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Dietary Nutrient Intake and Sleep
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Dietary Nutrient Intake and Sleep

A topical collection in Nutrients (ISSN 2072-6643). This collection belongs to the section "Nutrition and Public Health".

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Editor

Prof. Dr. Georgia Trakada

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Division of Pulmonology, Department of Clinical Therapeutics, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Alexandra Hospital, 115 28 Athens, Greece
Interests: sleep medicine; sleep apnea; obesity; sleep–wake schedules; sleepiness; insomnia
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Topical Collection Information

Dear Colleagues,

Current evidence suggests a bidirectional relationship between diet and sleep quality and quantity.

Sleep is regulated by circadian clocks, sleep–wake homeostasis, and working or social norms. Circadian and ultradian patterns also regulate food intake; however, the meal time, size, and composition are primarily a part of a daily routine, related to individual habits and social norms.

Specific dietary components (macronutrients, micronutrients, and whole foods), different diets (Mediterranean, vegetarian, and vegan), or different meal times (meals near bedtime and Ramadan) could influence sleep in terms of the duration, quality, and sleep–wake schedules.

In this Special Issue, we welcome studies concerning the impact of diet on sleep and vice versa, as a better understanding of possible interactions between them could improve both public health and clinical practice.

Dr. Georgia Trakada
Guest Editor

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Keywords

  • sleep quality
  • sleep duration
  • sleep–wake cycle
  • diet
  • Mediterranean
  • vegetarian
  • vegan
  • meal time

Published Papers (8 papers)

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2023

Jump to: 2022

11 pages, 897 KiB  
Article
The Influence of CPAP Therapy on Basal Metabolic Rate and Physical Activity in Obese Patients with Obstructive Sleep Apnea
by Dimitra Siopi and Paschalis Steiropoulos
Nutrients 2023, 15(20), 4446; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15204446 - 20 Oct 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1407
Abstract
Background: Energy balance in Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA), a disease closely related to obesity, is disturbed, and physical activity levels are impaired. The role of Continuous Positive Airway Pressure treatment (CPAP) in alleviating the disruptions mentioned above is questioned. The objective of this [...] Read more.
Background: Energy balance in Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA), a disease closely related to obesity, is disturbed, and physical activity levels are impaired. The role of Continuous Positive Airway Pressure treatment (CPAP) in alleviating the disruptions mentioned above is questioned. The objective of this study is to explore changes in energy expenditure (EE) and physical activity (PA) in obese patients with OSA after CPAP treatment. Methods: An assessment of Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR) via indirect calorimetry (IC) was performed on 24 obese patients (male in the majority (87.5%), mean age of 52.4 ± 9.8 years), newly diagnosed with moderate–severe OSA by polysomnography, at 4-time points: at baseline, at CPAP titration, at the 1-month and the 3-month follow up. Physical activity levels were subjectively estimated using the International Questionnaire of Physical Activity (IPAQ) before and after 3 months of adherent CPAP application. Results: BMR significantly decreased after CPAP treatment (1926 ± 537.8 kcal/d at baseline, 1790 ± 493.7 kcal/d at CPAP initiation, 1680.3 ± 600.8 kcal/d at 1 month, and 1581.3 ± 478.9 kcal/d at 3 months follow up (p < 0.001)). No significant changes in IPAQ were observed over time: baseline median IPAQ: 3894 (1487.5–11,755.5) total MET·min·wk−1, 3-month median IPAQ: 3900 (1512–11,824.5) total MET·min·wk−1. Conclusions: CPAP has an appreciable time effect on the BMR of obese patients with moderate–severe OSA. However, this change is not accompanied by a significant increase in physical activity levels. Full article
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2 pages, 182 KiB  
Editorial
Dietary Nutrient Intake and Sleep
by Georgia Trakada
Nutrients 2023, 15(10), 2276; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15102276 - 11 May 2023
Viewed by 1346
Abstract
Various hormones and neuropeptides implicated in energy metabolism also regulate sleep cycles and wakefulness and promote adequate and restorative sleep [...] Full article
17 pages, 323 KiB  
Article
Time in Bed, Sleeping Difficulties, and Nutrition in Pregnant New Zealand Women
by Barry William McDonald and Patricia Ellyett Watson
Nutrients 2023, 15(5), 1130; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15051130 - 23 Feb 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1918
Abstract
We consider the relationship between time in bed (TIB) and sleeping difficulties with demographic variables and nutrient intakes in the second (T2) and third (T3) trimester of pregnancy. Data were acquired from a volunteer sample of New Zealand pregnant women. In T2 and [...] Read more.
We consider the relationship between time in bed (TIB) and sleeping difficulties with demographic variables and nutrient intakes in the second (T2) and third (T3) trimester of pregnancy. Data were acquired from a volunteer sample of New Zealand pregnant women. In T2 and T3, questionnaires were administered, diets were obtained from one 24 h recall and three weighed food records, and physical activity was measured with the use of three 24 h diaries. In total, 370 women had complete information in T2 and 310 in T3. In both trimesters, TIB was associated with welfare or disability status, marital status and age. In T2, TIB was associated with work, childcare, education and pre-pregnancy alcohol consumption. There were fewer significant lifestyle covariates in T3. In both trimesters, TIB declined with increasing dietary intake, especially water, protein, biotin, potassium, magnesium, calcium, phosphorus and manganese. Adjusted for weight of dietary intake and welfare/disability, TIB declined with increasing nutrient density of B vitamins, saturated fats, potassium, fructose and lactose; and TIB increased with carbohydrate, sucrose and vitamin E. Subjective sleeping difficulties increased with the week of gestation, morning sickness severity, anxiety, dairy and saturated fat intake, and they decreased with fruit, vegetable and monounsaturated fat intake. The study highlights the changing influence of covariates throughout the pregnancy and corroborates several published findings on the relationship of diet and sleep. Full article

2022

Jump to: 2023

14 pages, 1298 KiB  
Article
Isocaloric Diets with Different Protein-Carbohydrate Ratios: The Effect on Sleep, Melatonin Secretion and Subsequent Nutritional Response in Healthy Young Men
by Oussama Saidi, Emmanuelle Rochette, Giovanna Del Sordo, Paul Peyrel, Jérôme Salles, Eric Doré, Etienne Merlin, Stéphane Walrand and Pascale Duché
Nutrients 2022, 14(24), 5299; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14245299 - 13 Dec 2022
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2871
Abstract
This study aimed to determine the short-term effect of two isocaloric diets differing in the ratio of protein–carbohydrate on melatonin levels, sleep, and subsequent dietary intake and physical activity in healthy young men. Twenty-four healthy men took part in a crossover design including [...] Read more.
This study aimed to determine the short-term effect of two isocaloric diets differing in the ratio of protein–carbohydrate on melatonin levels, sleep, and subsequent dietary intake and physical activity in healthy young men. Twenty-four healthy men took part in a crossover design including two sessions of three days on isocaloric diets whether high-protein, low-carbohydrate (HPLC) or low-protein, high-carbohydrate (LPHC) followed by 24-h free living assessments. Sleep was measured by ambulatory polysomnography pre-post-intervention. Melatonin levels were assessed on the third night of each session on eight-point salivary sampling. Physical activity was monitored by accelerometry. On day 4, participants reported their 24-h ad-libitum dietary intake. LPHC resulted in better sleep quality and increased secretion of melatonin compared to HPLC. A significant difference was noted in sleep efficiency (p < 0.05) between the two sessions. This was mainly explained by a difference in sleep onset latency (p < 0.01) which was decreased during LPHC (PRE: 15.8 ± 7.8 min, POST: 11.4 ± 4.5 min, p < 0.001). Differences were also noted in sleep staging including time spent on REM (p < 0.05) and N1 (p < 0.05). More importantly, REM latency (PRE: 97.2 ± 19.9 min, POST 112.0 ± 20.7 min, p < 0.001) and cortical arousals (PRE: 7.2 ± 3.9 event/h, POST 8.5 ± 3.3 event/h) increased in response to HPLC diet but not LPHC. On day 4, 24-h ad-libitum energy intake was higher following HPLC compared to LPHC (+64 kcal, p < 0.05) and explained by increased snacking behavior (p < 0.01) especially from carbohydrates (p < 0.05). Increased carbohydrates intake was associated with increased cortical arousals. Full article
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25 pages, 1254 KiB  
Systematic Review
Variability in Sleep Timing and Dietary Intake: A Scoping Review of the Literature
by Adriana Rusu, Dana Mihaela Ciobanu, Georgeta Inceu, Anca-Elena Craciun, Adriana Fodor, Gabriela Roman and Cornelia Gabriela Bala
Nutrients 2022, 14(24), 5248; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14245248 - 09 Dec 2022
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2813
Abstract
The objective of this scoping review was to summarize previous studies which examined the effect of day-to-day variability in sleep timing and social jetlag (SJL) on dietary intake. A systematic literature search was conducted in PubMed, Embase, and Clarivate Analytics Web of Science [...] Read more.
The objective of this scoping review was to summarize previous studies which examined the effect of day-to-day variability in sleep timing and social jetlag (SJL) on dietary intake. A systematic literature search was conducted in PubMed, Embase, and Clarivate Analytics Web of Science and we identified 22 records. No difference in caloric and macronutrient intake between SJL groups was observed in studies that enrolled healthy young adults. However, studies that enrolled participants with obesity and obesity-related chronic conditions reported a higher caloric intake and a higher intake of carbohydrates, total fat, saturated fats, and cholesterol in participants with SJL than in those without. Most studies reported a lower quality of diet, a delayed mealtime, and eating jetlag in participants with SJL vs. those without SJL. No correlation of day-to-day variability in sleep timing with average caloric intake was observed, but bed-time variability was negatively associated with diet quality. Methodological issues have been identified in sources assessed including study design, power calculation, population enrolled, and tools/metrics used for sleep timing variability assessment. Future well powered longitudinal studies, with clear protocols, standardized metrics, including all age groups from general population are needed to clarify the dietary intake consequences of variability in sleep timing. Full article
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14 pages, 911 KiB  
Review
Sleep Apnea and Cardiovascular Risk in Patients with Prediabetes and Type 2 Diabetes
by Stavroula A. Paschou, Evanthia Bletsa, Katerina Saltiki, Paraskevi Kazakou, Kanella Kantreva, Paraskevi Katsaounou, Nikoletta Rovina, Georgia Trakada, Petros Bakakos, Charalambos V. Vlachopoulos and Theodora Psaltopoulou
Nutrients 2022, 14(23), 4989; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14234989 - 24 Nov 2022
Cited by 12 | Viewed by 3332
Abstract
Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a common but largely undiagnosed clinical condition, which is turning into a serious public health issue. Of note is that its prevalence is gradually increasing in parallel with the obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) epidemics. The [...] Read more.
Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a common but largely undiagnosed clinical condition, which is turning into a serious public health issue. Of note is that its prevalence is gradually increasing in parallel with the obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) epidemics. The aim of this article is to comprehensively review the literature in order to evaluate the cardiovascular (CV) risk among patients with OSA and prediabetes or T2DM. OSA seems to be an independent risk factor for the development as well as the progression of T2DM, whereas it is associated with T2DM-related macrovascular and microvascular complications. OSA may also act as a potential risk factor for the presentation and development of CV disease, such as hypertension, coronary artery disease, heart failure, pulmonary hypertension, atrial fibrillation and other cardiac arrythmias, as well as stroke. OSA and T2DM also share common pathophysiological mechanisms leading to atherosclerosis. Considering that the coexistence of OSA and T2DM is an independent and cumulative risk factor for CV mortality, more so than the two diseases separately, clinicians and healthcare professionals should be aware of and screen for OSA in patients with T2DM. Notably, targeted therapy for both conditions seems to substantially improve CV prognosis. Full article
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12 pages, 754 KiB  
Article
The Association between Diet and Sleep Quality among Spanish University Students
by Enrique Ramón-Arbués, José-Manuel Granada-López, Blanca Martínez-Abadía, Emmanuel Echániz-Serrano, Isabel Antón-Solanas and Benjamin Adam Jerue
Nutrients 2022, 14(16), 3291; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14163291 - 11 Aug 2022
Cited by 13 | Viewed by 4054
Abstract
While it has long been recognized that diet is a leading behavioral risk factor for human health, recent scientific findings have also suggested that diet and sleep quality may be connected. The purpose of the present study is to evaluate the association between [...] Read more.
While it has long been recognized that diet is a leading behavioral risk factor for human health, recent scientific findings have also suggested that diet and sleep quality may be connected. The purpose of the present study is to evaluate the association between diet and sleep quality among a group of Spanish university students. To do so, a cross-sectional study of 868 students was carried out. Sleep quality was assessed using the Spanish version of the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), while diet was assessed using the Spanish Healthy Eating Index (SHEI). The study revealed a noteworthy rate of bad sleepers (51.6%) and students whose diet needed modifications (82.2%). Unhealthy eaters were more likely to have poor sleep quality (aOR = 4.20; CI 95%: 2.07–8.52). The unbalanced intake of vegetables (aOR = 1.63; CI 95%: 1.14–2.34), fruits (aOR = 4.08; CI 95%: 2.90–5.74), dairy products (aOR = 1.96; CI 95%: 1.41–2.72), lean meats (aOR = 1.82; CI 95%: 1.19–2.78), legumes (aOR = 1.43; CI 95%: 1.00–2.02), sweets (aOR = 1.60; CI 95%: 1.13–2.25) and sugary soft drinks (aOR = 1.46; CI 95%: 1.07–1.99) was associated with lower sleep quality. Full article
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10 pages, 445 KiB  
Article
Early Childhood Diet in Relation to Toddler Nighttime Sleep Duration Trajectories
by Erica C. Jansen, Wentong Zhao, Andrew D. Jones, Teresa A. Marshall, Katherine Neiswanger, John R. Shaffer, Daniel W. McNeil, Mary L. Marazita and Betsy Foxman
Nutrients 2022, 14(15), 3059; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14153059 - 26 Jul 2022
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1982
Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate whether dietary habits at age 2 associate with sleep duration trajectories through age 5 in children from north and central Appalachia. A total of 559 children from the Center for Oral Health Research in Appalachia [...] Read more.
The objective of this study was to evaluate whether dietary habits at age 2 associate with sleep duration trajectories through age 5 in children from north and central Appalachia. A total of 559 children from the Center for Oral Health Research in Appalachia (COHRA) cohort 2 were followed via caregiver phone interviews up to six times between ages 2 and 5. Exposures included data from the year 2 interview: sleep habits, household and demographic characteristics, meal patterns and consumption frequencies of fruits, vegetables, water, juice, milk, and soda. Sleep duration trajectories were identified using group-based trajectory models from ages 2 to 5. Three distinct nightly sleep duration trajectories were identified: short, increasing duration (4.5% of the study population); steady, 9 h of sleep (37.3%); and longer, slightly decreasing sleep duration (58.2%). Using multinomial logistic models that accounted for confounders, children with consistent meal patterns (i.e., meals and snacks at same time every day) and with higher fruit and vegetable consumption were more likely to follow the longer duration sleep trajectory compared to the steady sleep trajectory. In contrast, children who drank milk more frequently at age 2 were less likely to be in the longer duration sleep trajectory than the steady sleep trajectory. Full article
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