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3D Analysis of Human Movement, Sport, and Health Promotion
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3D Analysis of Human Movement, Sport, and Health Promotion

A special issue of Journal of Functional Morphology and Kinesiology (ISSN 2411-5142). This special issue belongs to the section "Physical Exercise for Health Promotion".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 August 2023) | Viewed by 32420

Printed Edition Available!
A printed edition of this Special Issue is available here.

Special Issue Editor

Dr. Luca Petrigna

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Anatomy, Histology and Movement Science Section, School of Medicine, Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Via S. Sofia n°87, 95123 Catania, Italy
Interests: motion capture; kinesiology; stereophotogrammetry; movement analysis; postural evaluation; markerless; gait analysis; health monitoring; rasterstereography; gesture recognition
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

The 3D analysis of human movement aims to objectively and quantitatively assess motor functions and alterations. It is a valuable method for sport scientists, coaches, and clinicians to evaluate sport performance, common movements, and alterations. The feasibility of 3D analysis is spreading because it can be adopted both in a laboratory setting or directly in the field, in static or dynamic conditions, and physiological or pathological movements. This evaluation technique can be adopted for many people, including children, adolescents, adults, and older people, whether sedentary or athletes, healthy or motor impairments subjects. The noninvasiveness of this method fosters its applicability in all contexts. Being radiation-free does not determine any adverse effect on the person; furthermore, it does not require long preparation procedures or a specific clinician’s ability to individuate anatomic landmarks correctly. Several research fields use 3D analysis to evaluate full-body skeletal tracking, gesture recognition, or face tracking, employing its use in gait analysis, rasterstereography, and posturography with promising results. Different innovative methodologies are being developed to analyze 3D measures, such as multicamera systems, machine learning methods, or specific software for computers and smartphones. This special issue aims to collect studies adopting 3D analysis in different contests with particular attention to health promotion. Contributions are invited from groups active in this field of research.

Dr. Luca Petrigna
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

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Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Journal of Functional Morphology and Kinesiology is an international peer-reviewed open access quarterly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 1600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • motion capture
  • kinesiology
  • stereophotogrammetry
  • movement analysis
  • postural evaluation
  • markerless
  • gait analysis
  • health monitoring
  • rasterstereography
  • gesture recognition

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Published Papers (11 papers)

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Editorial

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3 pages, 209 KiB  
Editorial
3D Analysis of Human Movement, Sport, and Health Promotion
by Luca Petrigna and Giuseppe Musumeci
J. Funct. Morphol. Kinesiol. 2023, 8(4), 157; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk8040157 - 07 Nov 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1444
Abstract
This Special Issue, “3D Analysis of Human Movement, Sport, and Health Promotion”, aimed to collect studies that assessed motor functions and alterations [...] Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue 3D Analysis of Human Movement, Sport, and Health Promotion)

Research

Jump to: Editorial, Review

17 pages, 4542 KiB  
Article
Elastic Taping Application on the Neck: Immediate and Short-Term Impacts on Pain and Mobility of Cervical Spine
by Luca Russo, Tommaso Panessa, Paolo Bartolucci, Andrea Raggi, Gian Mario Migliaccio, Alin Larion and Johnny Padulo
J. Funct. Morphol. Kinesiol. 2023, 8(4), 156; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk8040156 - 07 Nov 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2369
Abstract
The aim of this study was to measure the effects on three-planar active cervical range of motion (ACROM) and self-perceived pain of elastic taping (ET) application in the cervical area. Thirty participants (n: 22-M and 8-F, age 35.4 ± 4.4 years; body [...] Read more.
The aim of this study was to measure the effects on three-planar active cervical range of motion (ACROM) and self-perceived pain of elastic taping (ET) application in the cervical area. Thirty participants (n: 22-M and 8-F, age 35.4 ± 4.4 years; body height 173.1 ± 8.4 cm; body mass 73.5 ± 12.8 kg) in the study group (SG) and twenty participants (n: 11-M and 9-F, age 32.6 ± 3.9 years; body height 174.9 ± 10.9 cm; body mass 71.2 ± 12.9 kg) in the control group (CG) were recruited. All subjects had neck and cervical pain in baseline condition. Each group performed an ACROM test and measured the perceived pain in the neck based on the Numerical Rating Scale (NRS 0--10, a.u.) at the baseline (T0), after 20′ from the ET application (T1), and after three days of wearing the ET application (T2). Between T0 and T1, an ET was applied to the cervical area of the SG participants. Statistical analysis did not show any significant change in CG in any measurement session for ACROM and neck pain parameters. Conversely, the SG showed significant improvements for ACROM rotation to the left (T0 64.8 ± 7.7°–T2 76.0 ± 11.1° p < 0.000) and right (T0 66.0 ± 11.9°–T2 74.2 ± 9.6° p < 0.000), lateral inclination to the left (T0 37.5 ± 6.9°–T2 40.6 ± 10.8° p < 0.000) and right (T0 36.5 ± 7.9°–T2 40.9 ± 5.2° p < 0.000), extension (T0 47.0 ± 12.9°–T2 55.1 ± 12.3° p < 0.001), and flexion (T0 55.0 ± 3.6°–T2 62.9 ± 12.0° p < 0.006). A significant decrease was also measured in SG for pain NRS between T0 and T2 (T0 7.5 ± 1.0°–T1 5.5 ± 1.4–T2 1.4 ± 1.5° p < 0.000). In conclusion, a bilateral and symmetrical ET cervical application is useful to enhance multiplanar ACROM and reduce subjective self-perceived cervical pain when it is needed. Based on the evidence, the use of ET on the neck is recommended for managing neck motion restrictions and pain in adult individuals. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue 3D Analysis of Human Movement, Sport, and Health Promotion)
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15 pages, 2141 KiB  
Article
Relation between Photogrammetry and Spinal Mouse for Sagittal Imbalance Assessment in Adolescents with Thoracic Kyphosis
by Guido Belli, Stefania Toselli, Mario Mauro, Pasqualino Maietta Latessa and Luca Russo
J. Funct. Morphol. Kinesiol. 2023, 8(2), 68; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk8020068 - 19 May 2023
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1776
Abstract
The evaluation of postural alignment in childhood and adolescence is fundamental for sports, health, and daily life activities. Spinal Mouse (SM) and photogrammetry (PG) are two of the most debated tools in postural evaluation because choosing the proper instrument is also important to [...] Read more.
The evaluation of postural alignment in childhood and adolescence is fundamental for sports, health, and daily life activities. Spinal Mouse (SM) and photogrammetry (PG) are two of the most debated tools in postural evaluation because choosing the proper instrument is also important to avoid false or misleading data. This research aims to find out the best linear regression models that could relate the analytic kyphosis measurements of the SM with one or more PG parameters of body posture in adolescents with kyphotic posture. Thirty-four adolescents with structural and non-structural kyphosis were analyzed (13.1 ± 1.8 years; 1.59 ± 0.13 m; 47.0 ± 12.2 kg) using SM and PG on the sagittal plane in a standing and forward-bending position, allowing us to measure body vertical inclination, trunk flexion, and sacral inclination and hip position during bending. The stepwise backward procedure was assessed to estimate the variability of the grade of inclination of the spine and thoracic spine curvature with fixed upper and lower limits, evaluated with SM during flexion. In both models, the PG angle between the horizontal line and a line connecting the sacral endplate–C7 spinous process and the PG hip position were the best regressors (adjusted-R2 SM bend = 0.804, p < 0.001; adjusted-R2 SM fixed bending = 0.488, p < 0.001). Several Spinal Mouse and photogrammetry parameters showed significant correlations, especially when the Spinal Mouse measurements were taken when the adolescents were in the forward-bending position. Physicians and kinesiologists may consider photogrammetry as a good method for spinal curve prediction. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue 3D Analysis of Human Movement, Sport, and Health Promotion)
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21 pages, 14097 KiB  
Article
The Impact of Nordic Walking Pole Length on Gait Kinematic Parameters
by Luca Russo, Guido Belli, Andrea Di Blasio, Elena Lupu, Alin Larion, Francesco Fischetti, Eleonora Montagnani, Pierfrancesco Di Biase Arrivabene and Marco De Angelis
J. Funct. Morphol. Kinesiol. 2023, 8(2), 50; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk8020050 - 26 Apr 2023
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1928
Abstract
Nordic walking (NW) is a popular physical activity used to manage chronic diseases and maintain overall health and fitness status. This study aimed to compare NW to ordinary walking (W) with regard to pole length and to identify kinematic differences associated with different [...] Read more.
Nordic walking (NW) is a popular physical activity used to manage chronic diseases and maintain overall health and fitness status. This study aimed to compare NW to ordinary walking (W) with regard to pole length and to identify kinematic differences associated with different poles’ length (55%, 65% and 75% of the subject’s height, respectively). Twelve male volunteers (21.1 ± 0.7 years; 1.74 ± 0.05 m; 68.9 ± 6.1 kg) were tested in four conditions (W, NW55, NW65 and NW75) at three different speeds (4-5-6 km∗h−1). Each subject performed a total of twelve tests in a random order. Three-dimensional kinematics of upper and lower body were measured for both W and NW, while oxygen consumption levels (VO2) and rating of perceived exertion (RPE) were measured only for NW trials with different poles’ length. NW showed a higher step length, lower elbow motion and higher trunk motion (p < 0.05) compared to W. Additionally, NW65 did not show any kinematic or RPE differences compared to NW55 and NW75. Only NW75 showed a higher elbow joint (p < 0.05) and lower pole (p < 0.05) range of motion compared to NW55 and a higher VO2 (p < 0.05) compared to NW55 and NW65 at 6 km∗h−1. In conclusion, the use of the poles affects the motion of the upper and lower body during gait. Poles with shorter or longer length do not produce particular changes in NW kinematics. However, increasing the length of the pole can be a smart variation in NW to increase exercise metabolic demand without significantly affecting the kinematics and the RPE. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue 3D Analysis of Human Movement, Sport, and Health Promotion)
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10 pages, 1274 KiB  
Article
Evaluation of Posturographic and Neuromuscular Parameters during Upright Stance and Hand Standing: A Pilot Study
by Ewan Thomas, Carlo Rossi, Luca Petrigna, Giuseppe Messina, Marianna Bellafiore, Fatma Neşe Şahin, Patrizia Proia, Antonio Palma and Antonino Bianco
J. Funct. Morphol. Kinesiol. 2023, 8(2), 40; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk8020040 - 30 Mar 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1452
Abstract
Upright bipedal posture is the physiological human posture; however, it is not the only possible form of human standing; indeed, an inverted position, a handstand, is required during gymnastics or other sports. Thus, this study aimed to understand the differences between the two [...] Read more.
Upright bipedal posture is the physiological human posture; however, it is not the only possible form of human standing; indeed, an inverted position, a handstand, is required during gymnastics or other sports. Thus, this study aimed to understand the differences between the two standing strategies from a postural and neuromuscular perspective. Thirteen gymnasts with at least three years of sports experience underwent a baropodometric assessment and a surface electromyography (sEMG) examination in a standard upright bipodalic stance and during a handstand. The sEMG examination was performed on the gastrocnemius during an upright stance and on the flexor carpi radialis during the handstand. Limb weight distribution presented differences between the two vertical stances (p < 0.01). During the handstand, the weight ratio was prevalently observed on the palm of the hand for both hands with a significant difference between the front and rear aspect of the hand compared to the standing tasks (p < 0.01). Normalized sEMG amplitude showed significant differences during bipedal standing and hand standing; however, over a 5 s period, the normalized median frequency (MDF) value was similar for the two tasks. Both standing tasks presented similar postural weight managing patterns when analysed on the frontal plane, but they were different on the sagittal plane. In addition, the neuromuscular patterns during a 5 s window differ in amplitude but not for the frequency domain. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue 3D Analysis of Human Movement, Sport, and Health Promotion)
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18 pages, 596 KiB  
Article
Match Load Physical Demands in U-19 Professional Soccer Players Assessed by a Wearable Inertial Sensor
by Guglielmo Pillitteri, Valerio Giustino, Marco Petrucci, Alessio Rossi, Ignazio Leale, Marianna Bellafiore, Ewan Thomas, Angelo Iovane, Antonio Palma and Giuseppe Battaglia
J. Funct. Morphol. Kinesiol. 2023, 8(1), 22; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk8010022 - 07 Feb 2023
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1710
Abstract
Background: Wearable inertial sensors are poorly used in soccer to monitor external load (EL) indicators. However, these devices could be useful for improving sports performance and potentially reducing the risk of injury. The aim of this study was to investigate the EL indicators [...] Read more.
Background: Wearable inertial sensors are poorly used in soccer to monitor external load (EL) indicators. However, these devices could be useful for improving sports performance and potentially reducing the risk of injury. The aim of this study was to investigate the EL indicators (i.e., cinematic, mechanical, and metabolic) differences between playing positions (i.e., central backs, external strikers, fullbacks, midfielders, and wide midfielder) during the first half time of four official matches (OMs). Methods: 13 young professional soccer players (Under-19; age: 18.5 ± 0.4 years; height: 177 ± 6 cm; weight: 67 ± 4.8 kg) were monitored through a wearable inertial sensor (TalentPlayers TPDev, firmware version 1.3) during the season 2021–2022. Participants’ EL indicators were recorded during the first half time of four OMs. Results: significant differences were detected in all the EL indicators between playing positions except for two of them (i.e., distance traveled in the various metabolic power zones (<10 w) and the number of direction changes to the right >30° and with speed >2 m). Pairwise comparisons showed differences in EL indicators between playing positions. Conclusions: Young professional soccer players showed different loads and performances during OMs in relation to playing positions. Coaches should consider the different physical demands related to playing positions in order to design the most appropriate training program. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue 3D Analysis of Human Movement, Sport, and Health Promotion)
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11 pages, 2224 KiB  
Article
Postural Evaluation in Young Healthy Adults through a Digital and Reproducible Method
by Bruno Trovato, Federico Roggio, Martina Sortino, Marta Zanghì, Luca Petrigna, Rosario Giuffrida and Giuseppe Musumeci
J. Funct. Morphol. Kinesiol. 2022, 7(4), 98; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk7040098 - 28 Oct 2022
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 5689
Abstract
Different tools for the assessment of posture exist, from the simplest and cheap plumb line to complex, expensive, 3D-marker-based systems. The aim of this study is to present digital postural normative data of young adults collected through a mobile app to expand the [...] Read more.
Different tools for the assessment of posture exist, from the simplest and cheap plumb line to complex, expensive, 3D-marker-based systems. The aim of this study is to present digital postural normative data of young adults collected through a mobile app to expand the possibilities of digital postural evaluation. A sample of 100 healthy volunteers, 50 males and 50 females, was analyzed with the mobile app Apecs-AI Posture Evaluation and Correction System® (Apecs). The Student’s t-test evaluated differences between gender to highlight if the digital posture evaluation may differ between groups. A significant difference was present in the anterior coronal plane for axillary alignment (p = 0.04), trunk inclination (p = 0.03), and knee alignment (p = 0.01). Head inclination (p = 0.04), tibia shift (p = 0.01), and foot angle (p < 0.001) presented significant differences in the sagittal plane, while there were no significant differences in the posterior coronal plane. The intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) was considered to evaluate reproducibility. Thirteen parameters out of twenty-two provided an ICC > 0.90, three provided an ICC > 0.60, and six variables did not meet the cut-off criteria. The results highlight that digital posture analysis of healthy individuals may present slight differences related to gender. Additionally, the mobile app showed good reproducibility according to ICC. Digital postural assessment with Apecs could represent a quick method for preventing screening in the general population. Therefore, clinicians should consider this app’s worth as an auxiliary posture evaluation tool. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue 3D Analysis of Human Movement, Sport, and Health Promotion)
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9 pages, 783 KiB  
Article
Evaluation of Influencing Factors on the Maximum Climbing Specific Holding Time: An Inferential Statistics and Machine Learning Approach
by Carlo Dindorf, Eva Bartaguiz, Jonas Dully, Max Sprenger, Anna Merk, Stephan Becker, Michael Fröhlich and Oliver Ludwig
J. Funct. Morphol. Kinesiol. 2022, 7(4), 95; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk7040095 - 27 Oct 2022
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1570
Abstract
Handgrip strength (HGS) appears to be an indicator of climbing performance. The transferability of HGS measurements obtained using a hand dynamometer and factors that influence the maximal climbing-specific holding time (CSHT) are largely unclear. Forty-eight healthy subjects (27 female, 21 male; age: 22.46 [...] Read more.
Handgrip strength (HGS) appears to be an indicator of climbing performance. The transferability of HGS measurements obtained using a hand dynamometer and factors that influence the maximal climbing-specific holding time (CSHT) are largely unclear. Forty-eight healthy subjects (27 female, 21 male; age: 22.46 ± 3.17 years; height: 172.76 ± 8.91 cm; weight: 69.07 ± 12.41 kg; body fat: 20.05% ± 7.95%) underwent a maximal pull-up test prior to the experiment and completed a self-assessment using a Likert scale questionnaire. HGS was measured using a hand dynamometer, whereas CSHT was measured using a fingerboard. Multiple linear regressions showed that weight, maximal number of pull-ups, HGS normalized by subject weight, and length of the middle finger had a significant effect on the maximal CSHT (non-dominant hand: R2corr = 0.63; dominant hand: R2corr = 0.55). Deeper exploration using a machine learning model including all available data showed a predictive performance with R2 = 0.51 and identified another relevant parameter for the regression model. These results call into question the use of hand dynamometers and highlight the performance-related importance of body weight in climbing practice. The results provide initial indications that finger length may be used as a sub-factor in talent scouting. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue 3D Analysis of Human Movement, Sport, and Health Promotion)
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13 pages, 2734 KiB  
Article
Effects of Feedback-Supported Online Training during the Coronavirus Lockdown on Posture in Children and Adolescents
by Oliver Ludwig, Carlo Dindorf, Torsten Schuh, Thomas Haab, Johannes Marchetti and Michael Fröhlich
J. Funct. Morphol. Kinesiol. 2022, 7(4), 88; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk7040088 - 14 Oct 2022
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2612
Abstract
(1) Background. The coronavirus pandemic had a serious impact on the everyday life of children and young people with sometimes drastic effects on daily physical activity time that could have led to posture imbalances. The aim of the study was to examine whether [...] Read more.
(1) Background. The coronavirus pandemic had a serious impact on the everyday life of children and young people with sometimes drastic effects on daily physical activity time that could have led to posture imbalances. The aim of the study was to examine whether a six-week, feedback-supported online training programme could improve posture parameters in young soccer players. (2) Methods. Data of 170 adolescent soccer players (age 15.6 ± 1.6 years) were analyzed. A total of 86 soccer players of a youth academy participated in an online training program that included eight exercises twice per week for 45 min (Zoom group). The participants’ exercise execution could be monitored and corrected via smartphone or laptop camera. Before and after the training intervention, participants’ posture was assessed using photographic analysis. The changes of relevant posture parameters (perpendicular positions of ear, shoulder and hips, pelvic tilt, trunk tilt and sacral angle) were statistically tested by robust mixed ANOVA using trimmed means. Postural parameters were also assessed post hoc at 8-week intervals in a control group of 84 participants of the same age. (3) Results. We found a statistically significant interaction (p < 0.05) between time and group for trunk tilt, head and shoulder protrusion and for hip anteversion in the Zoom group. No changes were found for these parameters in the control group. For pelvic tilt no significant changes were found. (4) Conclusions. Feedback-based online training with two 45 min sessions per week can improve postural parameters in adolescent soccer players over a period of six weeks. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue 3D Analysis of Human Movement, Sport, and Health Promotion)
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Review

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11 pages, 282 KiB  
Review
Saddle Pressures Factors in Road and Off-Road Cyclists of Both Genders: A Narrative Review
by Domenico Savio Salvatore Vicari, Antonino Patti, Valerio Giustino, Flavia Figlioli, Giuseppe Alamia, Antonio Palma and Antonino Bianco
J. Funct. Morphol. Kinesiol. 2023, 8(2), 71; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk8020071 - 25 May 2023
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1562
Abstract
The contact point of the pelvis with the saddle of the bicycle could generate abnormal pressure, which could lead to injuries to the perineum in cyclists. The aim of this review was to summarize in a narrative way the current literature on the [...] Read more.
The contact point of the pelvis with the saddle of the bicycle could generate abnormal pressure, which could lead to injuries to the perineum in cyclists. The aim of this review was to summarize in a narrative way the current literature on the saddle pressures and to present the factors that influence saddle pressures in order to prevent injury risk in road and off-road cyclists of both genders. We searched the PubMed database to identify English-language sources, using the following terms: “saddle pressures”, “pressure mapping”, “saddle design” AND “cycling”. We also searched the bibliographies of the retrieved articles. Saddle pressures are influenced by factors such as sitting time on the bike, pedaling intensity, pedaling frequency, trunk and hand position, handlebars position, saddle design, saddle height, padded shorts, and gender. The jolts of the perineum on the saddle, especially on mountain bikes, generate intermittent pressures, which represent a risk factor for various pathologies of the urogenital system. This review highlights the importance of considering these factors that influence saddle pressures in order to prevent urogenital system injuries in cyclists. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue 3D Analysis of Human Movement, Sport, and Health Promotion)
12 pages, 725 KiB  
Review
The Metaverse: A New Challenge for the Healthcare System: A Scoping Review
by Luca Petrigna and Giuseppe Musumeci
J. Funct. Morphol. Kinesiol. 2022, 7(3), 63; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk7030063 - 30 Aug 2022
Cited by 76 | Viewed by 8671
Abstract
(1) Background: The metaverse is now a reality, and it interests the scientific community, the educational setting, and medical care. Considering the number of people in front of screens, especially children and adolescents, the metaverse could and should become a place of health [...] Read more.
(1) Background: The metaverse is now a reality, and it interests the scientific community, the educational setting, and medical care. Considering the number of people in front of screens, especially children and adolescents, the metaverse could and should become a place of health promotion. Consequently, the objective of the present study was to review the current literature to detect articles that connected the metaverse with prevention and treatment, education and training, and research setting. (2) Methods: Articles were searched on Pubmed, Web of Science, and Scopus, including English-written papers published until 12 August 2022. They were screened against the eligibility criteria and discussed narratively. (3) Results: The literature published is poor; only 21 articles were included, and 11 of them were added in a second moment. These articles were mainly reviews of the literature or editorials. The aspects related to this virtual world in terms of health prevention and the treatment of clinical conditions, education and training, and research have been narratively discussed. (4) Conclusions: The metaverse could be considered a useful instrument to arrive easily and quickly to the population. Given its importance, today, different studies and investments are required to develop proper health promotion programs that are feasible and valid in the metaverse. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue 3D Analysis of Human Movement, Sport, and Health Promotion)
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