Plants

17 pages, 4800 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Temperature and Precipitation More Than Tree Cover Affect the Distribution Patterns of Epiphytic Mosses within the Orthotrichaceae Family in China and Adjacent Areas

by Lucie Fialová, Vítězslav Plášek, Ewelina Klichowska, Shuiliang Guo and Marcin Nobis

Plants 2023, 12(1), 222; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12010222 - 03 Jan 2023

Viewed by 2336

Abstract

Epiphytes, including vascular and non-vascular, constitute a large part of global plant biodiversity. Distribution of obligatory epiphytic bryophytes results from climate and local habitat conditions. The most important epiphytic bryophytes and at the same time poorly investigated and taxonomically problematic ones belong to [...] Read more.

Epiphytes, including vascular and non-vascular, constitute a large part of global plant biodiversity. Distribution of obligatory epiphytic bryophytes results from climate and local habitat conditions. The most important epiphytic bryophytes and at the same time poorly investigated and taxonomically problematic ones belong to the family Orthotrichaceae. Epiphytic mosses are also ideal organisms for species modelling, because of having no roots, they are highly dependent on external environmental conditions. For this purpose, we used the ecological niche modelling approach to define their potential distribution in China and adjacent areas and explore factors that shape this distribution. We used 617 occurrence records of 23 species from six genera within the Orthotrichaceae family. Our results suggest that the distribution of members of the Orthotrichaceae family is predominantly affected by bioclimatic variables, especially bio10 (mean temperature of the warmest quarter), bio15 (precipitation seasonality), bio18 (precipitation of the warmest quarter), bio19 (precipitation of the coldest quarter), bio9 (mean temperature of the driest quarter), and bio2 (mean diurnal range). However, the distribution of particular genera is ruled by a different set of those variables. The distribution of two genera (Leratia and Ulota) is also highly influenced by land cover (especially mixed/other trees), whereas human footprint shows a moderate contribution to models of three genera (Lewinskya, Orthotrichum, Nyholmiella). Based on the occupied climatic niche and distribution patterns, representatives of the studied family are divided into two groups. The ‘western-montane group‘ is characterised by lower temperatures and lower precipitation whereas the ‘eastern-lowland’ group‘ by more humid and warmer conditions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Knowledge in Bryology 2.0)

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19 pages, 1206 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Mapping QTL for Phenological and Grain-Related Traits in a Mapping Population Derived from High-Zinc-Biofortified Wheat

by Nagenahalli Dharmegowda Rathan, Gopalareddy Krishnappa, Anju-Mahendru Singh and Velu Govindan

Plants 2023, 12(1), 220; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12010220 - 03 Jan 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2209

Abstract

Genomic regions governing days to heading (DH), days to maturity (DM), plant height (PH), thousand-kernel weight (TKW), and test weight (TW) were investigated in a set of 190 RILs derived from a cross between a widely cultivated wheat-variety, Kachu (DPW-621-50), and a high-zinc [...] Read more.

Genomic regions governing days to heading (DH), days to maturity (DM), plant height (PH), thousand-kernel weight (TKW), and test weight (TW) were investigated in a set of 190 RILs derived from a cross between a widely cultivated wheat-variety, Kachu (DPW-621-50), and a high-zinc variety, Zinc-Shakti. The RIL population was genotyped using 909 DArTseq markers and phenotyped in three environments. The constructed genetic map had a total genetic length of 4665 cM, with an average marker density of 5.13 cM. A total of thirty-seven novel quantitative trait loci (QTL), including twelve for PH, six for DH, five for DM, eight for TKW and six for TW were identified. A set of 20 stable QTLs associated with the expression of DH, DM, PH, TKW, and TW were identified in two or more environments. Three novel pleiotropic genomic-regions harboring co-localized QTLs governing two or more traits were also identified. In silico analysis revealed that the DArTseq markers were located on important putative candidate genes such as MLO-like protein, Phytochrome, Zinc finger and RING-type, Cytochrome P450 and pentatricopeptide repeat, involved in the regulation of pollen maturity, the photoperiodic modulation of flowering-time, abiotic-stress tolerance, grain-filling duration, thousand-kernel weight, seed morphology, and plant growth and development. The identified novel QTLs, particularly stable and co-localized QTLs, will be validated to estimate their effects in different genetic backgrounds for subsequent use in marker-assisted selection (MAS). Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Improvement and Genetic Analysis of Germplasm Resources in Major Crops)

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13 pages, 636 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Assessing Yield and Quality of Melon (Cucumis melo L.) Improved by Biodegradable Mulching Film

by Eugenio Cozzolino, Ida Di Mola, Lucia Ottaiano, Maurizio Bilotto, Milena Petriccione, Elvira Ferrara, Mauro Mori and Luigi Morra

Plants 2023, 12(1), 219; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12010219 - 03 Jan 2023

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 1868

Abstract

Low-density polyethylene (LDPE) plastic mulching films have an important function, but at the end of their lifetime pose an economic and environmental problem in terms of their removal and disposal. Biodegradable mulching films represent an alternative to LDPE with the potential to avoid [...] Read more.

Low-density polyethylene (LDPE) plastic mulching films have an important function, but at the end of their lifetime pose an economic and environmental problem in terms of their removal and disposal. Biodegradable mulching films represent an alternative to LDPE with the potential to avoid these environmental issues. In this preliminary study, we employed a biodegradable film based on Mater-Bi^® (MB) in comparison with low-density polyethylene to assess their effect on the yield and particular quality traits (organoleptic and nutraceutical composition of the fruits) of muskmelon (cv Pregiato) grown on soils with different textures (clay–loam—CL and sandy loam—SL) in two private farms in South Italy. Soil temperature under the mulch was also measured. During the monitored periods, mean soil temperature under LDPE was higher (about 1.3 °C) than that under the biodegradable film and was higher in SL soil than in CL soil, at 25.5° and 24.2 °C, respectively. However, the biodegradable film was able to limit the daily temperature fluctuation, which was 1.7 °C in both soils compared with 2.3 °C recorded for LDPE. Fruit yields were higher with MB film than LDPE (+9.5%), irrespective of soil texture. MaterBi^® also elicited increases in total soluble solids, polyphenols, flavonoids, and antioxidant activity compared with LDPE films: 13.3%, 22.4%, 27.2%, and 24.6%, respectively. Color parameters of flesh, namely brightness, chroma, and hue angle were better in fruits grown on LDPE. Our findings suggest that Mater-Bi^® based biodegradable mulching film is a potentially valid alternative to traditional LDPE, particularly for obtaining the agronomical benefits outlined above and for promoting environmental sustainability due to its favourable biodegradable properties. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biodegradable Mulching Films: A Valuable Ally for Sustainable Agriculture)

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17 pages, 3539 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of Zinc Oxide and Silicon Dioxide Nanoparticles on Physiological, Yield, and Water Use Efficiency Traits of Potato Grown under Water Deficit

by Wadei A. Al-Selwey, Abdullah A. Alsadon, Abdullah A. Ibrahim, Joselito P. Labis and Mahmoud F. Seleiman

Plants 2023, 12(1), 218; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12010218 - 03 Jan 2023

Cited by 20 | Viewed by 2768

Abstract

Water deficit is a major challenge for sustainable global food security, especially, in arid and semi-arid regions. Nanotechnology is regarded as an effective tool for managing a wide range of environmental stresses by providing novel and practical solutions. A field experiment was conducted [...] Read more.

Water deficit is a major challenge for sustainable global food security, especially, in arid and semi-arid regions. Nanotechnology is regarded as an effective tool for managing a wide range of environmental stresses by providing novel and practical solutions. A field experiment was conducted to assess the effects of zinc oxide nanoparticles ‘ZnO NPs’ (0, 50, 100 ppm) and silicon dioxide nanoparticles ‘SiO₂ NPs’ (0, 25, 50 ppm) as an exogenous application on the physiological indices, total yield and water use efficiency (WUE) of potato under water deficit conditions (50%, 75%, and 100% of crop evapotranspiration (ETc) water requirements). Water deficit significantly decreased most physiological indices and yield traits of potato, but increased proline content and WUE. In contrast, exogenous application of ZnO NPs and SiO₂ NPs to plants grown under different water deficit treatments resulted in an increase in leaf gas exchange, leaves relative water contents (LRWC), photosynthetic pigments, and leaf green index. Under different water deficit treatments, the highest total yield and harvest index traits were obtained from plants treated with ZnO-NPs-100 ppm followed by 50 ppm of ZnO and SiO₂ NPs, respectively. The highest WUE was recorded when the potato plants were irrigated with 50% ETc and exogenous treated with 100 ppm of ZnO NPs compared with fully irrigated plants. In conclusion, the exogenous application of ZnO NPs (100 ppm) can significantly mitigate the water deficit stress and improve the physiological, yield, and WUE of potato grown in arid regions under water deficit conditions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Impact of Nanomaterials on Plant Growth, Development and Metabolism)

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10 pages, 1589 KiB

Open AccessCommunication

Evaluation of Pretreatments and Extraction Conditions on the Antifungal and Antioxidant Effects of Garlic (Allium sativum) Peel Extracts

by David Fernando Carreón-Delgado, Itzel Yoali Hernández-Montesinos, Karla Nallely Rivera-Hernández, María del Sugeyrol Villa-Ramírez, Carlos Enrique Ochoa-Velasco and Carolina Ramírez-López

Plants 2023, 12(1), 217; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12010217 - 03 Jan 2023

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2839

Abstract

This study aimed to evaluate the effect of pretreatments and extraction conditions on the antioxidant and antifungal characteristics of garlic peel extracts. The effect of pretreatments (fermentation and steam cooking) on the yield, antifungal (Colletotrichum gloeosporioides and Botrytis cinerea), and antioxidant [...] Read more.

This study aimed to evaluate the effect of pretreatments and extraction conditions on the antioxidant and antifungal characteristics of garlic peel extracts. The effect of pretreatments (fermentation and steam cooking) on the yield, antifungal (Colletotrichum gloeosporioides and Botrytis cinerea), and antioxidant (total phenolic compounds, total flavonoids, and antioxidant capacity) properties of garlic peel extracts were evaluated. A selected pretreatment was applied to evaluate the extraction conditions (solvent, solvent concentration, temperature, and time) on the antifungal activity of garlic peel extracts. At last, garlic peel extracts obtained under specific conditions was applied to papaya and strawberry fruits as preventive and curative treatments against Colletotrichum gloeosporioides and Botrytis cinerea, respectively. Steam cooking pretreatment significantly increased the antifungal and antioxidant capacities of garlic peel extracts compared to the fermentation process. Garlic peel extracts obtained with methanol (60%) for 18 h (25 °C) showed the highest antifungal activity against both microorganisms assessed (57.57% and 75.76% for B. cinerea and C. gloeosporioides, respectively,) on in vitro assays. Moreover, in vivo results indicated that preventive treatment significantly reduced rot disease in papaya (88.95%) and strawberry (54.13%) fruits. Although more studies about the antifungal mechanisms of garlic peel extracts are needed, these results indicated that garlic peel extracts could be used as an antifungal agent. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Valuable Sources of Bioactive Natural Products from Plants)

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10 pages, 812 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Predictive Modeling of Kudzu (Pueraria montana) Habitat in the Great Lakes Basin of the United States

by Ashley M. Kovach-Hammons and Jordan M. Marshall

Plants 2023, 12(1), 216; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12010216 - 03 Jan 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2523

Abstract

Kudzu (Pueraria montana [Lour.] Merr. var. lobata [Willd.] Maesen & S.M. Almeida ex Sanjappa & Predeep) is an invasive woody vine widespread throughout much of the southeastern United States. New occurrences and recent studies using climatic parameters suggest that the Midwestern region [...] Read more.

Kudzu (Pueraria montana [Lour.] Merr. var. lobata [Willd.] Maesen & S.M. Almeida ex Sanjappa & Predeep) is an invasive woody vine widespread throughout much of the southeastern United States. New occurrences and recent studies using climatic parameters suggest that the Midwestern region of the United States is at the greatest risk of kudzu invasion. As there are already multiple reports of kudzu within the Great Lakes basin and no previous landscape models exist specifically for the basin, we developed probability models from existing spatial data (forest type, geology, land cover, precipitation, temperature, and known kudzu locations) by using maximum entropy methods at the national, regional, and basin scales. All three models had relatively high accuracy and strong positive correlation between predicted and observed values. Based on evaluation of the models using a testing data set, we determined a presence threshold and categorized areas within each model as suitable or unsuitable habitat. We pooled the models and calculated mean habitat suitability within the Great Lakes basin. Much of the southern half of the basin was suitable for kudzu. Continuing management and further monitoring of kudzu spread are likely necessary to limit further introduction and mitigate spread of kudzu within the Great Lakes region. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Plant Invasion Ecology)

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12 pages, 2157 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Identification of Rice Accessions Having Cold Tolerance at the Seedling Stage and Development of Novel Genotypic Assays for Predicting Cold Tolerance

by Qi Yongbin, Patcharaporn Summat, Natjaree Panyawut, Kannika Sikaewtung, Khanittha Ditthab, Keasinee Tongmark, Sriprapai Chakhonkaen, Numphet Sangarwut, Thiwawan Wasinanon, Kanokwan Kaewmungkun and Amorntip Muangprom

Plants 2023, 12(1), 215; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12010215 - 03 Jan 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1513

Abstract

Rice is susceptible to cold stress at the seedling stage, which can delay growth and decrease yield. We evaluated 187 rice accessions for cold tolerance at the seedling stage and developed genotypic assays for three markers. All japonica (20/20) and 20/140 indica accessions [...] Read more.

Rice is susceptible to cold stress at the seedling stage, which can delay growth and decrease yield. We evaluated 187 rice accessions for cold tolerance at the seedling stage and developed genotypic assays for three markers. All japonica (20/20) and 20/140 indica accessions were highly cold tolerant. Two SNP markers specific for COLD1 and LOC_Os10g34840 were practical to use by normal agarose gel. The SNP marker specific for COLD1 was highly specific for predicting cold tolerance. However, the sensitivity of this marker was low as several cold-tolerant indica accessions lacked the cold-tolerant allele. The LOC_Os10g34840 marker was slightly more sensitive than the COLD1 marker for predicting highly cold-tolerant accessions. An insertion/deletion variant in the NAC6 gene was identified as a novel cold tolerance marker. The NAC6 marker predicted more highly cold-tolerant accessions compared with the other two markers. The SNP marker specific for LOC_Os10g34840 and the NAC6 marker were present in several tested subgroups, suggesting their wide effects and distribution. The three markers combined predicted the most highly cold-tolerant accessions, indicating that the marker combination is superior for applications such as marker-assisted breeding. The cold-tolerant accessions and the genotypic marker assays will be useful for future rice breeding. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Plant Response to Abiotic Stress and Climate Change)

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12 pages, 1229 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Chemical Profiling of Sea Fennel (Crithmum maritimum L., Apiaceae) Essential Oils and Their Isolation Residual Waste-Waters

by Olivera Politeo, Marijana Popović, Maja Veršić Bratinčević, Kristina Kovačević, Branimir Urlić and Ivana Generalić Mekinić

Plants 2023, 12(1), 214; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12010214 - 03 Jan 2023

Cited by 12 | Viewed by 2289

Abstract

Sea fennel (Crithmum maritimum L.) is a wild-growing halophyte used in cuisine, traditional medicine or cosmetic products for its beneficial nutritive value and pleasant sensory characteristics. This study aimed to investigate sea fennel essential oils (EOs) from different parts of the plant [...] Read more.

Sea fennel (Crithmum maritimum L.) is a wild-growing halophyte used in cuisine, traditional medicine or cosmetic products for its beneficial nutritive value and pleasant sensory characteristics. This study aimed to investigate sea fennel essential oils (EOs) from different parts of the plant (flowers, leaves and stems) and the corresponding hydrodistillation by-products (residual water) to validate their potential use and application in different industries. EOs were analyzed by gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC-MS), while the phenolic profile of the residual water was analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and spectrophotometric methods. The EO analysis confirmed the presence of 14 compounds, dominated by sabinene (from 42.55 to 51.47%) and limonene (from 36.28 to 43.58%), while among the 12 detected phenolics, chlorogenic acid and its isomers (cryptochlorogenic and neochlorogenic acid) were found in the highest concentrations. Total phenolic, flavonoid and tannin contents were concentrated in the order flowers > leaves > stems. Although the sea fennel samples showed differences in chemical profiles, overall they were rich in bioactive compounds with relatively high amounts of key compounds with already proved good biological properties, especially in waste-water, indicating great potential for re-use in accordance with green processing technology trends. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Phytochemistry)

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12 pages, 2373 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Socioeconomic Evaluation of Common Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) Cultivation in Providing Sustainable Livelihood to the Mountain Populations of Kashmir Himalayas

by Sidra Nasar, Hamayun Shaheen, Ghulam Murtaza, Tan Tinghong, Muhammad Arfan and Muhammad Idrees

Plants 2023, 12(1), 213; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12010213 - 03 Jan 2023

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 4838

Abstract

Phaseolus vulgaris L. is the major pulse cultivated and culturally inculcated in the food habits of the locals in the Himalayan mountainous region of Azad Jammu and Kashmir (AJK), Pakistan. The current study was designed to investigate the role of P. vulgaris cultivation [...] Read more.

Phaseolus vulgaris L. is the major pulse cultivated and culturally inculcated in the food habits of the locals in the Himalayan mountainous region of Azad Jammu and Kashmir (AJK), Pakistan. The current study was designed to investigate the role of P. vulgaris cultivation in providing livelihood support and to evaluate its production and consumption patterns correlated with the household variables in the state of AJK. The socio-economic data was collected from nine bean cultivated areas in six districts of AJK. The data was acquired by administrating a total of 522 detailed semi structured questionnaires from a diverse array of the respondents following the snowball technique focusing on yield, consumption, revenue generation and livelihood support provided by bean cultivation. The results revealed that common bean cultivation provided significant livelihood support to the local mountainous populations with an average annual income of 50.80 $/family. Subsequently, bean production contributed an average annual per capita income of 6.81 $ in the area, which was attributed to the large family size. Local populations showed an average bean production of 33.93 kg/family, whereas the average annual bean consumption was recorded as 31.99 kg/family in the region. Bean crops were recorded to have an average price of $1.49/kg, with significant variations in the study area correlated with local yield. A data analysis indicated a strong correlation in bean production and consumption patterns. Common bean farmers had a very small farm size, averaging 0.24 ha, where 100% of farmers cultivated common beans as an intercrop with Maize as the primary crop. A Pearson’s test (p value < 0.05) revealed significant correlations between land holding and bean production as well as consumption, and bean production with annual per capita income. Small farm size, declining soil fertility, low bean pricing and the unavailability of market mechanisms were identified as the major challenges faced by the common bean farmers. It is recommended to employ an integrated bean farming approach to enhance the economic impact of common bean cultivation in the socioeconomic appraisal of the local populations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Breeding and Cultivation Management of Legumes)

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Graphical abstract

16 pages, 2107 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Interaction of Fungicide and Nitrogen for Aboveground Biomass from Flag Leaf Emergence and Grain Yield Generation under Tan Spot Infection in Wheat

by Matías Schierenbeck, María Constanza Fleitas and María Rosa Simón

Plants 2023, 12(1), 212; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12010212 - 03 Jan 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1441

Abstract

Pyrenophora tritici-repentis (Died.) Drechs., the causal agent of tan spot, is one of the most serious biotic diseases affecting wheat worldwide (Triticum aestivum L.). Studying the interaction between different fungicide mixtures and nitrogen (N) rates under tan spot outbreaks is of key [...] Read more.

Pyrenophora tritici-repentis (Died.) Drechs., the causal agent of tan spot, is one of the most serious biotic diseases affecting wheat worldwide (Triticum aestivum L.). Studying the interaction between different fungicide mixtures and nitrogen (N) rates under tan spot outbreaks is of key importance for reducing aboveground biomass and grain yield losses. Taking this into account, our study took a mechanistic approach to estimating the combined effect of different fungicides and N fertilization schemes on the severity of tan spot, green leaf area index, SPAD index, aboveground biomass dynamics, and yield in a wheat crop affected at the reproductive stage. Our results indicated that reductions in green leaf area, healthy area duration (HAD), and the chlorophyll concentration (SPAD index) due to increases in the percentage of damage led to decreases in biomass production (−19.2%) and grain yield (−48.1%). Fungicides containing triazole + strobilurin + carboxamides (TSC) or triazole + strobilurin (TS) combined with high N doses showed the most efficient disease control. The positive physiological effects of TSC fungicides, such as extending the green leaf area, are probably responsible for the greater production of aboveground biomass (+29.3%), as well as the positive effects on grain yield (+15.8%) with respect to TS. Both fungicide treatments increased grains per spike, kernel weight, spikes m⁻², grains m⁻²_, and grain yield. The increase in biomass in the TSC tended to cause slighter non-significant increases in grains per spike, 1000-kernel weight and grain yield compared with TS. The linear regression revealed positive associations among the extension of HAD and biomass (+5.88 g.m⁻².HAD⁻¹.day⁻¹), grain yield (+38 kg.ha.HAD⁻¹.day⁻¹), and grain number (100.7 grains m².HAD⁻¹.day⁻¹), explained by the interactions of high N doses and fungicides. Our study is the first report of the positive effect of TSC fungicides with high N doses on grain yield related-traits under tan spot infections in wheat. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Cereal Fungal Diseases: Etiology, Breeding, and Integrated Management II)

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11 pages, 525 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effect of Zinc Excess in Substrate on Physiological Responses of Sinapis alba L.

by Natalia Repkina, Irina Nilova and Natalia Kaznina

Plants 2023, 12(1), 211; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12010211 - 03 Jan 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1156

Abstract

Zinc (Zn) is a fundamental micronutrient for plants’ metabolism, but in high concentrations, it is toxic. In this study, we investigated the physiological response of white mustard (Sinapis alba L. cv. Belgia) plants to the Zn excess concentrations (50, 100, and 150 [...] Read more.

Zinc (Zn) is a fundamental micronutrient for plants’ metabolism, but in high concentrations, it is toxic. In this study, we investigated the physiological response of white mustard (Sinapis alba L. cv. Belgia) plants to the Zn excess concentrations (50, 100, and 150 mg kg⁻¹) in the substrate. The results showed that sand Zn concentration of 50 mg kg⁻¹ did not affect the physiological parameters of plants, despite to the high Zn accumulation in shoots. The growth, biomass accumulation, photosynthesis rate, and pigment amount were inhibited at Zn concentrations of 100 and 150 mg kg⁻¹ in substrate. A slight increase in malondialdehyde (MDA) was also observed at zinc concentrations (100 and 150 mg kg⁻¹) without changes in membrane permeability, which is partly connectedtoan increase in the proline content. The results suggested that white mustard tolerates Zn excess impact. S. alba is able to grow on Zn-contaminated substrates along with significant Zn accumulation in shoots, which supports its high potential for phytoremediation of Zn-polluted agricultural soils. It is also possible to propose the following recycling of white mustard plants for Zn fortification feedstuff. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Plant Response to Abiotic Stress and Climate Change)

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17 pages, 2842 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Comparative Transcriptome Analysis of Tolerant and Sensitive Genotypes of Common Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) in Response to Terminal Drought Stress

by Mayavan Subramani, Carlos A. Urrea, Rasheed Habib, Ketaki Bhide, Jyothi Thimmapuram and Venu Kalavacharla

Plants 2023, 12(1), 210; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12010210 - 03 Jan 2023

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2707

Abstract

We conducted a genome-wide transcriptomic analysis of three drought tolerant and sensitive genotypes of common bean to examine their transcriptional responses to terminal drought stress. We then conducted pairwise comparisons between the root and leaf transcriptomes from the resulting tissue based on combined [...] Read more.

We conducted a genome-wide transcriptomic analysis of three drought tolerant and sensitive genotypes of common bean to examine their transcriptional responses to terminal drought stress. We then conducted pairwise comparisons between the root and leaf transcriptomes from the resulting tissue based on combined transcriptomic data from the tolerant and sensitive genotypes. Our transcriptomic data revealed that 491 (6.4%) DEGs (differentially expressed genes) were upregulated in tolerant genotypes, whereas they were downregulated in sensitive genotypes; likewise, 396 (5.1%) DEGs upregulated in sensitive genotypes were downregulated in tolerant genotypes. Several transcription factors, heat shock proteins, and chaperones were identified in the study. Several DEGs in drought DB (data Base) overlapped between genotypes. The GO (gene ontology) terms for biological processes showed upregulation of DEGs in tolerant genotypes for sulfate and drug transmembrane transport when compared to sensitive genotypes. A GO term for cellular components enriched with upregulated DEGs for the apoplast in tolerant genotypes. These results substantiated the temporal pattern of root growth (elongation and initiation of root growth), and ABA-mediated drought response in tolerant genotypes. KEGG (kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes) analysis revealed an upregulation of MAPK (mitogen activated protein kinase) signaling pathways and plant hormone signaling pathways in tolerant genotypes. As a result of this study, it will be possible to uncover the molecular mechanisms of drought tolerance in response to terminal drought stress in the field. Further, genome-wide transcriptomic analysis of both tolerant and sensitive genotypes will assist us in identifying potential genes that may contribute to improving drought tolerance in the common bean. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Abiotic Stress of Crops: Molecular Genetics and Genomics)

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8 pages, 1068 KiB

Open AccessViewpoint

Cell Division and Meristem Dynamics in Fern Gametophytes

by Xiao Wu, Xing Liu, Shaoling Zhang and Yun Zhou

Plants 2023, 12(1), 209; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12010209 - 03 Jan 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1886

Abstract

One of the most important questions in all multicellular organisms is how to define and maintain different cell fates during continuous cell division and proliferation. Plant meristems provide a unique research system to address this fundamental question because meristems dynamically maintain themselves and [...] Read more.

One of the most important questions in all multicellular organisms is how to define and maintain different cell fates during continuous cell division and proliferation. Plant meristems provide a unique research system to address this fundamental question because meristems dynamically maintain themselves and sustain organogenesis through balancing cell division and cell differentiation. Different from the gametophytes of seed plants that depend on their sporophytes and lack meristems, the gametophytes of seed-free ferns develop different types of meristems (including apical cell-based meristems and multicellular apical and marginal meristems) to promote independent growth and proliferation during the sexual gametophyte phase. Recent studies combining confocal time-lapse imaging and computational image analysis reveal the cellular basis of the initiation and proliferation of different types of meristems in fern gametophytes, providing new insights into the evolution of meristems in land plants. In this review, we summarize the recent progress in understanding the cell growth dynamics in fern gametophytes and discuss both conserved and diversified mechanisms underlying meristem cell proliferation in seed-free vascular plants. Full article

(This article belongs to the Collection Feature Papers in Plant Physiology and Metabolism)

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20 pages, 3164 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Ammonium Uptake, Mediated by Ammonium Transporters, Mitigates Manganese Toxicity in Duckweed, Spirodela polyrhiza

by Olena Kishchenko, Anton Stepanenko, Tatsiana Straub, Yuzhen Zhou, Benjamin Neuhäuser and Nikolai Borisjuk

Plants 2023, 12(1), 208; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12010208 - 03 Jan 2023

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2120

Abstract

Nitrogen is an essential nutrient that affects all aspects of the growth, development and metabolic responses of plants. Here we investigated the influence of the two major sources of inorganic nitrogen, nitrate and ammonium, on the toxicity caused by excess of Mn in [...] Read more.

Nitrogen is an essential nutrient that affects all aspects of the growth, development and metabolic responses of plants. Here we investigated the influence of the two major sources of inorganic nitrogen, nitrate and ammonium, on the toxicity caused by excess of Mn in great duckweed, Spirodela polyrhiza. The revealed alleviating effect of ammonium on Mn-mediated toxicity, was complemented by detailed molecular, biochemical and evolutionary characterization of the species ammonium transporters (AMTs). Four genes encoding AMTs in S. polyrhiza, were classified as SpAMT1;1, SpAMT1;2, SpAMT1;3 and SpAMT2. Functional testing of the expressed proteins in yeast and Xenopus oocytes clearly demonstrated activity of SpAMT1;1 and SpAMT1;3 in transporting ammonium. Transcripts of all SpAMT genes were detected in duckweed fronds grown in cultivation medium, containing a physiological or 50-fold elevated concentration of Mn at the background of nitrogen or a mixture of nitrate and ammonium. Each gene demonstrated an individual expression pattern, revealed by RT-qPCR. Revealing the mitigating effect of ammonium uptake on manganese toxicity in aquatic duckweed S. polyrhiza, the study presents a comprehensive analysis of the transporters involved in the uptake of ammonium, shedding a new light on the interactions between the mechanisms of heavy metal toxicity and the regulation of the plant nitrogen metabolism. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Duckweed: Research Meets Applications)

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13 pages, 4455 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of Microplastic Contamination on the Aquatic Plant Lemna minuta (Least Duckweed)

by Simona Ceschin, Flaminia Mariani, Dario Di Lernia, Iole Venditti, Emanuele Pelella and Maria Adelaide Iannelli

Plants 2023, 12(1), 207; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12010207 - 03 Jan 2023

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 3784

Abstract

Microplastics are widely spread in aquatic environments. Although they are considered among the most alarming contaminants, toxic effects on organisms are unclear, particularly on freshwater plants. In this study, the duckweed Lemna minuta was grown on different concentrations (50, 100 mg/L) of poly(styrene-co-methyl [...] Read more.

Microplastics are widely spread in aquatic environments. Although they are considered among the most alarming contaminants, toxic effects on organisms are unclear, particularly on freshwater plants. In this study, the duckweed Lemna minuta was grown on different concentrations (50, 100 mg/L) of poly(styrene-co-methyl methacrylate) microplastics (MP) and exposure times (T0, T7, T14, T28 days). The phytotoxic effects of MP were investigated by analyzing several plant morphological and biochemical parameters (frond and root size, plant growth, chlorophyll, and malondialdehyde content). Observations by scanning electron microscope revealed MP adsorption on plant surfaces. Exposition to MP adversely affected plant growth and chlorophyll content with respect to both MP concentrations and exposure times. Conversely, malondialdehyde measurements did not indicate an alteration of oxidative lipid damage in plant tissue. The presence of MP induced root elongation when compared to the control plants. The effects of MP on L. minuta plants were more evident at T28. These results contribute to a better understanding of MP’s impact on aquatic plants and highlight that MP contamination manifests with chronic-type effects, which are thus detectable at longer exposure times of 7 days than those traditionally used in phytotoxicology tests on duckweeds. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Duckweed: Research Meets Applications)

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27 pages, 6289 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Phytoecdysteroids and Anabolic Effect of Atriplex dimorphostegia: UPLC-PDA-MS/MS Profiling, In Silico and In Vivo Models

by Eman Zaghloul, Heba Handousa, Abdel Nasser B. Singab, Mohey M. Elmazar, Iriny M. Ayoub and Noha Swilam

Plants 2023, 12(1), 206; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12010206 - 03 Jan 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1828

Abstract

Atriplex dimorphostegia (Saltbush) is an annual halophytic shrub that is widely distributed across various parts of Asia. The current study is the first to report the metabolites profile of the total ethanol extract of the aerial parts of A. dimorphostegia (TEAD), and its [...] Read more.

Atriplex dimorphostegia (Saltbush) is an annual halophytic shrub that is widely distributed across various parts of Asia. The current study is the first to report the metabolites profile of the total ethanol extract of the aerial parts of A. dimorphostegia (TEAD), and its anabolic activity together with the isolated 20-hydroxyecdysone (20-HE) in orchidectomized male rats. TEAD was analyzed and standardized utilizing UPLC-PDA-ESI–MS/MS and UPLC-PDA-UV techniques, resulting in tentative identification of fifty compounds including polyphenols, steroids and triterpenoids. In addition, 20-HE was quantified, representing 26.79 μg/mg of the extract. Phytochemical investigation of TEAD resulted in the isolation of 20-HE from the ethyl acetate fraction (EFAD) and was identified by conventional spectroscopic methods of analysis. Furthermore, the anabolic effect of the isolated 20-HE and TEAD was then evaluated using in silico and in vivo models. Molecular docking experiments revealed in vitro selectivity of 20-HE towards estrogen receptors (ERs), specifically ERβ over ERα and androgenic receptor (AR). The anabolic efficacy of TEAD and 20-HE was studied in orchidectomized immature male Wistar rats using the weight of gastrocnemius and soleus muscles. The weights of ventral prostate and seminal vesicles were used as indicators for androgenic activity. Rats administered 20-HE and TEAD showed a significant increase (p = 0.0006 and p < 0.0001) in the net muscle mass compared to the negative control, while the group receiving TEAD showed the highest percentage among all groups at p < 0.0001. Histopathological investigation of skeletal muscle fibers showed normal morphological structures, and the group administered 20-HE showed an increase in cross sectional area of muscle fibers comparable to methandienone and testosterone groups at p > 0.99. A. dimorphostegia exhibited promising anabolic activity with minimal androgenic side effects. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biological Activities and Constituents of Plant-Derived Natural Products and Their Application)

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21 pages, 3135 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Genetic and Pomological Determination of the Trueness-to-Type of Sweet Cherry Cultivars in the German National Fruit Genebank

by Stefanie Reim, Juliane Schiffler, Annette Braun-Lüllemann, Mirko Schuster, Henryk Flachowsky and Monika Höfer

Plants 2023, 12(1), 205; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12010205 - 03 Jan 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1764

Abstract

Genebank collections preserve many old cultivars with ancient breeding history. However, often, cultivars with synonymous or incorrect names are maintained in multiple collections. Therefore, pomological and genetic characterization is an essential prerequisite for confirming trueness-to-type of cultivars in gene bank collections. In our [...] Read more.

Genebank collections preserve many old cultivars with ancient breeding history. However, often, cultivars with synonymous or incorrect names are maintained in multiple collections. Therefore, pomological and genetic characterization is an essential prerequisite for confirming trueness-to-type of cultivars in gene bank collections. In our study, 1442 single sweet cherry (Prunus avium L.) trees of the German Fruit Genebank were evaluated according to their trueness-to-type. For this purpose, pomological analysis was performed, in which the accessions were assigned totheir historical cultivar names. The pomological identifications were based on several historical reference sources, such as fruit references from historical cherry cultivar and fruit-stone collections, as well as historical pomological literature sources. In addition, the cherry trees were genetically analyzed for cultivar identity using 16 SSR markers. Based on pomological characterization and genetic analysis for the majority of the trees (86%), cultivar authenticity could be confirmed. Most markers were highly discriminating and powerful for cultivar identification. The cherry collection showed a high degree of genetic diversity, with an expected heterozygosity He = 0.67. Generally, high genetic admixture between cultivars of different geographic origin and year of origin was obtained after STRUCTURE analysis, demonstrating the extensive exchange of genetic information between cherry cultivars in the collection over time. However, the phylogenetic tree calculated by DARwin reflected the geographic origin of selected cherry cultivars. After parentage analysis with CERVUS, paternity could not be confirmed for three cultivars, indicating the necessity of further pedigree analysis for these cultivars. The results of our study underlined the general importance of evaluating the authenticity of cultivars in genebank collections based on genetic and pomological characterization. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Harnessing Crop Diversity through Genetics, Genomics and Phenomics Approaches)

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10 pages, 1102 KiB

Open AccessPerspective

The Surprising Dynamics of Electrochemical Coupling at Membrane Sandwiches in Plants

by Ingo Dreyer, Fernando Vergara-Valladares, Franko Mérida-Quesada, María Eugenia Rubio-Meléndez, Naomí Hernández-Rojas, Janin Riedelsberger, Sadith Zobeida Astola-Mariscal, Charlotte Heitmüller, Mónica Yanez-Chávez, Oscar Arrey-Salas, Alex San Martín-Davison, Carlos Navarro-Retamal and Erwan Michard

Plants 2023, 12(1), 204; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12010204 - 03 Jan 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1676

Abstract

Transport processes across membranes play central roles in any biological system. They are essential for homeostasis, cell nutrition, and signaling. Fluxes across membranes are governed by fundamental thermodynamic rules and are influenced by electrical potentials and concentration gradients. Transmembrane transport processes have been [...] Read more.

Transport processes across membranes play central roles in any biological system. They are essential for homeostasis, cell nutrition, and signaling. Fluxes across membranes are governed by fundamental thermodynamic rules and are influenced by electrical potentials and concentration gradients. Transmembrane transport processes have been largely studied on single membranes. However, several important cellular or subcellular structures consist of two closely spaced membranes that form a membrane sandwich. Such a dual membrane structure results in remarkable properties for the transport processes that are not present in isolated membranes. At the core of membrane sandwich properties, a small intermembrane volume is responsible for efficient coupling between the transport systems at the two otherwise independent membranes. Here, we present the physicochemical principles of transport coupling at two adjacent membranes and illustrate this concept with three examples. In the supplementary material, we provide animated PowerPoint presentations that visualize the relationships. They could be used for teaching purposes, as has already been completed successfully at the University of Talca. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Plant Modeling)

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11 pages, 1387 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Secondary Metabolites from Aspergillus sparsus NBERC_28952 and Their Herbicidal Activities

by Zhaoyuan Wu, Fang Liu, Shaoyong Ke, Zhigang Zhang, Hongtao Hu, Wei Fang, Shaoyujia Xiao, Yani Zhang, Yueying Wang and Kaimei Wang

Plants 2023, 12(1), 203; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12010203 - 03 Jan 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1531

Abstract

Fungi have been used in the production of a wide range of biologically active metabolites, including potent herbicides. In the search for pesticides of natural origin, Aspergillus sparsus NBERC_28952, a fungal strain with herbicidal activity, was obtained. Chemical study of secondary metabolites from [...] Read more.

Fungi have been used in the production of a wide range of biologically active metabolites, including potent herbicides. In the search for pesticides of natural origin, Aspergillus sparsus NBERC_28952, a fungal strain with herbicidal activity, was obtained. Chemical study of secondary metabolites from NBERC_28952 resulted in the isolation of three new asperugin analogues, named Aspersparin A–C (2–4), and a new azaphilone derivative, named Aspersparin D (5), together with two known compounds, Asperugin B (1) and sydonic acid (6). The structures of these compounds were elucidated based on extensive spectroscopic data and single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. All of the isolated compounds were evaluated for their herbicidal activities on seedlings of Echinochloa crusgalli and Amaranthus retroflexus through Petri dish bioassays. Among them, compounds 5 and 6 exhibited moderate inhibitory activities against the growth of the roots and shoots of E. crusgalli seedlings in a dose-dependent manner, while 6 showed obvious inhibitory effect on seedlings of A. retroflexus, with an inhibitory rate of 78.34% at a concentration of 200 μg/mL. These herbicidal metabolites represent a new source of compounds to control weeds. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bioherbicide Development for Weed Control)

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19 pages, 4461 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Changes in the Composition of Biologically Active Compounds during the Ripening Period in Fruit of Different Large Cranberry (Vaccinium macrocarpon Aiton) Cultivars Grown in the Lithuanian Collection

by Rima Šedbarė, Izolda Pašakinskienė and Valdimaras Janulis

Plants 2023, 12(1), 202; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12010202 - 03 Jan 2023

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1761

Abstract

In our investigation, we evaluated the content of chlorogenic acid, proanthocyanidins, anthocyanins, flavonols, triterpenoids, and phytosterols in cranberry fruit extracts of the cultivars ‘Baifay’, ‘Early Black’, ‘Howes’, ‘Pilgrim’, ‘Red Star’, and ‘Stevens’ grown in Lithuania, as well as changes in the antioxidant activity [...] Read more.

In our investigation, we evaluated the content of chlorogenic acid, proanthocyanidins, anthocyanins, flavonols, triterpenoids, and phytosterols in cranberry fruit extracts of the cultivars ‘Baifay’, ‘Early Black’, ‘Howes’, ‘Pilgrim’, ‘Red Star’, and ‘Stevens’ grown in Lithuania, as well as changes in the antioxidant activity in extracts of fruit samples of these cultivars during the period of berry maturation. The highest amount of proanthocyanidins (8.87 ± 0.57 mg EE/g EE) and flavonols (3688.52 ± 22.85 µg/g) was determined in cranberries of the cultivar ‘Howes’ harvested on 12 August. Remarkably, the highest anthocyanins content (9628.62 ± 266 µg/g) was determined in cranberries of the cultivar ‘Howes’ harvested on 22 October. The study showed that the content of phytochemical compounds in cranberries varied between 12 August and 22 October; the content of proanthocyanidins decreased by a factor of about 2, the content of chlorogenic acid decreased by a factor of about 1.3, the content of flavonols decreased by a factor of about 2, and the content of anthocyanins increased by 27 to 450 times. A strong correlation was found between the total proanthocyanidin content of cranberry fruit extracts and their in vitro antiradical and reducing activity (r = 0.781 and 0.726, respectively, p < 0.001). The data of our study detail the accumulation of the phytochemical composition of biologically active compounds in cranberry samples during the stages of maturity, therefore these data are significant for the assessment of harvest time of cranberry and can be applied to select cranberry cultivars for further cultivation in Lithuanian climatic conditions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Natural Resources of Berry and Medicinal Plants Volume II)

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11 pages, 2374 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Grafting Causes Physiological Changes and Promotes Adventitious Root Formation in Rejuvenated Soft Shoots of Taxodium hybrid ‘Zhongshanshan’

by Zhiquan Wang, Qin Shi, Peipei Chen, Feng Sun, David Creech, Zhiguo Lu, Yunlong Yin and Chaoguang Yu

Plants 2023, 12(1), 201; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12010201 - 03 Jan 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1226

Abstract

Taxodium hybrid ‘Zhongshanshan’ has been widely used as a timber tree in river network areas and coastal regions and is mainly propagated by cuttings. However, when trees age, their capacity to form adventitious roots becomes weaker. We successfully enhanced the rooting ability of [...] Read more.

Taxodium hybrid ‘Zhongshanshan’ has been widely used as a timber tree in river network areas and coastal regions and is mainly propagated by cuttings. However, when trees age, their capacity to form adventitious roots becomes weaker. We successfully enhanced the rooting ability of shoots in T. hybrid ‘Zhongshanshan 302’ by their rejuvenation based on grafting. We recorded temporal variation in endogenous auxin, abscisic acid (ABA), gibberellins (GAs), trans-zeatin-riboside (TZR), soluble sugar and H₂O₂ after root induction. Auxin, soluble sugars and H₂O₂ levels were higher in rejuvenated shoots than in mature shoots, whereas the opposite was true for ABA and GAs. Notably, indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) and GA3 presented higher contents with more obvious differences in T. hybrid ‘Zhongshanshan 302’ rejuvenated shoots vs. mature shoots compared with other kinds of auxin and GAs. The evident improvement in the rooting ability of rejuvenated shoots after grafting likely resulted from the differential regulation of plant hormones, carbohydrates and redox signaling. In addition to the physiological basis of improved rooting ability by grafting, this study provided a theoretical basis for the optimization of subsequent propagation techniques in T. hybrid ‘Zhongshanshan’ and potentially other Taxodium spp. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Developmental and Environmental Control of Adventitious Root Formation in Cuttings: Towards Understanding of Underlying Principles)

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22 pages, 9418 KiB

Open AccessArticle

High-Performance Plant Pest and Disease Detection Based on Model Ensemble with Inception Module and Cluster Algorithm

by Manzhou Li, Siyu Cheng, Jingyi Cui, Changxiang Li, Zeyu Li, Chang Zhou and Chunli Lv

Plants 2023, 12(1), 200; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12010200 - 03 Jan 2023

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 3925

Abstract

Protecting crop yields is the most important aspect of agricultural production, and one of the important measures in preserving yields is the control of crop pests and diseases; therefore, the identification of crop pests and diseases is of irreplaceable importance. In recent years, [...] Read more.

Protecting crop yields is the most important aspect of agricultural production, and one of the important measures in preserving yields is the control of crop pests and diseases; therefore, the identification of crop pests and diseases is of irreplaceable importance. In recent years, with the maturity of computer vision technology, more possibilities have been provided for implementing plant disease detection. However, although deep learning methods are widely used in various computer vision tasks, there are still limitations and obstacles in practical applications. Traditional deep learning-based algorithms have some drawbacks in this research area: (1) Recognition accuracy and computational speed cannot be combined. (2) Different pest and disease features interfere with each other and reduce the accuracy of pest and disease diagnosis. (3) Most of the existing researches focus on the recognition efficiency and ignore the inference efficiency, which limits the practical production application. In this study, an integrated model integrating single-stage and two-stage target detection networks is proposed. The single-stage network is based on the YOLO network, and its internal structure is optimized; the two-stage network is based on the Faster-RCNN, and the target frame size is first clustered using a clustering algorithm in the candidate frame generation stage to improve the detection of small targets. Afterwards, the two models are integrated to perform the inference task. For training, we use transfer learning to improve the model training speed. Finally, among the 37 pests and 8 diseases detected, this model achieves 85.2% mAP, which is much higher than other comparative models. After that, we optimize the model for the poor detection categories and verify the generalization performance on open source datasets. In addition, in order to quickly apply this method to real-world scenarios, we developed an application embedded in this model for the mobile platform and put the model into practical agricultural use. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Plant Modeling)

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18 pages, 3725 KiB

Open AccessArticle

First Report of Clonostachys rosea as a Mycoparasite on Sclerotinia sclerotiorum Causing Head Rot of Cabbage in India

by Ruppavalli M. Venkatesan, Karthikeyan Muthusamy, Johnson Iruthayasamy, Balakrishnan Prithiviraj, Parthiban V. Kumaresan, Pugalendhi Lakshmanan and Irene Vethamoni Perianadar

Plants 2023, 12(1), 199; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12010199 - 03 Jan 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2510

Abstract

Clonostachys rosea, an ascomycetous, omnipresent, cellulose-decaying soil fungus, has been reported to be a well-known mycoparasitic biological control agent. In this study, we isolated C. rosea, a mycoparasitic fungus for the first time in India from sclerotia of the notorious plant [...] Read more.

Clonostachys rosea, an ascomycetous, omnipresent, cellulose-decaying soil fungus, has been reported to be a well-known mycoparasitic biological control agent. In this study, we isolated C. rosea, a mycoparasitic fungus for the first time in India from sclerotia of the notorious plant pathogen Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, causing head rot disease in cabbage. A total of five mycoparasitic fungi were isolated from the sclerotial bodies of S. sclerotiorum (TNAU-CR 01, 02, 03, 04 and 05). All the isolates were tested under morpho-molecular characterization. Among them, TNAU-CR 02 showed the greatest mycelial inhibition of 79.63% over the control. Similarly, the SEM imaging of effective C. rosea isolates indicated the presence of numerous conidia destroying the outer cortex layers of sclerotia. Metabolite fingerprinting of C. rosea TNAU-CR 02 identified 18 chemical compounds using GC-MS analysis. The crude antibiotics of C. rosea TNAU-CR 02 were verified for their antifungal activity against S. sclerotiorum and the results revealed 97.17% mycelial inhibition compared with the control. Similarly, foliar application of TNAU-CR 02 at 5 mL/litre on 30, 45 and 60 days after transplanting showed the lowest disease incidence of 15.1 PDI compared to the control. This discovery expands our understanding of the biology and the dissemination of C. rosea, providing a way for the exploitation of C. rosea against cabbage head rot pathogens. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fungus and Plant Interactions)

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15 pages, 2501 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Anaerobic Degradation of the Invasive Weed Solidago canadensis L. (goldenrod) and Copper Immobilization by a Community of Sulfate-Reducing and Methane-Producing Bacteria

by Olesia Havryliuk, Vira Hovorukha, Iryna Bida, Galyna Gladka, Artem Tymoshenko, Semen Kyrylov, Ruslan Mariychuk and Oleksandr Tashyrev

Plants 2023, 12(1), 198; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12010198 - 03 Jan 2023

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 1784

Abstract

The weed Solidago canadensis L. poses a global threat to the environment as it spreads uncontrollably on roadsides, in forests, fields, meadows, and farmland. Goldenrod emits toxic substances that suppress other plants on the site, displacing wild ones. Thus, goldenrod conquers huge areas [...] Read more.

The weed Solidago canadensis L. poses a global threat to the environment as it spreads uncontrollably on roadsides, in forests, fields, meadows, and farmland. Goldenrod emits toxic substances that suppress other plants on the site, displacing wild ones. Thus, goldenrod conquers huge areas very quickly. The use of herbicides and mechanical methods does not solve the problem of the spontaneous spread of goldenrod. On the other hand, many scientists consider goldenrod as a valuable source of biologically active substances: flavonoids, phenolic compounds, vitamins, etc. In this study, we consider Solidago plants as a promising, free (cheap), and renewable substrate for the production of methane gas. The goal of the study was to identify the main patterns of degradation of the Solidago canadensis L. plant by methane-producing and sulfate-reducing bacteria with methane gas production and simultaneous detoxification of toxic copper. The composition of the gas phase was monitored by gas chromatography. The pH and redox potential parameters were determined potentiometrically; metal concentrations were measured by photometry. The concentration of flavonoids, sugars and phenolic compounds in plant biomass was determined according to well-known protocols. As a result of the study, high efficiencies of methane degradation in the Solidago plant and copper detoxification were obtained. Methane yield has reached the value of 68.2 L kg⁻¹ TS of Solidago canadensis L. biomass. The degradation coefficient (K_d) was also high at 21.4. The Cu(II) was effectively immobilized by methanogens and sulfate reducers during the goldenrod degradation at the initial concentrations of 500 mg L⁻¹. Thus, a new method of beneficial application of invasive plants was presented. The result confirms the possibility of using methanogenic microorganisms to produce methane gas from invasive weeds and detoxification of toxic metals. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Phytomanagement)

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9 pages, 780 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Sicilian Populations of Capparis spinosa L. and Capparis orientalis Duhamel as Source of the Bioactive Flavonol Quercetin

by Francesco Sgadari, Antonietta Cerulli, Rosario Schicchi, Natale Badalamenti, Maurizio Bruno and Sonia Piacente

Plants 2023, 12(1), 197; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12010197 - 03 Jan 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1441

Abstract

The genus Capparis is a taxon of difficult delimitation that has several species and ecotypes due to its wide heterogeneity, its extreme phenotypic diversity, and the presence of intermediate forms linked to hybridization phenomena. The Sicilian territory hosts numerous wild and cultivated populations [...] Read more.

The genus Capparis is a taxon of difficult delimitation that has several species and ecotypes due to its wide heterogeneity, its extreme phenotypic diversity, and the presence of intermediate forms linked to hybridization phenomena. The Sicilian territory hosts numerous wild and cultivated populations of two spp. Capparis spinosa L. and Capparis orientalis Duhamel, which are ecologically and morphologically distinct. The caper has considerable interest and economic value for its medicinal properties, culinary uses, and cultivation characteristics. It is one of the foods with the highest quercetin content. Quercetin is a flavonol with antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and immunostimulant properties. Recently, patents and clinical studies have highlighted the inhibitory effect of this compound against several SARS-CoV-2 enzymes (MPro, PLPro, and RdRp). Therefore, the aim of this study was to quantify the amount of quercetin in C. spinosa and C. orientalis by LC-ESI/QTrap/MS/MS and to correlate it with the pedoclimatic features. The results obtained showed that quercetin is more abundant in C. orientalis than in C. spinosa. The highest values of quercetin were recorded in C. orientalis flowers, leaves, and flower buttons of volcanic islands with southwest and east warm exposures. In conclusion, the data acquired can provide a good basis for further scientific investigations to support the identification of possible ecotypes as a source of quercetin for food or pharmaceutical purposes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Natural Compounds in Plants and Their Anti-inflammatory Activity II)

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20 pages, 2152 KiB

Open AccessReview

The Potential of Rhizobacteria to Mitigate Abiotic Stress in Lessertia frutescens

by Mokgadi M. Hlongwane, Mustapha Mohammed, Ntebogeng S. Mokgalaka and Felix D. Dakora

Plants 2023, 12(1), 196; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12010196 - 03 Jan 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1779

Abstract

Lessertia frutescens is a multipurpose medicinal plant indigenous to South Africa. The curative ability of the medicinal plant is attributed to its rich phytochemical composition, including amino acids, triterpenoids, and flavonoids. A literature review of some of the phytochemical compounds, particularly amino acids, [...] Read more.

Lessertia frutescens is a multipurpose medicinal plant indigenous to South Africa. The curative ability of the medicinal plant is attributed to its rich phytochemical composition, including amino acids, triterpenoids, and flavonoids. A literature review of some of the phytochemical compounds, particularly amino acids, in L. frutescens shows a steady decrease in concentration over the years. The reduction of the phytochemical compounds and diminishing biological activities may be attributed to drought and salt stress, which South Africa has been grappling with over the years. Canavanine, a phytochemical which is associated with the anticancer activity of L. frutescens, reduced slightly when the plant was subjected to salt stress. Like other legumes, L. frutescens forms a symbiotic relationship with plant-growth-promoting rhizobacteria, which facilitate plant growth and development. Studies employing commercial plant-growth-promoting rhizobacteria to enhance growth and biological activities in L. frutescens have been successfully carried out. Furthermore, alleviation of drought and salt stress in medicinal plants through inoculation with plant growth-promoting-rhizobacteria is well documented and effective. Therefore, this review seeks to highlight the potential of plant-growth-promoting rhizobacteria to alleviate the effect of salt and drought in Lessertia frutescens. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Abiotic Stress Tolerance in Crop and Medical Plants Volume II)

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8 pages, 753 KiB

Open AccessCommunication

Molecular Characterization of Three Apple Geminivirus Isolates in Crabapples Detected in Inner Mongolia, China

by Ping-Ping Sun, Lei Zhang, Xiao-Zhao Xu, Mo Zhu, Bin Zhang and Zheng-Nan Li

Plants 2023, 12(1), 195; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12010195 - 03 Jan 2023

Viewed by 1419

Abstract

Apple geminivirus 1 (AGV) in the genus Maldovirus of the family Geminiviridae was first identified infecting apple trees in the year 2015 in China. In this work, we characterized three isolates of the AGV in the Chinese pearleaf crabapple (Malus asiatica) in [...] Read more.

Apple geminivirus 1 (AGV) in the genus Maldovirus of the family Geminiviridae was first identified infecting apple trees in the year 2015 in China. In this work, we characterized three isolates of the AGV in the Chinese pearleaf crabapple (Malus asiatica) in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region. The viruses were detected by Illumina sequencing and its existence was confirmed by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) amplification of an AGV fragment. Between the three AGV isolates and the initially characterized AGV isolate PL2015, the nucleotide sequence identities of the complete genome ranged from 91.2 to 91.7%, of the coat protein gene (V1) ranged from 95.4% to 97.3%, and of the replicase gene (C1) ranged from 87.3% to 88.0%. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that the three isolates formed a monophyletic group together with the AGV, separated from the current genera in the family Geminiviridae. This is the first description of the AGV infecting crabapples. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Plant Virus Disease Control)

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19 pages, 2101 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Transgressive Biochemical Response to Water Stress in Interspecific Eggplant Hybrids

by Sara González-Orenga, Mariola Plazas, Elvira Ribera, Claudia Pallotti, Monica Boscaiu, Jaime Prohens, Oscar Vicente and Ana Fita

Plants 2023, 12(1), 194; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12010194 - 03 Jan 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1588

Abstract

In a climate change scenario, crop tolerance to drought must be urgently improved, as it represents an increasingly critical stress reducing agricultural yields worldwide. Although most crops are relatively sensitive to water stress, many of their wild relatives are more tolerant and may [...] Read more.

In a climate change scenario, crop tolerance to drought must be urgently improved, as it represents an increasingly critical stress reducing agricultural yields worldwide. Although most crops are relatively sensitive to water stress, many of their wild relatives are more tolerant and may be used to improve drought tolerance in our crops. In this study, the response to drought of eggplant (Solanum melongena), its close wild relatives S. insanum and S. incanum and their interspecific hybrids with S. melongena was assessed. The plants were subjected to two treatments for 18 days: control, with irrigation every four days, and drought, with complete interruption of irrigation. Morphological and biomass traits were measured, and physiological and biochemical responses were analysed using stress biomarkers such as proline, flavonoids, and total phenolic compounds. Oxidative stress was quantified by measuring malondialdehyde (MDA) content. As a result of the drought treatment, plant development and tissue water content were seriously affected. Generally, water deficit also caused significant increases in MDA, proline, flavonoids, and total phenolics compounds. Our results comparing parental accessions reveal a better response to drought in one of the S. insanum accessions. The hybrid between S. melongena and S. incanum displayed a better response than the other hybrids and even its parents. The results obtained here might be helpful for future eggplant breeding programmes aimed at improving drought tolerance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Physiological and Biochemical Adjustments in Response to Abiotic Stressors Associated with Climate Change)

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10 pages, 1549 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Cannabigerol Activates Cytoskeletal Remodeling via Wnt/PCP in NSC-34: An In Vitro Transcriptional Study

by Ivan Anchesi, Federica Betto, Luigi Chiricosta, Agnese Gugliandolo, Federica Pollastro, Stefano Salamone and Emanuela Mazzon

Plants 2023, 12(1), 193; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12010193 - 03 Jan 2023

Viewed by 1986

Abstract

Cannabigerol (CBG) is a non-psychoactive phytocannabinoid present in the Cannabis sativa L. plant. In our study, CBG at the concentration of 10 µM was used to treat NSC-34 motor neuron-like cells. The aim of the study was to evaluate the effects of CBG [...] Read more.

Cannabigerol (CBG) is a non-psychoactive phytocannabinoid present in the Cannabis sativa L. plant. In our study, CBG at the concentration of 10 µM was used to treat NSC-34 motor neuron-like cells. The aim of the study was to evaluate the effects of CBG on NSC-34 cells, using next-generation sequencing (NGS) technology. Analysis showed the activation of the WNT/planar cell polarity (PCP) pathway and Ephrin-Eph signaling. The results revealed that CBG increases the expression of genes associated with the onset process of cytoskeletal remodeling and axon guidance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Studies on Cannabis sativa and Cannabinoids)

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12 pages, 1073 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Triterpene Derivatives from Garcinia oligantha and Their Anti-Cancer Activity

by Xiaohui Peng, Chao Wang, Yonglian Hou, Jiamei Tian, Xiaojie Fan, Dahong Li and Huiming Hua

Plants 2023, 12(1), 192; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12010192 - 03 Jan 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1633

Abstract

Phytochemical investigations of leaves and twigs from Garcinia oligantha Merr. resulted in the isolation of five undescribed triterpene derivatives (1–5) and six known analogs (6–11). Their structures were determined based on extensive spectroscopic data and [...] Read more.

Phytochemical investigations of leaves and twigs from Garcinia oligantha Merr. resulted in the isolation of five undescribed triterpene derivatives (1–5) and six known analogs (6–11). Their structures were determined based on extensive spectroscopic data and high-resolution mass spectra analyses. Compounds 1–11 were tested for their in vitro cytotoxicity against three human cancer cell lines (HeLa, HepG-2, and MCF-7). Compounds 1, 2, 8, and 11 exhibited broad and significant cytotoxicity against the tested cell lines with IC₅₀ values ranging from 5.04 to 21.55 μM. Compounds 5 and 9 showed cytotoxicity against HeLa and MCF-7 with IC₅₀ values ranging from 13.22 to 19.62 μM. The preliminary structure–activity relationship for the 11 isolated compounds is also discussed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Identification and Analysis of Bioactive Components from Plants)

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Plants, Volume 12, Issue 1 (January-1 2023) – 221 articles

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