Biomimetics

16 pages, 3254 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Maximization of Power Density of Direct Methanol Fuel Cell for Greener Energy Generation Using Beetle Antennae Search Algorithm and Fuzzy Modeling

by Ahmed Al Shouny, Hegazy Rezk, Enas Taha Sayed, Mohammad Ali Abdelkareem, Usama Hamed Issa, Yehia Miky and Abdul Ghani Olabi

Biomimetics 2023, 8(7), 557; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomimetics8070557 - 20 Nov 2023

Viewed by 1167

Abstract

Direct methanol fuel cells (DMFCs) are promising form of energy conversion technology that have the potential to take the role of lithium-ion batteries in portable electronics and electric cars. To increase the efficiency of DMFCs, many operating conditions ought to be optimized. Developing [...] Read more.

Direct methanol fuel cells (DMFCs) are promising form of energy conversion technology that have the potential to take the role of lithium-ion batteries in portable electronics and electric cars. To increase the efficiency of DMFCs, many operating conditions ought to be optimized. Developing a reliable fuzzy model to simulate DMFCs is a major objective. To increase the power output of a DMFC, three process variables are considered: temperature, methanol concentration, and oxygen flow rate. First, a fuzzy model of the DMFC was developed using experimental data. The best operational circumstances to increase power density were then determined using the beetle antennae search (BAS) method. The RMSE values for the fuzzy DMFC model are 0.1982 and 1.5460 for the training and testing data. For training and testing, the coefficient of determination (R²) values were 0.9977 and 0.89, respectively. Thanks to fuzzy logic, the RMSE was reduced by 88% compared to ANOVA. It decreased from 7.29 (using ANOVA) to 0.8628 (using fuzzy). The fuzzy model’s low RMSE and high R² values show that the modeling phase was successful. In comparison with the measured data and RSM, the combination of fuzzy modeling and the BAS algorithm increased the power density of the DMFC by 8.88% and 7.5%, respectively, and 75 °C, 1.2 M, and 400 mL/min were the ideal values for temperature, methanol concentration, and oxygen flow rate, respectively. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Beetle Antennae Search (BAS) Algorithm's Variants and Application)

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18 pages, 7734 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Advanced Biomimetic Multispectral Curved Compound Eye Camera for Aerial Multispectral Imaging in a Large Field of View

by Yuanjie Zhang, Huangrong Xu, Yiming Liu, Xiaojun Zhou, Dengshan Wu and Weixing Yu

Biomimetics 2023, 8(7), 556; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomimetics8070556 - 20 Nov 2023

Viewed by 1128

Abstract

In this work, we demonstrated a new type of biomimetic multispectral curved compound eye camera (BM3C) inspired by insect compound eyes for aerial multispectral imaging in a large field of view. The proposed system exhibits a maximum field of view (FOV) of 120 [...] Read more.

In this work, we demonstrated a new type of biomimetic multispectral curved compound eye camera (BM3C) inspired by insect compound eyes for aerial multispectral imaging in a large field of view. The proposed system exhibits a maximum field of view (FOV) of 120 degrees and seven-waveband multispectral images ranging from visible to near-infrared wavelengths. Pinhole imaging theory and the image registration method from feature detection are used to reconstruct the multispectral 3D data cube. An airborne imaging experiment is performed by assembling the BM3C on an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV). As a result, radiation intensity curves of several objects are successfully obtained, and a land type classification is performed using the K-means method based on the aerial image as well. The developed BM3C is proven to have the capability for large FOV aerial multispectral imaging and shows great potential applications for distant detecting based on aerial imaging. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bionic Imaging and Optical Devices)

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20 pages, 6833 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Design and Experimental Validation of a Biomimetic Stubble-Cutting Device Inspired by a Leaf-Cutting Ant’s Mandibles

by Hongyan Qi, Zichao Ma, Zihe Xu, Shuo Wang, Yunhai Ma, Siyang Wu and Mingzhuo Guo

Biomimetics 2023, 8(7), 555; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomimetics8070555 - 19 Nov 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1048

Abstract

Under the conditions of conservation tillage, the existence of the root–soil complex greatly increases the resistance and energy consumption of stubble-cutting blades, especially in Northeast China. In this research, the corn root–soil complex in Northeast China was selected as the research object. Based [...] Read more.

Under the conditions of conservation tillage, the existence of the root–soil complex greatly increases the resistance and energy consumption of stubble-cutting blades, especially in Northeast China. In this research, the corn root–soil complex in Northeast China was selected as the research object. Based on the multi-toothed structure of the leaf-cutting ant’s mandibles and the unique bite mode of its mandibles on leaves, a gear-tooth, double-disk, bionic stubble-cutting device (BSCD) was developed by using a combination of power cutting and passive cutting. The effects of rotary speed, tillage depth, and forward speed on the torque and power of the BSCD were analyzed using orthogonal tests, and the results showed that all of the factors had a large influence on the torque and power, in the order of tillage depth > rotary speed > forward speed. The performance of the BSCD and the traditional power straight blade (TPSB) was explored using comparative tests. It was found that the optimal stubble-cutting rate of the BSCD was 97.4%. Compared with the TPSB, the torque of the BSCD was reduced by 15.2–16.4%, and the power was reduced by 9.2–11.3%. The excellent performance of the BSCD was due to the multi-toothed structure of the cutting edge and the cutting mode. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bio-Inspired Design: Creativity and Innovation)

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16 pages, 4885 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Deep Convolutional Neural Network with Symbiotic Organism Search-Based Human Activity Recognition for Cognitive Health Assessment

by Mohammed Alonazi, Haya Mesfer Alshahrani, Fadoua Kouki, Nabil Sharaf Almalki, Ahmed Mahmud and Jihen Majdoubi

Biomimetics 2023, 8(7), 554; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomimetics8070554 - 19 Nov 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1046

Abstract

Cognitive assessment plays a vital role in clinical care and research fields related to cognitive aging and cognitive health. Lately, researchers have worked towards providing resolutions to measure individual cognitive health; however, it is still difficult to use those resolutions from the real [...] Read more.

Cognitive assessment plays a vital role in clinical care and research fields related to cognitive aging and cognitive health. Lately, researchers have worked towards providing resolutions to measure individual cognitive health; however, it is still difficult to use those resolutions from the real world, and therefore using deep neural networks to evaluate cognitive health is becoming a hot research topic. Deep learning and human activity recognition are two domains that have received attention for the past few years. The former is for its relevance in application fields like health monitoring or ambient assisted living, and the latter is due to their excellent performance and recent achievements in various fields of application, namely, speech and image recognition. This research develops a novel Symbiotic Organism Search with a Deep Convolutional Neural Network-based Human Activity Recognition (SOSDCNN-HAR) model for Cognitive Health Assessment. The goal of the SOSDCNN-HAR model is to recognize human activities in an end-to-end way. For the noise elimination process, the presented SOSDCNN-HAR model involves the Wiener filtering (WF) technique. In addition, the presented SOSDCNN-HAR model follows a RetinaNet-based feature extractor for automated extraction of features. Moreover, the SOS procedure is exploited as a hyperparameter optimizing tool to enhance recognition efficiency. Furthermore, a gated recurrent unit (GRU) prototype can be employed as a categorizer to allot proper class labels. The performance validation of the SOSDCNN-HAR prototype is examined using a set of benchmark datasets. A far-reaching experimental examination reported the betterment of the SOSDCNN-HAR prototype over current approaches with enhanced precision of 86.51% and 89.50% on Penn Action and NW-UCLA datasets, respectively. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biomimetic and Bioinspired Computer Vision and Image Processing)

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23 pages, 9611 KiB

Open AccessReview

Macrophage-Based Microrobots for Anticancer Therapy: Recent Progress and Future Perspectives

by Van Du Nguyen, Jong-Oh Park and Eunpyo Choi

Biomimetics 2023, 8(7), 553; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomimetics8070553 - 18 Nov 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2007

Abstract

Macrophages, which are part of the mononuclear phagocytic system, possess sensory receptors that enable them to target cancer cells. In addition, they are able to engulf large amounts of particles through phagocytosis, suggesting a potential “Trojan horse” drug delivery approach to tumors by [...] Read more.

Macrophages, which are part of the mononuclear phagocytic system, possess sensory receptors that enable them to target cancer cells. In addition, they are able to engulf large amounts of particles through phagocytosis, suggesting a potential “Trojan horse” drug delivery approach to tumors by facilitating the engulfment of drug-hidden particles by macrophages. Recent research has focused on the development of macrophage-based microrobots for anticancer therapy, showing promising results and potential for clinical applications. In this review, we summarize the recent development of macrophage-based microrobot research for anticancer therapy. First, we discuss the types of macrophage cells used in the development of these microrobots, the common payloads they carry, and various targeting strategies utilized to guide the microrobots to cancer sites, such as biological, chemical, acoustic, and magnetic actuations. Subsequently, we analyze the applications of these microrobots in different cancer treatment modalities, including photothermal therapy, chemotherapy, immunotherapy, and various synergistic combination therapies. Finally, we present future outlooks for the development of macrophage-based microrobots. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advance in Bio-Inspired Micro-Robotics)

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25 pages, 10156 KiB

Open AccessArticle

An Optimized Model Based on Deep Learning and Gated Recurrent Unit for COVID-19 Death Prediction

by Zahraa Tarek, Mahmoud Y. Shams, S. K. Towfek, Hend K. Alkahtani, Abdelhameed Ibrahim, Abdelaziz A. Abdelhamid, Marwa M. Eid, Nima Khodadadi, Laith Abualigah, Doaa Sami Khafaga and Ahmed M. Elshewey

Biomimetics 2023, 8(7), 552; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomimetics8070552 - 17 Nov 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1354

Abstract

The COVID-19 epidemic poses a worldwide threat that transcends provincial, philosophical, spiritual, radical, social, and educational borders. By using a connected network, a healthcare system with the Internet of Things (IoT) functionality can effectively monitor COVID-19 cases. IoT helps a COVID-19 patient recognize [...] Read more.

The COVID-19 epidemic poses a worldwide threat that transcends provincial, philosophical, spiritual, radical, social, and educational borders. By using a connected network, a healthcare system with the Internet of Things (IoT) functionality can effectively monitor COVID-19 cases. IoT helps a COVID-19 patient recognize symptoms and receive better therapy more quickly. A critical component in measuring, evaluating, and diagnosing the risk of infection is artificial intelligence (AI). It can be used to anticipate cases and forecast the alternate incidences number, retrieved instances, and injuries. In the context of COVID-19, IoT technologies are employed in specific patient monitoring and diagnosing processes to reduce COVID-19 exposure to others. This work uses an Indian dataset to create an enhanced convolutional neural network with a gated recurrent unit (CNN-GRU) model for COVID-19 death prediction via IoT. The data were also subjected to data normalization and data imputation. The 4692 cases and eight characteristics in the dataset were utilized in this research. The performance of the CNN-GRU model for COVID-19 death prediction was assessed using five evaluation metrics, including median absolute error (MedAE), mean absolute error (MAE), root mean squared error (RMSE), mean square error (MSE), and coefficient of determination (R²). ANOVA and Wilcoxon signed-rank tests were used to determine the statistical significance of the presented model. The experimental findings showed that the CNN-GRU model outperformed other models regarding COVID-19 death prediction. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Bioinspired Sensorics, Information Processing and Control)

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16 pages, 2760 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Detergent-Based Decellularization for Anisotropic Cardiac-Specific Extracellular Matrix Scaffold Generation

by Te-An Chen, Dhavan Sharma, Wenkai Jia, Donggi Ha, Kun Man, Jianhua Zhang, Yong Yang, Yuxiao Zhou, Timothy J. Kamp and Feng Zhao

Biomimetics 2023, 8(7), 551; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomimetics8070551 - 17 Nov 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1502

Abstract

Cell-derived extracellular matrix (ECM) has become increasingly popular in tissue engineering applications due to its ability to provide tailored signals for desirable cellular responses. Anisotropic cardiac-specific ECM scaffold decellularized from human induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC)-derived cardiac fibroblasts (hiPSC-CFs) mimics the native cardiac [...] Read more.

Cell-derived extracellular matrix (ECM) has become increasingly popular in tissue engineering applications due to its ability to provide tailored signals for desirable cellular responses. Anisotropic cardiac-specific ECM scaffold decellularized from human induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC)-derived cardiac fibroblasts (hiPSC-CFs) mimics the native cardiac microenvironment and provides essential biochemical and signaling cues to hiPSC-derived cardiomyocytes (hiPSC-CMs). The objective of this study was to assess the efficacy of two detergent-based decellularization methods: (1) a combination of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid and sodium dodecyl sulfate (EDTA + SDS) and (2) a combination of sodium deoxycholate and deoxyribonuclease (SD + DNase), in preserving the composition and bioactive substances within the aligned ECM scaffold while maximumly removing cellular components. The decellularization effects were evaluated by characterizing the ECM morphology, quantifying key structural biomacromolecules, and measuring preserved growth factors. Results showed that both treatments met the standard of cell removal (less than 50 ng/mg ECM dry weight) and substantially preserved major ECM biomacromolecules and growth factors. The EDTA + SDS treatment was more time-efficient and has been determined to be a more efficient method for generating an anisotropic ECM scaffold from aligned hiPSC-CFs. Moreover, this cardiac-specific ECM has demonstrated effectiveness in supporting the alignment of hiPSC-CMs and their expression of mature structural and functional proteins in in vitro cultures, which is crucial for cardiac tissue engineering. Full article

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22 pages, 899 KiB

Open AccessArticle

PhyEffector, the First Algorithm That Identifies Classical and Non-Classical Effectors in Phytoplasmas

by Karla Gisel Carreón-Anguiano, Sara Elena Vila-Luna, Luis Sáenz-Carbonell and Blondy Canto-Canche

Biomimetics 2023, 8(7), 550; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomimetics8070550 - 17 Nov 2023

Viewed by 1243

Abstract

Phytoplasmas are the causal agents of more than 100 plant diseases in economically important crops. Eleven genomes have been fully sequenced and have allowed us to gain a better understanding of the biology and evolution of phytoplasmas. Effectors are key players in pathogenicity [...] Read more.

Phytoplasmas are the causal agents of more than 100 plant diseases in economically important crops. Eleven genomes have been fully sequenced and have allowed us to gain a better understanding of the biology and evolution of phytoplasmas. Effectors are key players in pathogenicity and virulence, and their identification and description are becoming an essential practice in the description of phytoplasma genomes. This is of particular importance because effectors are possible candidates for the development of new strategies for the control of plant diseases. To date, the prediction of effectors in phytoplasmas has been a great challenge; the reliable comparison of effectoromes has been hindered because research teams have used the combination of different programs in their predictions. This is not trivial since significant differences in the results can arise, depending on the predictive pipeline used. Here, we tested different predictive pipelines to create the PhyEffector algorithm; the average value of the F1 score for PhyEffector was 0.9761 when applied to different databases or genomes, demonstrating its robustness as a predictive tool. PhyEffector can recover both classical and non-classical phytoplasma effectors, making it an invaluable tool to accelerate effectoromics in phytoplasmas. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biomimicry for Optimization, Control, and Automation: 2nd Edition)

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21 pages, 1238 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

A Dual-Layer Weight-Leader-Vicsek Model for Multi-AGV Path Planning in Warehouse

by Shiwei Lin, Ang Liu and Jianguo Wang

Biomimetics 2023, 8(7), 549; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomimetics8070549 - 15 Nov 2023

Viewed by 1217

Abstract

Multiple automatic guided vehicles are widely involved in industrial intelligence. Path planning is crucial for their successful application. However, achieving robust and efficient path planning of multiple automatic guided vehicles for real-time implementation is challenging. In this paper, we propose a two-layer strategy [...] Read more.

Multiple automatic guided vehicles are widely involved in industrial intelligence. Path planning is crucial for their successful application. However, achieving robust and efficient path planning of multiple automatic guided vehicles for real-time implementation is challenging. In this paper, we propose a two-layer strategy for multi-vehicle path planning. The approach aims to provide fast computation and operation efficiency for implementation. The start–destination matrix groups all the vehicles, generating a dynamic virtual leader for each group. In the first layer, the hybrid A* algorithm is employed for the path planning of the virtual leaders. The second layer is named leader–follower; the proposed Weight-Leader-Vicsek model is applied to navigate the vehicles following their virtual leaders. The proposed method can reduce computational load and achieve real-time navigation by quickly updating the grouped vehicles’ status. Collision and deadlock avoidance is also conducted in this model. Vehicles in different groups are treated as dynamic obstacles. We validated the method by conducted simulations through MATLAB to verify its path-planning functionality and experimented with a localization sensor. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nature-Inspired Metaheuristic Optimization Algorithms)

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29 pages, 5959 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Development of Self-Assembled Biomimetic Nanoscale Collagen-like Peptide-Based Scaffolds for Tissue Engineering: An In Silico and Laboratory Study

by Beatriz G. Goncalves, Ryan M. Heise and Ipsita A. Banerjee

Biomimetics 2023, 8(7), 548; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomimetics8070548 - 14 Nov 2023

Viewed by 1205

Abstract

Development of biocomposite scaffolds has gained tremendous attention due to their potential for tissue regeneration. However, most scaffolds often contain animal-derived collagen that may elicit an immunological response, necessitating the development of new biomaterials. Herein, we developed a new collagen-like peptide,(Pro-Ala-His)₁₀ (PAH) [...] Read more.

Development of biocomposite scaffolds has gained tremendous attention due to their potential for tissue regeneration. However, most scaffolds often contain animal-derived collagen that may elicit an immunological response, necessitating the development of new biomaterials. Herein, we developed a new collagen-like peptide,(Pro-Ala-His)₁₀ (PAH)₁₀, and explored its ability to be utilized as a functional biomaterial by incorporating it with a newly synthesized peptide-based self-assembled gel. The gel was prepared by conjugating a pectin derivative, galataric acid, with a pro-angiogenic peptide (LHYQDLLQLQY) and further functionalized with a cortistatin-derived peptide, (Phe-Trp-Lys-Thr)₄ (FWKT)₄, and the bio-ionic liquid choline acetate. The self-assembly of (PAH)₁₀ and its interactions with the galactarate-peptide conjugates were examined using replica exchange molecular dynamics (REMD) simulations. Results revealed the formation of a multi-layered scaffold, with enhanced stability at higher temperatures. We then synthesized the scaffold and examined its physicochemical properties and its ability to integrate with aortic smooth muscle cells. The scaffold was further utilized as a bioink for bioprinting to form three-dimensional cell-scaffold matrices. Furthermore, the formation of actin filaments and elongated cell morphology was observed. These results indicate that the (PAH)₁₀ hybrid scaffold provides a suitable environment for cell adhesion, proliferation and growth, making it a potentially valuable biomaterial for tissue engineering. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biomimetic Nanotechnology Vol. 3)

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16 pages, 3581 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Preparation and Characterization of Mono- and Biphasic Ca_1−xAg_xHPO₄·nH₂O Compounds for Biomedical Applications

by Fahad Abdulaziz, Khalil Issa, Mohammed Alyami, Satam Alotibi, Abdulaziz A. Alanazi, Taha Abdel Mohaymen Taha, Asma M. E. Saad, Gehan A. Hammouda, Nagat Hamad and Mazen Alshaaer

Biomimetics 2023, 8(7), 547; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomimetics8070547 - 14 Nov 2023

Viewed by 1075

Abstract

This study aimed to explore the effects of the full-scale replacement (up to 100%) of Ca²⁺ ions with Ag¹⁺ ions in the structure of brushite (CaHPO₄·2H₂O). This substitution has potential benefits for producing monophasic and biphasic Ca [...] Read more.

This study aimed to explore the effects of the full-scale replacement (up to 100%) of Ca²⁺ ions with Ag¹⁺ ions in the structure of brushite (CaHPO₄·2H₂O). This substitution has potential benefits for producing monophasic and biphasic Ca_1−xAg_xHPO₄·nH₂O compounds. To prepare the starting solutions, (NH₄)₂HPO₄, Ca(NO₃)₂·4H₂O, and AgNO₃ at different concentrations were used. The results showed that when the Ag/Ca molar ratio was below 0.25, partial substitution of Ca with Ag reduced the size of the unit cell of brushite. As the Ag/Ca molar ratio increased to 4, a compound with both monoclinic CaHPO₄·2H₂O and cubic nanostructured Ag₃PO₄ phases formed. There was a nearly linear relationship between the Ag ion ratio in the starting solutions and the wt% precipitation of the Ag₃PO₄ phase in the resulting compound. Moreover, when the Ag/Ca molar ratio exceeded 4, a single-phase Ag₃PO₄ compound formed. Hence, adjusting the Ag/Ca ratio in the starting solution allows the production of biomaterials with customized properties. In summary, this study introduces a novel synthesis method for the mono- and biphasic Ca_1−xAg_xHPO₄·nH₂O compounds brushite and silver phosphate. The preparation of these phases in a one-pot synthesis with controlled phase composition resulted in the enhancement of existing bone cement formulations by allowing better mixing of the starting ingredients. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Biomaterials, Biocomposites and Biopolymers)

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25 pages, 3120 KiB

Open AccessReview

Development of Bioactive Scaffolds for Orthopedic Applications by Designing Additively Manufactured Titanium Porous Structures: A Critical Review

by Mikhail V. Kiselevskiy, Natalia Yu. Anisimova, Alexei V. Kapustin, Alexander A. Ryzhkin, Daria N. Kuznetsova, Veronika V. Polyakova and Nariman A. Enikeev

Biomimetics 2023, 8(7), 546; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomimetics8070546 - 13 Nov 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1774

Abstract

We overview recent findings achieved in the field of model-driven development of additively manufactured porous materials for the development of a new generation of bioactive implants for orthopedic applications. Porous structures produced from biocompatible titanium alloys using selective laser melting can present a [...] Read more.

We overview recent findings achieved in the field of model-driven development of additively manufactured porous materials for the development of a new generation of bioactive implants for orthopedic applications. Porous structures produced from biocompatible titanium alloys using selective laser melting can present a promising material to design scaffolds with regulated mechanical properties and with the capacity to be loaded with pharmaceutical products. Adjusting pore geometry, one could control elastic modulus and strength/fatigue properties of the engineered structures to be compatible with bone tissues, thus preventing the stress shield effect when replacing a diseased bone fragment. Adsorption of medicals by internal spaces would make it possible to emit the antibiotic and anti-tumor agents into surrounding tissues. The developed internal porosity and surface roughness can provide the desired vascularization and osteointegration. We critically analyze the recent advances in the field featuring model design approaches, virtual testing of the designed structures, capabilities of additive printing of porous structures, biomedical issues of the engineered scaffolds, and so on. Special attention is paid to highlighting the actual problems in the field and the ways of their solutions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biomimetic Design Method for Innovation and Sustainability)

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16 pages, 1645 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Performance Optimization for Bionic Robotic Dolphin with Active Variable Stiffness Control

by Di Chen, Yan Xiong, Bo Wang, Ru Tong, Yan Meng and Junzhi Yu

Biomimetics 2023, 8(7), 545; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomimetics8070545 - 13 Nov 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1370

Abstract

Aquatic animals such as fish and cetaceans can actively modulate their body stiffness with muscle to achieve excellent swimming performance under different situations. However, it is still challenging for a robotic swimmer with bionic propulsion mode to dynamically adjust its body stiffness to [...] Read more.

Aquatic animals such as fish and cetaceans can actively modulate their body stiffness with muscle to achieve excellent swimming performance under different situations. However, it is still challenging for a robotic swimmer with bionic propulsion mode to dynamically adjust its body stiffness to improve the swimming speed due to the difficulties in designing an effective stiffness adjustment structure. In this paper, based on the special torque mode of a motor, we propose an active variable stiffness control method for a robotic dolphin to pursue better swimming speed. Different from a variable stiffness structure design, a torque control strategy for the caudal motor is employed to imitate the physical property of a torsion spring to act as the variable stiffness component. In addition, we also establish a dynamic model with the Lagrangian method to explore the variable stiffness mechanism. Extensive experiments have validated the dynamic model, and then the relationships between frequency and stiffness on swimming performance are presented. More importantly, through integrating the dynamic model and torque actuation mode-based variable stiffness mechanism, the online performance optimization scheme can be easily realized, providing valuable guidance in coordinating system parameters. Finally, experiments have demonstrated the stiffness adjustment capability of the caudal joint, validating the effectiveness of the proposed control method. The results also reveal that stiffness plays an essential role in swimming motion, and the active stiffness adjustment can significantly contribute to performance improvement in both speed and efficiency. Namely, with the adjustment of stiffness, the maximum speed of our robotic dolphin achieves up to 1.12 body length per second (BL/s) at 2.88 Hz increasing by 0.44 BL/s. Additionally, the efficiency is also improved by 37%. The conducted works will offer some new insights into the stiffness adjustment of robotic swimmers for better swimming performance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bionic Robotic Fish)

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15 pages, 1222 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Some Mechanical Constraints to the Biomimicry with Peripheral Nerves

by Pier Nicola Sergi

Biomimetics 2023, 8(7), 544; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomimetics8070544 - 13 Nov 2023

Viewed by 1027

Abstract

Novel high technology devices built to restore impaired peripheral nerves should be biomimetic in both their structure and in the biomolecular environment created around regenerating axons. Nevertheless, the structural biomimicry with peripheral nerves should follow some basic constraints due to their complex mechanical [...] Read more.

Novel high technology devices built to restore impaired peripheral nerves should be biomimetic in both their structure and in the biomolecular environment created around regenerating axons. Nevertheless, the structural biomimicry with peripheral nerves should follow some basic constraints due to their complex mechanical behaviour. However, it is not currently clear how these constraints could be defined. As a consequence, in this work, an explicit, deterministic, and physical-based framework was proposed to describe some mechanical constraints needed to mimic the peripheral nerve behaviour in extension. More specifically, a novel framework was proposed to investigate whether the similarity of the stress/strain curve was enough to replicate the natural nerve behaviour. An original series of computational optimizing procedures was then introduced to further investigate the role of the tangent modulus and of the rate of change of the tangent modulus with strain in better defining the structural biomimicry with peripheral nerves. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Mechanical Properties of Biomaterials 2.0)

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47 pages, 5956 KiB

Open AccessReview

Biomimetic Systems Involving Macrophages and Their Potential for Targeted Drug Delivery

by Ivan V. Savchenko, Igor D. Zlotnikov and Elena V. Kudryashova

Biomimetics 2023, 8(7), 543; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomimetics8070543 - 12 Nov 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1467

Abstract

The concept of targeted drug delivery can be described in terms of the drug systems’ ability to mimic the biological objects’ property to localize to target cells or tissues. For example, drug delivery systems based on red blood cells or mimicking some of [...] Read more.

The concept of targeted drug delivery can be described in terms of the drug systems’ ability to mimic the biological objects’ property to localize to target cells or tissues. For example, drug delivery systems based on red blood cells or mimicking some of their useful features, such as long circulation in stealth mode, have been known for decades. On the contrary, therapeutic strategies based on macrophages have gained very limited attention until recently. Here, we review two biomimetic strategies associated with macrophages that can be used to develop new therapeutic modalities: first, the mimicry of certain types of macrophages (i.e., the use of macrophages, including tumor-associated or macrophage-derived particles as a carrier for the targeted delivery of therapeutic agents); second, the mimicry of ligands, naturally absorbed by macrophages (i.e., the use of therapeutic agents specifically targeted at macrophages). We discuss the potential applications of biomimetic systems involving macrophages for new advancements in the treatment of infections, inflammatory diseases, and cancer. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Blood-Compatible Materials: Preparation, Modification and Functionalization)

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14 pages, 4727 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Bio-Inspired Self-Healing, Shear-Thinning, and Adhesive Gallic Acid-Conjugated Chitosan/Carbon Black Composite Hydrogels as Suture Support Materials

by Hyun Ho Shin and Ji Hyun Ryu

Biomimetics 2023, 8(7), 542; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomimetics8070542 - 12 Nov 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1408

Abstract

The occurrence of leakage from anastomotic sites is a significant issue given its potential undesirable complications. The management of anastomotic leakage after gastrointestinal surgery is particularly crucial because it is directly associated with mortality and morbidity in patients. If adhesive materials could be [...] Read more.

The occurrence of leakage from anastomotic sites is a significant issue given its potential undesirable complications. The management of anastomotic leakage after gastrointestinal surgery is particularly crucial because it is directly associated with mortality and morbidity in patients. If adhesive materials could be used to support suturing in surgical procedures, many complications caused by leakage from the anastomosis sites could be prevented. In this study, we have developed self-healing, shear-thinning, tissue-adhesive, carbon-black-containing, gallic acid-conjugated chitosan (CB/Chi-gallol) hydrogels as sealing materials to be used with suturing. The addition of CB into Chi-gallol solution resulted in the formation of a crosslinked hydrogel with instantaneous solidification. In addition, these CB/Chi-gallol hydrogels showed enhancement of the elastic modulus (G′) values with increased CB concentration. Furthermore, these hydrogels exhibited excellent self-healing, shear-thinning, and tissue-adhesive properties. Notably, the hydrogels successfully sealed the incision site with suturing, resulting in a significant increase in the bursting pressure. The proposed self-healing and adhesive hydrogels are potentially useful in versatile biomedical applications, particularly as suture support materials for surgical procedures. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biological Adhesives: From Biology to Biomimetics 2.0)

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15 pages, 3671 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Bioinspired Garra Rufa Optimization-Assisted Deep Learning Model for Object Classification on Pedestrian Walkways

by Eunmok Yang, K. Shankar, Sachin Kumar and Changho Seo

Biomimetics 2023, 8(7), 541; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomimetics8070541 - 11 Nov 2023

Viewed by 1131

Abstract

Object detection in pedestrian walkways is a crucial area of research that is widely used to improve the safety of pedestrians. It is not only challenging but also a tedious process to manually examine the labeling of abnormal actions, owing to its broad [...] Read more.

Object detection in pedestrian walkways is a crucial area of research that is widely used to improve the safety of pedestrians. It is not only challenging but also a tedious process to manually examine the labeling of abnormal actions, owing to its broad applications in video surveillance systems and the larger number of videos captured. Thus, an automatic surveillance system that identifies the anomalies has become indispensable for computer vision (CV) researcher workers. The recent advancements in deep learning (DL) algorithms have attracted wide attention for CV processes such as object detection and object classification based on supervised learning that requires labels. The current research study designs the bioinspired Garra rufa optimization-assisted deep learning model for object classification (BGRODL-OC) technique on pedestrian walkways. The objective of the BGRODL-OC technique is to recognize the presence of pedestrians and objects in the surveillance video. To achieve this goal, the BGRODL-OC technique primarily applies the GhostNet feature extractors to produce a set of feature vectors. In addition to this, the BGRODL-OC technique makes use of the GRO algorithm for hyperparameter tuning process. Finally, the object classification is performed via the attention-based long short-term memory (ALSTM) network. A wide range of experimental analysis was conducted to validate the superior performance of the BGRODL-OC technique. The experimental values established the superior performance of the BGRODL-OC algorithm over other existing approaches. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biomimetic Techniques for Optimization Problems in Engineering)

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21 pages, 4960 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Optimization of Butterworth and Bessel Filter Parameters with Improved Tree-Seed Algorithm

by Mehmet Beşkirli and Mustafa Servet Kiran

Biomimetics 2023, 8(7), 540; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomimetics8070540 - 11 Nov 2023

Viewed by 1121

Abstract

Filters are electrical circuits or networks that filter out unwanted signals. In these circuits, signals are permeable in a certain frequency range. Attenuation occurs in signals outside this frequency range. There are two types of filters: passive and active. Active filters consist of [...] Read more.

Filters are electrical circuits or networks that filter out unwanted signals. In these circuits, signals are permeable in a certain frequency range. Attenuation occurs in signals outside this frequency range. There are two types of filters: passive and active. Active filters consist of passive and active components, including transistors and operational amplifiers, but also require a power supply. In contrast, passive filters only consist of resistors and capacitors. Therefore, active filters are capable of generating signal gain and possess the benefit of high-input and low-output impedance. In order for active filters to be more functional, the parameters of the resistors and capacitors in the circuit must be at optimum values. Therefore, the active filter is discussed in this study. In this study, the tree seed algorithm (TSA), a plant-based optimization algorithm, is used to optimize the parameters of filters with tenth-order Butterworth and Bessel topology. In order to improve the performance of the TSA for filter parameter optimization, opposition-based learning (OBL) is added to TSA to form an improved TSA (I-TSA). The results obtained are compared with both basic TSA and some algorithms. The experimental results show that the I-TSA method is applicable to this problem by performing a successful prediction process. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Plant-Based Algorithm)

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30 pages, 2992 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Evaluation of the Mechanical and Physical Properties of Maxillofacial Silicone Type A-2186 Impregnated with a Hybrid Chitosan–TiO₂ Nanocomposite Subjected to Different Accelerated Aging Conditions

by Faten K. Al-Kadi, Jwan Fateh Adbulkareem and Bruska A. Azhdar

Biomimetics 2023, 8(7), 539; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomimetics8070539 - 11 Nov 2023

Viewed by 1044

Abstract

The effects of incorporating a pioneer chitosan–TiO₂ nanocomposite on the mechanical and physical properties of room-temperature vulcanization (RTV) maxillofacial A-2186 silicone under accelerated aging protocols were rigorously examined. This investigation utilized 450 samples distributed across five distinct silicone classifications and assessed their [...] Read more.

The effects of incorporating a pioneer chitosan–TiO₂ nanocomposite on the mechanical and physical properties of room-temperature vulcanization (RTV) maxillofacial A-2186 silicone under accelerated aging protocols were rigorously examined. This investigation utilized 450 samples distributed across five distinct silicone classifications and assessed their attributes, such as tensile strength, elongation, tear strength, hardness, and surface roughness, before and after various accelerated aging processes. Statistical methodologies, including a one-way ANOVA, Tukey’s HSD, and Dunnett’s T3, were employed based on the homogeneity of variance, and several key results were obtained. Silicones infused with 1 wt.% chitosan–TiO₂ showed enhanced tensile strength across various aging procedures. Moreover, the 1 wt.% TiO₂/Chitosan noncombination (TC) and 2 wt.% TiO₂ compositions exhibited pronounced improvements in the elongation percentage. A consistent rise was evident across all silicone categories regarding tear strength, with the 1 wt.% chitosan–TiO₂ variant being prominent under certain conditions. Variations in hardness were observed, with the 1 wt.% TC and 3 wt.% chitosan samples showing distinctive responses to certain conditions. Although most samples displayed a decreased surface roughness upon aging, the 1 wt.% chitosan–TiO₂ variant frequently countered this trend. This investigation provides insights into the potential of the chitosan–TiO₂ nanocomposite to influence silicone properties under aging conditions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Mechanical Properties of Biomaterials 2.0)

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18 pages, 7871 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Enhanced Pelican Optimization Algorithm with Deep Learning-Driven Mitotic Nuclei Classification on Breast Histopathology Images

by Fadwa Alrowais, Faiz Abdullah Alotaibi, Abdulkhaleq Q. A. Hassan, Radwa Marzouk, Mrim M. Alnfiai and Ahmed Sayed

Biomimetics 2023, 8(7), 538; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomimetics8070538 - 10 Nov 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1110

Abstract

Breast cancer (BC) is a prevalent disease worldwide, and accurate diagnoses are vital for successful treatment. Histopathological (HI) inspection, particularly the detection of mitotic nuclei, has played a pivotal function in the prognosis and diagnosis of BC. It includes the detection and classification [...] Read more.

Breast cancer (BC) is a prevalent disease worldwide, and accurate diagnoses are vital for successful treatment. Histopathological (HI) inspection, particularly the detection of mitotic nuclei, has played a pivotal function in the prognosis and diagnosis of BC. It includes the detection and classification of mitotic nuclei within breast tissue samples. Conventionally, the detection of mitotic nuclei has been a subjective task and is time-consuming for pathologists to perform manually. Automatic classification using computer algorithms, especially deep learning (DL) algorithms, has been developed as a beneficial alternative. DL and CNNs particularly have shown outstanding performance in different image classification tasks, including mitotic nuclei classification. CNNs can learn intricate hierarchical features from HI images, making them suitable for detecting subtle patterns related to the mitotic nuclei. In this article, we present an Enhanced Pelican Optimization Algorithm with a Deep Learning-Driven Mitotic Nuclei Classification (EPOADL-MNC) technique on Breast HI. This developed EPOADL-MNC system examines the histopathology images for the classification of mitotic and non-mitotic cells. In this presented EPOADL-MNC technique, the ShuffleNet model can be employed for the feature extraction method. In the hyperparameter tuning procedure, the EPOADL-MNC algorithm makes use of the EPOA system to alter the hyperparameters of the ShuffleNet model. Finally, we used an adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) for the classification and detection of mitotic cell nuclei on histopathology images. A series of simulations took place to validate the improved detection performance of the EPOADL-MNC technique. The comprehensive outcomes highlighted the better outcomes of the EPOADL-MNC algorithm compared to existing DL techniques with a maximum accuracy of 97.83%. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bionic Artificial Neural Networks and Artificial Intelligence)

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12 pages, 3052 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Investigation on the Energy-Absorbing Properties of Bionic Spider Web Structure

by Baocheng Xie, Xilong Wu and Xuhui Ji

Biomimetics 2023, 8(7), 537; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomimetics8070537 - 10 Nov 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1195

Abstract

In recent years, spider webs have received significant attention due to their exceptional mechanical properties, including strength, toughness, elasticity, and robustness. Among these spider webs, the orb web is a prevalent type. An orb web’s main framework consists of radial and spiral threads, [...] Read more.

In recent years, spider webs have received significant attention due to their exceptional mechanical properties, including strength, toughness, elasticity, and robustness. Among these spider webs, the orb web is a prevalent type. An orb web’s main framework consists of radial and spiral threads, with elastic and sticky threads used to capture prey. This paper proposes a bionic orb web model to investigate the energy-absorbing properties of a bionic spider web structure. The model considers structural parameters such as radial line length, radial line cross-sectional diameter, number of spiral lines, spiral spacing, and spiral cross-sectional diameter. These parameters are evaluated to assess the energy absorption capability of the bionic spider web structure. Simulation results reveal that the impact of the radial line length and spiral cross-sectional diameter on the energy absorption of the spider web is more significant compared to the radial line cross-sectional diameter, the number of spiral lines, and spiral spacing. Specifically, within a radial line length range of 60–80 mm, the total absorbed energy of a spider web is inversely proportional to the radial line length of the web. Moreover, the number of spiral lines and spiral spacing of the spider web, when within the range of 6–10 turns and 4–5.5 mm, respectively, are proportional to the total energy absorbed. A regression equation is derived to predict the optimal combination of structural parameters for maximum energy absorption. The optimal parameters are determined as follows: radial line length of 63.48 mm, radial line cross-sectional diameter of 0.46 mm, ten spiral lines, spiral spacing of 5.39 mm, and spiral cross-sectional diameter of 0.48 mm. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biomimetic Design Method for Innovation and Sustainability)

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18 pages, 3077 KiB

Open AccessReview

The Evolution of Robin Sequence Treatment Based on the Biomimetic Interdisciplinary Approach: A Historical Review

by Martin Čverha, Ivan Varga, Tereza Trenčanská, Barbora Šufliarsky and Andrej Thurzo

Biomimetics 2023, 8(7), 536; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomimetics8070536 - 10 Nov 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1903

Abstract

The Robin sequence is a congenital anomaly characterized by a triad of features: micrognathia, glossoptosis, and airway obstruction. This comprehensive historical review maps the evolution of approaches and appliances for its treatment from the past to the current modern possibilities of an interdisciplinary [...] Read more.

The Robin sequence is a congenital anomaly characterized by a triad of features: micrognathia, glossoptosis, and airway obstruction. This comprehensive historical review maps the evolution of approaches and appliances for its treatment from the past to the current modern possibilities of an interdisciplinary combination of modern engineering, medicine, materials, and computer science combined approach with emphasis on designing appliances inspired by nature and individual human anatomy. Current biomimetic designs are clinically applied, resulting in appliances that are more efficient, comfortable, sustainable, and safer than legacy traditional designs. This review maps the treatment modalities that have been used for patients with a Robin sequence over the years. Early management of the Robin sequence focused primarily on airway maintenance and feeding support, while current management strategies involve both nonsurgical and surgical interventions and biomimetic biocompatible personalized appliances. The goal of this paper was to provide a review of the evolution of management strategies for patients with the Robin sequence that led to the current interdisciplinary biomimetic approaches impacting the future of Robin Sequence treatment with biomimetics at the forefront. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Functional Biomimetic Materials and Devices for Biomedical Applications: 2nd Edition)

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17 pages, 5328 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Remote Sensing Imagery Data Analysis Using Marine Predators Algorithm with Deep Learning for Food Crop Classification

by Ahmed S. Almasoud, Hanan Abdullah Mengash, Muhammad Kashif Saeed, Faiz Abdullah Alotaibi, Kamal M. Othman and Ahmed Mahmud

Biomimetics 2023, 8(7), 535; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomimetics8070535 - 10 Nov 2023

Viewed by 1161

Abstract

Recently, the usage of remote sensing (RS) data attained from unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV) or satellite imagery has become increasingly popular for crop classification processes, namely soil classification, crop mapping, or yield prediction. Food crop classification using RS images (RSI) is a significant [...] Read more.

Recently, the usage of remote sensing (RS) data attained from unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV) or satellite imagery has become increasingly popular for crop classification processes, namely soil classification, crop mapping, or yield prediction. Food crop classification using RS images (RSI) is a significant application of RS technology in agriculture. It involves the use of satellite or aerial imagery to identify and classify different types of food crops grown in a specific area. This information can be valuable for crop monitoring, yield estimation, and land management. Meeting the criteria for analyzing these data requires increasingly sophisticated methods and artificial intelligence (AI) technologies provide the necessary support. Due to the heterogeneity and fragmentation of crop planting, typical classification approaches have a lower classification performance. However, the DL technique can detect and categorize crop types effectively and has a stronger feature extraction capability. In this aspect, this study designed a new remote sensing imagery data analysis using the marine predators algorithm with deep learning for food crop classification (RSMPA-DLFCC) technique. The RSMPA-DLFCC technique mainly investigates the RS data and determines the variety of food crops. In the RSMPA-DLFCC technique, the SimAM-EfficientNet model is utilized for the feature extraction process. The MPA is applied for the optimal hyperparameter selection process in order to optimize the accuracy of SimAM-EfficientNet architecture. MPA, inspired by the foraging behaviors of marine predators, perceptively explores hyperparameter configurations to optimize the hyperparameters, thereby improving the classification accuracy and generalization capabilities. For crop type detection and classification, an extreme learning machine (ELM) model can be used. The simulation analysis of the RSMPA-DLFCC technique is performed on two benchmark datasets. The extensive analysis of the results portrayed the higher performance of the RSMPA-DLFCC approach over existing DL techniques. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biomimetics in Agri-Food: From Preliminary Design to Field Applications)

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25 pages, 19226 KiB

Open AccessReview

Adhesion Behavior in Fish: From Structures to Applications

by Jinhao Wang, Shukun Wang, Long Zheng and Luquan Ren

Biomimetics 2023, 8(7), 534; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomimetics8070534 - 10 Nov 2023

Viewed by 1707

Abstract

In nature, some fish can adhere tightly to the surface of stones, aquatic plants, and even other fish bodies. This adhesion behavior allows these fish to fix, eat, hide, and migrate in complex and variable aquatic environments. The adhesion function is realized by [...] Read more.

In nature, some fish can adhere tightly to the surface of stones, aquatic plants, and even other fish bodies. This adhesion behavior allows these fish to fix, eat, hide, and migrate in complex and variable aquatic environments. The adhesion function is realized by the special mouth and sucker tissue of fish. Inspired by adhesion fish, extensive research has recently been carried out. Therefore, this paper presents a brief overview to better explore underwater adhesion mechanisms and provide bionic applications. Firstly, the adhesion organs and structures of biological prototypes (e.g., clingfish, remora, Garra, suckermouth catfish, hill stream loach, and goby) are presented separately, and the underwater adhesion mechanisms are analyzed. Then, based on bionics, it is explained that the adhesion structures and components are designed and created for applications (e.g., flexible gripping adhesive discs and adhesive motion devices). Furthermore, we offer our perspectives on the limitations and future directions. Full article

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21 pages, 7711 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Creation of a 3D Goethite–Spongin Composite Using an Extreme Biomimetics Approach

by Anita Kubiak, Alona Voronkina, Martyna Pajewska-Szmyt, Martyna Kotula, Bartosz Leśniewski, Alexander Ereskovsky, Korbinian Heimler, Anika Rogoll, Carla Vogt, Parvaneh Rahimi, Sedigheh Falahi, Roberta Galli, Enrico Langer, Maik Förste, Alexandros Charitos, Yvonne Joseph, Hermann Ehrlich and Teofil Jesionowski

Biomimetics 2023, 8(7), 533; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomimetics8070533 - 09 Nov 2023

Viewed by 2183

Abstract

The structural biopolymer spongin in the form of a 3D scaffold resembles in shape and size numerous species of industrially useful marine keratosan demosponges. Due to the large-scale aquaculture of these sponges worldwide, it represents a unique renewable source of biological material, which [...] Read more.

The structural biopolymer spongin in the form of a 3D scaffold resembles in shape and size numerous species of industrially useful marine keratosan demosponges. Due to the large-scale aquaculture of these sponges worldwide, it represents a unique renewable source of biological material, which has already been successfully applied in biomedicine and bioinspired materials science. In the present study, spongin from the demosponge Hippospongia communis was used as a microporous template for the development of a new 3D composite containing goethite [α-FeO(OH)]. For this purpose, an extreme biomimetic technique using iron powder, crystalline iodine, and fibrous spongin was applied under laboratory conditions for the first time. The product was characterized using SEM and digital light microscopy, infrared and Raman spectroscopy, XRD, thermogravimetry (TG/DTG), and confocal micro X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (CMXRF). A potential application of the obtained goethite–spongin composite in the electrochemical sensing of dopamine (DA) in human urine samples was investigated, with satisfactory recoveries (96% to 116%) being obtained. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biomimetic Composites: Nature-Inspired Design and Demand-Driven Fabrication)

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13 pages, 2743 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Light-Stimulated IGZO Transistors with Tunable Synaptic Plasticity Based on Casein Electrolyte Electric Double Layer for Neuromorphic Systems

by Hwi-Su Kim, Hamin Park and Won-Ju Cho

Biomimetics 2023, 8(7), 532; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomimetics8070532 - 09 Nov 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1294

Abstract

In this study, optoelectronic synaptic transistors based on indium–gallium–zinc oxide (IGZO) with a casein electrolyte-based electric double layer (EDL) were examined. The casein electrolyte played a crucial role in modulating synaptic plasticity through an internal proton-induced EDL effect. Thus, important synaptic behaviors, such [...] Read more.

In this study, optoelectronic synaptic transistors based on indium–gallium–zinc oxide (IGZO) with a casein electrolyte-based electric double layer (EDL) were examined. The casein electrolyte played a crucial role in modulating synaptic plasticity through an internal proton-induced EDL effect. Thus, important synaptic behaviors, such as excitatory post-synaptic current, paired-pulse facilitation, and spike rate-dependent and spike number-dependent plasticity, were successfully implemented by utilizing the persistent photoconductivity effect of the IGZO channel stimulated by light. The synergy between the light stimulation and the EDL effect allowed the effective modulation of synaptic plasticity, enabling the control of memory levels, including the conversion of short-term memory to long-term memory. Furthermore, a Modified National Institute of Standards and Technology digit recognition simulation was performed using a three-layer artificial neural network model, achieving a high recognition rate of 90.5%. These results demonstrated a high application potential of the proposed optoelectronic synaptic transistors in neuromorphic visual systems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bioinspired Photonic Materials for Optical and Thermal Manipulation)

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21 pages, 54036 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Plant Foliar Geometry as a Biomimetic Template for Antenna Design

by Jose Ignacio Lozano, Marco A. Panduro, Rodrigo Méndez-Alonzo, Miguel A. Alonso-Arevalo, Roberto Conte and Alberto Reyna

Biomimetics 2023, 8(7), 531; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomimetics8070531 - 07 Nov 2023

Viewed by 1220

Abstract

Plant diversity includes over 300,000 species, and leaf structure is one of the main targets of selection, being highly variable in shape and size. On the other hand, the optimization of antenna design has no unique solution to satisfy the current range of [...] Read more.

Plant diversity includes over 300,000 species, and leaf structure is one of the main targets of selection, being highly variable in shape and size. On the other hand, the optimization of antenna design has no unique solution to satisfy the current range of applications. We analyzed the foliar geometries of 100 plant species and applied them as a biomimetic design template for microstrip patch antenna systems. From this set, a subset of seven species were further analyzed, including species from tropical and temperate forests across the phylogeny of the Angiosperms. Foliar geometry per species was processed by image processing analyses, and the resultant geometries were used in simulations of the reflection coefficients and the radiation patterns via finite differences methods. A value below −10 dB is set for the reflection coefficient to determine the operation frequencies of all antenna elements. All species showed between 3 and 15 operational frequencies, and four species had operational frequencies that included the 2.4 and 5 GHz bands. The reflection coefficients and the radiation patterns in most of the designs were equal or superior to those of conventional antennas, with several species showing multiband effects and omnidirectional radiation. We demonstrate that plant structures can be used as a biomimetic tool in designing microstrip antenna for a wide range of applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bio-Inspired Design: Creativity and Innovation)

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10 pages, 1438 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Creation of an Average 3D Model of the Human Cartilaginous Nasal Septum and Its Biomimetic Applications

by Peter S. Han, Nihal Punjabi, Mickey Goese and Jared C. Inman

Biomimetics 2023, 8(7), 530; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomimetics8070530 - 06 Nov 2023

Viewed by 1244

Abstract

The cartilaginous nasal septum is integral to the overall structure of the nose. Developing our an-atomic understanding of the septum will improve the planning and techniques of septal surgeries. While the basic dimensions of the septum have previously been described, the average shape [...] Read more.

The cartilaginous nasal septum is integral to the overall structure of the nose. Developing our an-atomic understanding of the septum will improve the planning and techniques of septal surgeries. While the basic dimensions of the septum have previously been described, the average shape in the sagittal plane has yet to be established. Furthermore, determining the average shape allows for the creation of a mean three-dimensional (3D) septum model. To better understand the average septal shape, we dissected septums from 40 fresh human cadavers. Thickness was measured across pre-defined points on each specimen. Image processing in Photoshop was used to superimpose lateral photographs of the septums to determine the average shape. The average shape was then combined with thickness data to develop a 3D model. This model may be utilized in finite elemental analyses, creating theoretical results about septal properties that are more translatable to real-world clinical practice. Our 3D septum also has numerous applications for 3D printing. Realistic models can be created for educational or surgical planning purposes. In the future, our model could also serve as the basis for 3D-printed scaffolds to aid in tissue regeneration to reconstruct septal defects. The model can be viewed at the NIH 3D model repository (3DPX ID: 020598, Title: 3D Nasal Septum). Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Application of 3D Bioprinting in Biomedical Engineering)

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22 pages, 3714 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Trajectory Tracking and Obstacle Avoidance of Robotic Fish Based on Nonlinear Model Predictive Control

by Ruilong Wang, Ming Wang, Yiyang Zhang, Qianchuan Zhao, Xuehan Zheng and He Gao

Biomimetics 2023, 8(7), 529; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomimetics8070529 - 06 Nov 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1112

Abstract

The attainment of accurate motion control for robotic fish inside intricate underwater environments continues to be a substantial obstacle within the realm of underwater robotics. This paper presents a proposed algorithm for trajectory tracking and obstacle avoidance planning in robotic fish, utilizing nonlinear [...] Read more.

The attainment of accurate motion control for robotic fish inside intricate underwater environments continues to be a substantial obstacle within the realm of underwater robotics. This paper presents a proposed algorithm for trajectory tracking and obstacle avoidance planning in robotic fish, utilizing nonlinear model predictive control (NMPC). This methodology facilitates the implementation of optimization-based control in real-time, utilizing the present state and environmental data to effectively regulate the movements of the robotic fish with a high degree of agility. To begin with, a dynamic model of the robotic fish, incorporating accelerations, is formulated inside the framework of the world coordinate system. The last step involves providing a detailed explanation of the NMPC algorithm and developing obstacle avoidance and objective functions for the fish in water. This will enable the design of an NMPC controller that incorporates control restrictions. In order to assess the efficacy of the proposed approach, a comparative analysis is conducted between the NMPC algorithm and the pure pursuit (PP) algorithm in terms of trajectory tracking. This comparison serves to affirm the accuracy of the NMPC algorithm in effectively tracking trajectories. Moreover, a comparative analysis between the NMPC algorithm and the dynamic window approach (DWA) method in the context of obstacle avoidance planning highlights the superior resilience of the NMPC algorithm in this domain. The proposed strategy, which utilizes NMPC, demonstrates a viable alternative for achieving precise trajectory tracking and efficient obstacle avoidance planning in the context of robotic fish motion control within intricate surroundings. This method exhibits considerable potential for practical implementation and future application. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biomimicry for Optimization, Control, and Automation)

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17 pages, 9465 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Complex Evaluation of Nanocomposite-Based Hydroxyapatite for Biomedical Applications

by Daniela Predoi, Simona Liliana Iconaru, Steluta Carmen Ciobanu, Nicolas Buton and Mihai Valentin Predoi

Biomimetics 2023, 8(7), 528; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomimetics8070528 - 06 Nov 2023

Viewed by 1324

Abstract

A magnesium-doped hydroxyapatite in chitosan matrix (MgHApC) sample was developed as a potential platform for numerous applications in the pharmaceutical, medical, and food industries. Magnesium-doped hydroxyapatite suspensions in the chitosan matrix were obtained by the coprecipitation technique. The surface shape and morphological features [...] Read more.

A magnesium-doped hydroxyapatite in chitosan matrix (MgHApC) sample was developed as a potential platform for numerous applications in the pharmaceutical, medical, and food industries. Magnesium-doped hydroxyapatite suspensions in the chitosan matrix were obtained by the coprecipitation technique. The surface shape and morphological features were determined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The hydrodynamic diameter of the suspended particles was determined by Dynamic light scattering (DLS) measurements. The stability of MgHApC suspensions was evaluated by ultrasonic measurements. The hydrodynamic diameter of the MgHApC particles in suspension was 29.5 nm. The diameter of MgHApC particles calculated from SEM was 12.5 ± 2 nm. Following the SEM observations, it was seen that the MgHApC particles have a spherical shape. The Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) studies conducted on MgHApC proved the presence of chitosan and hydroxyapatite in the studied specimens. In vitro antimicrobial assays were performed on Escherichia coli ATCC 25922, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923, Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853, and Candida albicans ATCC 10231 microbial strains. The antimicrobial experiments showed that MgHApC exhibited very good antimicrobial properties against all the tested microorganisms. More than that, the results of the in vitro studies revealed that the antimicrobial properties of the samples depend on the incubation time. The evaluation of the sample’s cytotoxicity was performed using the human colon cancer (HCT-8) cell line. Our results suggested the great potential of MgHApC to be used in future applications in the field of biomedical applications (e.g., dentistry, orthopedics, etc.). Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biomimicry and Functional Materials 2.0)

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Biomimetics, Volume 8, Issue 7 (November 2023) – 49 articles

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