exercise in Musculoskeletal Disorders)

► Show Figures

Graphical abstract

9 pages, 1146 KiB

Open AccessArticle

How Does the Amount of a Physical Education Intervention Affect Gross Motor Coordination in Early Childhood?

by Giovanni Angelo Navarra, Antonino Scardina, Ewan Thomas, Giuseppe Battaglia, Massimiliano Agnese, Patrizia Proia, Antonio Palma and Marianna Bellafiore

J. Funct. Morphol. Kinesiol. 2022, 7(4), 96; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk7040096 - 28 Oct 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1940

Abstract

Little is known about the dose–response of physical education interventions on motor coordination in preschoolers. Our aim was to investigate whether the development of motor skills changed depending on different amounts of a physical education program (PEP) in children aged 3–5 years. One [...] Read more.

Little is known about the dose–response of physical education interventions on motor coordination in preschoolers. Our aim was to investigate whether the development of motor skills changed depending on different amounts of a physical education program (PEP) in children aged 3–5 years. One hundred forty-five children were recruited from kindergartens and randomly divided into a control group (CG, n = 28), which did not perform any PEP, and two intervention groups, which performed 4 h/week (I1, n = 78) and 10 h/week (I2, n = 39) of a PEP for 16 weeks. Each lesson was set in the form of a programmed game in order to produce fun, thus increasing enthusiasm for participation. Before and after the intervention, locomotor and object control skills and the gross motor development quotient were assessed with the Italian version of the gross motor development test. Both intervention groups showed a significant increase in the motor skills compared with the control group. Moreover, the level of performance was significantly higher after 10 h/week compared to 4 h/week. These findings can be useful for standardizing PEPs in preschool settings so that they can be applied by teachers for planning effective programs for developing motor skills in early childhood. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Motor Competence, Physical Activity and Health 2022)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

9 pages, 783 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Evaluation of Influencing Factors on the Maximum Climbing Specific Holding Time: An Inferential Statistics and Machine Learning Approach

by Carlo Dindorf, Eva Bartaguiz, Jonas Dully, Max Sprenger, Anna Merk, Stephan Becker, Michael Fröhlich and Oliver Ludwig

J. Funct. Morphol. Kinesiol. 2022, 7(4), 95; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk7040095 - 27 Oct 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1577

Abstract

Handgrip strength (HGS) appears to be an indicator of climbing performance. The transferability of HGS measurements obtained using a hand dynamometer and factors that influence the maximal climbing-specific holding time (CSHT) are largely unclear. Forty-eight healthy subjects (27 female, 21 male; age: 22.46 [...] Read more.

Handgrip strength (HGS) appears to be an indicator of climbing performance. The transferability of HGS measurements obtained using a hand dynamometer and factors that influence the maximal climbing-specific holding time (CSHT) are largely unclear. Forty-eight healthy subjects (27 female, 21 male; age: 22.46 ± 3.17 years; height: 172.76 ± 8.91 cm; weight: 69.07 ± 12.41 kg; body fat: 20.05% ± 7.95%) underwent a maximal pull-up test prior to the experiment and completed a self-assessment using a Likert scale questionnaire. HGS was measured using a hand dynamometer, whereas CSHT was measured using a fingerboard. Multiple linear regressions showed that weight, maximal number of pull-ups, HGS normalized by subject weight, and length of the middle finger had a significant effect on the maximal CSHT (non-dominant hand: R²_corr = 0.63; dominant hand: R²_corr = 0.55). Deeper exploration using a machine learning model including all available data showed a predictive performance with R² = 0.51 and identified another relevant parameter for the regression model. These results call into question the use of hand dynamometers and highlight the performance-related importance of body weight in climbing practice. The results provide initial indications that finger length may be used as a sub-factor in talent scouting. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue 3D Analysis of Human Movement, Sport, and Health Promotion)

► Show Figures

Graphical abstract

10 pages, 3115 KiB

Open AccessCase Report

A Novel Approach to Treat a Rare Case of Interprosthetic Humeral Fracture with Osteosynthesis and Combined Grafting: A Case Report and Review of the Literature

by Fabrizio Marzano, Valerio Pace, Marco Donantoni, Rosario Petruccelli, Paolo Ceccarini, Auro Caraffa and Lorenzo Maria Di Giacomo

J. Funct. Morphol. Kinesiol. 2022, 7(4), 94; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk7040094 - 26 Oct 2022

Viewed by 1349

Abstract

Interprosthetic humeral fractures (IHFs) are severe injury patterns associated with surgical issues and contradictory results. The knowledge and literature on this topic are still lacking. A 76 year-old woman was treated for a fracture occurred between the shoulder and elbow stemmed prosthesis. Severe [...] Read more.

Interprosthetic humeral fractures (IHFs) are severe injury patterns associated with surgical issues and contradictory results. The knowledge and literature on this topic are still lacking. A 76 year-old woman was treated for a fracture occurred between the shoulder and elbow stemmed prosthesis. Severe bone loss was associated with the fracture. Treatment: Open reduction, plate fixation, and bone grafting were considered. A xenograft (used as a mechanical strut medially), a synthetic graft associated with bone growth factors, and scaffolds improved the bone healing process. Satisfactory clinical and radiological outcomes were obtained. A scoping review of the literature was also performed by the authors. Only eight papers reported IHFs with a low level of evidence. In total, eight patients were treated; one paper that reported on biomechanical aspects using finite element analysis is discussed. Conservative treatment leads to non-union, and the surgical approach is the gold standard. The osteosynthesis technique associated with bone grafting leads to the best outcomes. The use of a xenograft mechanical strut, associated with synthetic biological bone grafting, led to complete bone union at 9 months follow-up. Larger cohorts, more standardised results, and multicentric studies are mandatory in order to improve and establish a management and treatment algorithm. Full article

► Show Figures

Figure 1

9 pages, 914 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Relationship between Training Cycle-Dependent Fluctuations in Resting Blood Lactate Levels and Exercise Performance in College-Aged Rugby Players

by Ryotaro Kano and Kohei Sato

J. Funct. Morphol. Kinesiol. 2022, 7(4), 93; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk7040093 - 21 Oct 2022

Viewed by 1375

Abstract

An increase in resting blood lactate (La⁻) concentration due to metabolic conditions has been reported. However, it is not clear whether resting La⁻ changes with training cycles in athletes. The purpose of this study was to test the hypotheses that [...] Read more.

An increase in resting blood lactate (La⁻) concentration due to metabolic conditions has been reported. However, it is not clear whether resting La⁻ changes with training cycles in athletes. The purpose of this study was to test the hypotheses that (1) the morning resting La⁻ levels are lower in periods of high training compared to periods of low training and (2) these changes in La⁻ concentration are related to athletes’ metabolic capacity during exercise in male college-aged rugby players. Resting La⁻ and blood glucose concentrations were measured in the morning in eight league rugby players during the summer pre-season period (Pre-period), the training and competition season period (TC-period), and the winter post-season period (Post-period). In each period, anaerobic power, La⁻ concentration, and respiratory responses were measured during the 40 s maximal Wingate anaerobic test (WT). The resting La⁻ concentration in the morning was significantly lower in the TC-Period (1.9 ± 0.6 mmol/L) than in the Post-Period (2.3 ± 0.9 mmol/L). The rate of decrease in La⁻ level immediately after the 40 s WT was significantly higher in the TC-Period than in the Post-Period. The resting La⁻ concentration was significantly correlated with the peak oxygen uptake and the carbon dioxide output during the WT. These results support the hypothesis that an athlete’s training cycle (i.e., in season and off season) influences the resting La⁻ levels as well as the metabolic capacity during high-intensity exercise. The monitoring of resting La⁻ fluctuations may provide a convenient indication of the training cycle-dependent metabolic capacity in athletes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Athletic Training and Human Performance)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

8 pages, 885 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Association between Normal Weight Obesity and Skeletal Muscle Mass Index in Female University Students with Past Exercise Habituation

by Kazushige Oshita, Ryota Myotsuzono and Tomoki Tashiro

J. Funct. Morphol. Kinesiol. 2022, 7(4), 92; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk7040092 - 21 Oct 2022

Viewed by 1636

Abstract

This study investigated the relationship between normal weight obesity (NW-O) and skeletal muscle mass index (SMI) in 120 female university students who participated in sporting activities during junior and senior high school. The current physical activity level (PAL) was estimated by a factorial [...] Read more.

This study investigated the relationship between normal weight obesity (NW-O) and skeletal muscle mass index (SMI) in 120 female university students who participated in sporting activities during junior and senior high school. The current physical activity level (PAL) was estimated by a factorial method using 24-h physical activity recall. The body mass index (BMI) of the participants ranged from 18.5 to 24.9 kg/m²; their body fat (BF) was classified as NW-O if above the 75th percentile (28.9% BF), normal weight and lean (NW-L) if below the 25th percentile value (21.0%BF), and all others were normal weight (NW). PAL was significantly lower in NW-O than in NW-L. SMI was significantly lower in NW-O than in NW and NW-L, and 60% of NW-O had Low-SMI (<6.3 kg/m²). Although lower limb muscle mass was significantly lower in NW-O than in NW and NW-L, no significant differences were found in the upper limbs. These results suggest that the current PAL is associated with NW-O, and NW-O is associated with a lower SMI, even in young females with past exercise habits. Therefore, the prevention of NW-O in young females is important for the prevention of not only lifestyle-related diseases, but also future sarcopenia. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Role of Exercises in Musculoskeletal Disorders—5th Edition)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

17 pages, 299 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Protect the Player, Protect the Game: Reflections from Ex-Professional Rugby Union Players on Law Changes, Protective Equipment, and Duty of Care in the Professional Game

by Ed Daly, Alexander D. Blackett, Alan J. Pearce and Lisa Ryan

J. Funct. Morphol. Kinesiol. 2022, 7(4), 91; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk7040091 - 20 Oct 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2745

Abstract

The emphasis of this study was to interview ex-professional male rugby union players (n = 23, mean age 35.5 ± 4.7 years) and discuss concussion management during their careers. In this study, two major themes were identified: (1) the duty of care [...] Read more.

The emphasis of this study was to interview ex-professional male rugby union players (n = 23, mean age 35.5 ± 4.7 years) and discuss concussion management during their careers. In this study, two major themes were identified: (1) the duty of care to professional rugby union players by medical personnel, coaching staff, and owners of professional clubs and (2) the use of protective equipment and law changes to enhance player safety. In total, twenty-three ex-professional rugby union players were interviewed, and the majority (61%) had represented their countries at international test-level rugby. These interviews highlighted the belief that medical teams should be objective, independent entities within a professional rugby club. Furthermore, medical teams should not be in a position of being pressurised by head coaches, members of the coaching team, or club owners regarding return-to-play (RTP) protocols specific to concussion. The interviewees believed that they were pressured by coaches or members of the coaching team to play with concussion or concussive symptoms and other physical injuries. The results indicated that they had manipulated concussion testing themselves or with assistance to pass standard concussion testing protocols. The interviewees indicated that club owners have a duty of care to players even in retirement due to the high incidence of physical and mental injuries endured as a professional rugby player. Most participants indicated that a reduction in match playing time and reducing the amount of time engaged in contact training (workload volume) may assist in reducing concussion incidence. The participants suggested that changes to the current laws of the game or the use of protective equipment did not mitigate against concussion risk in the game of rugby union. The main limitation to the study is that participants had retired in the past ten years, and conditions for players may have changed. This study has highlighted that additional efforts are required by professional clubs to ensure the highest duty of care is delivered to current players and recently retired players. Full article

12 pages, 273 KiB

Open AccessReview

FTO and Anthropometrics: The Role of Modifiable Factors

by Cassandra Evans, Jason Curtis and Jose Antonio

J. Funct. Morphol. Kinesiol. 2022, 7(4), 90; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk7040090 - 18 Oct 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1477

Abstract

Numerous gene variants are linked to an individual’s propensity to become overweight or obese. The most commonly studied gene variant is the FTO single nucleotide polymorphism. The FTO risk allele is linked with increased body mass, BMI and other lifestyle factors that may [...] Read more.

Numerous gene variants are linked to an individual’s propensity to become overweight or obese. The most commonly studied gene variant is the FTO single nucleotide polymorphism. The FTO risk allele is linked with increased body mass, BMI and other lifestyle factors that may perpetuate an individual’s risk for obesity. Studies assessing eating behaviors, eating preferences, nutrition interventions and other lifestyle factors were reviewed. These studies demonstrated a clear difference in eating behaviors and preferences. Lifestyle modifications including physical activity and diet were effective in weight management even in those with the risk allele. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Motor Competence, Physical Activity and Health 2022)

15 pages, 2290 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Acute Low Force Electrically Induced Exercise Modulates Post Prandial Glycemic Markers in People with Spinal Cord Injury

by Michael A. Petrie, Amy L. Kimball and Richard K. Shields

J. Funct. Morphol. Kinesiol. 2022, 7(4), 89; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk7040089 - 17 Oct 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1562

Abstract

Regular exercise involves daily muscle contractions helping metabolize up to 70% of daily ingested glucose. Skeletal muscle increases glucose uptake through two distinct pathways: insulin signaling pathway and muscle contraction mediated AMPK pathway. People with paralysis are unable to contract their muscles which [...] Read more.

Regular exercise involves daily muscle contractions helping metabolize up to 70% of daily ingested glucose. Skeletal muscle increases glucose uptake through two distinct pathways: insulin signaling pathway and muscle contraction mediated AMPK pathway. People with paralysis are unable to contract their muscles which atrophy, transform into insulin resistant glycolytic muscle, and develop osteoporosis. Our goal is to determine if low force electrically induced exercise (LFE) will modulate the post prandial insulin and glucose response in people with and without spinal cord injury (SCI). 18 people with SCI and 23 without SCI (Non-SCI) participated in an assessment of metabolic biomarkers during passive sitting (CTL) and a bout of LFE delivered to the quadriceps/hamstring muscle groups after a glucose challenge. Baseline fasting insulin (p = 0.003) and lactate (p = 0.033) levels were higher in people with SCI, but glucose levels (p = 0.888) were similar compared to the non-SCI population. After 1-h of muscle contractions using LFE, heart rate increased (p < 0.001), capillary glucose decreased (p = 0.004), insulin decreased (p < 0.001), and lactate increased (p = 0.001) in the SCI population. These findings support that LFE attenuates certain metabolic blood biomarkers during a glucose challenge and may offer a lifestyle strategy to regulate metabolic responses after eating among people with SCI. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Role of Exercises in Musculoskeletal Disorders—5th Edition)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

13 pages, 2734 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of Feedback-Supported Online Training during the Coronavirus Lockdown on Posture in Children and Adolescents

by Oliver Ludwig, Carlo Dindorf, Torsten Schuh, Thomas Haab, Johannes Marchetti and Michael Fröhlich

J. Funct. Morphol. Kinesiol. 2022, 7(4), 88; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk7040088 - 14 Oct 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2614

Abstract

(1) Background. The coronavirus pandemic had a serious impact on the everyday life of children and young people with sometimes drastic effects on daily physical activity time that could have led to posture imbalances. The aim of the study was to examine whether [...] Read more.

(1) Background. The coronavirus pandemic had a serious impact on the everyday life of children and young people with sometimes drastic effects on daily physical activity time that could have led to posture imbalances. The aim of the study was to examine whether a six-week, feedback-supported online training programme could improve posture parameters in young soccer players. (2) Methods. Data of 170 adolescent soccer players (age 15.6 ± 1.6 years) were analyzed. A total of 86 soccer players of a youth academy participated in an online training program that included eight exercises twice per week for 45 min (Zoom group). The participants’ exercise execution could be monitored and corrected via smartphone or laptop camera. Before and after the training intervention, participants’ posture was assessed using photographic analysis. The changes of relevant posture parameters (perpendicular positions of ear, shoulder and hips, pelvic tilt, trunk tilt and sacral angle) were statistically tested by robust mixed ANOVA using trimmed means. Postural parameters were also assessed post hoc at 8-week intervals in a control group of 84 participants of the same age. (3) Results. We found a statistically significant interaction (p < 0.05) between time and group for trunk tilt, head and shoulder protrusion and for hip anteversion in the Zoom group. No changes were found for these parameters in the control group. For pelvic tilt no significant changes were found. (4) Conclusions. Feedback-based online training with two 45 min sessions per week can improve postural parameters in adolescent soccer players over a period of six weeks. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue 3D Analysis of Human Movement, Sport, and Health Promotion)

► Show Figures

Graphical abstract

Journal Menu

Journal Browser

J. Funct. Morphol. Kinesiol., Volume 7, Issue 4 (December 2022) – 47 articles

Further Information

Guidelines

MDPI Initiatives

Follow MDPI