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Nutrition to Promote Child Development, Growth and Diet Quality in Middle- to Low-Income Countries

A special issue of Nutrients (ISSN 2072-6643). This special issue belongs to the section "Nutrition and Public Health".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (15 November 2021) | Viewed by 15876

Special Issue Editor


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Guest Editor
1. Department of Nutrition and Food Studies, George Mason University, USA
2. Think Healthy Group, Inc., USA
Interests: child development; bioactives; choline; under nutrition
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

A healthy diet during the first 1000 days post-conception is critical for optimal child development and growth. At least one in three children under the age of five years are considered undernourished or overweight, and one in two suffer from hidden hunger, undermining the capacity of millions of children to grow and develop to their full potential (UNICEF 2019). The greatest burden of all forms of malnutrition is shouldered by children and young people from the poorest and most marginalized communities, perpetuating poverty across generations. Improving early childhood nutrition requires that food systems be safe, affordable, and sustainable. This investment is a cornerstone in achieving the United Nation’s 2030 Sustainable Development Goals. Despite recent declines in undernutrition, an estimated 149 and 50 million children under the age of five years remain stunted and wasted as of 2018, respectively. High-quality diets reduce the risk of malnutrition by promoting healthy child development and enhanced immune function. The components of healthy diets are optimal breastfeeding practices and nutrient-dense complementary foods in the first two years; a variety of fruits, vegetables, whole grains, nuts, and seeds; modest amounts of animal-sourced foods; and minimal amounts of foods and beverages high in added sugars, saturated fat, trans-fat, and sodium.

This Special Issue focuses on all aspects of nutrition to promote adequate child development, growth and diet quality in middle- to low-income countries. For this Special Issue, we welcome the submission of human interventions, observational studies, economic impact assessments, systematic reviews and meta-analyses, narrative reviews, and short communications.

Dr. Taylor C. Wallace
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

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Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2900 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • Child development
  • Cognition
  • Growth
  • Malnutrition

Published Papers (3 papers)

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Research

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14 pages, 923 KiB  
Article
Exclusive Breastfeeding Protects Young Children from Stunting in a Low-Income Population: A Study from Eastern Indonesia
by Hamam Hadi, Fatimatasari Fatimatasari, Winda Irwanti, Chahya Kusuma, Ratih Devi Alfiana, M. Ischaq Nabil Asshiddiqi, Sigit Nugroho, Emma Clare Lewis and Joel Gittelsohn
Nutrients 2021, 13(12), 4264; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13124264 - 26 Nov 2021
Cited by 20 | Viewed by 4686
Abstract
The prevalence of stunting in young Indonesian children is the highest among countries belonging to the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN). Breastfed children are reported to grow better than non-breastfed. The present study examined the protective effect of exclusive breastfeeding against stunting [...] Read more.
The prevalence of stunting in young Indonesian children is the highest among countries belonging to the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN). Breastfed children are reported to grow better than non-breastfed. The present study examined the protective effect of exclusive breastfeeding against stunting in children under two years old (CU2) and its interaction with monthly household expenditure. Secondary analyses were conducted based on a 2012 cross-sectional study including 408 children aged 6–24 months and their caregivers from 14 villages in rural Eastern Indonesia. Data on breastfeeding history, childcare, and household expenditures were collected using structured questionnaires. Focus Group Discussions (FGDs) were conducted in each village (n = 14). Nearly two-thirds (61%) of caregivers who identified as the biological mother exclusively breastfed their child at 6 months. Exclusively-breastfed CU2 from poorer households were 20% less likely to be stunted than their non-exclusively-breastfed peers. Further, exclusively-breastfed CU2 from wealthier households were 50% less likely to be stunted than non-exclusively-breastfed CU2 from poorer households. FGDs revealed that some mothers were unaware of the importance of recommended breastfeeding practices. Exclusive breastfeeding may protect low-income children against stunting. Health promotion to improve caregiver motivation to exclusively breastfeed is critical in the present setting and beyond. Full article
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11 pages, 467 KiB  
Article
Vitamin D Status Is Associated with Modifiable Lifestyle Factors in Pre-Adolescent Children Living in Urban Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
by Winnie Siew Swee Chee, Chung Yuan Chang, Kanimolli Arasu, Soon Yee Wong, Shu Hwa Ong, Wai Yew Yang, Megan Hueh Zan Chong, Meenal Mavinkurve, Erwin Jiayuan Khoo, Karuthan Chinna and Connie M. Weaver
Nutrients 2021, 13(7), 2175; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13072175 - 24 Jun 2021
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 3079
Abstract
Studies on vitamin D status and its determinants in growing children in countries with ample sunshine such as Malaysia have been limited. The aim of our study was to determine factors associated with serum 25(OH)D concentrations such as lifestyle, dietary intake, anthropometry, and [...] Read more.
Studies on vitamin D status and its determinants in growing children in countries with ample sunshine such as Malaysia have been limited. The aim of our study was to determine factors associated with serum 25(OH)D concentrations such as lifestyle, dietary intake, anthropometry, and body composition in 243 pre-adolescent Malaysian children from low-income families living in Kuala Lumpur. This cross-sectional study measured bone density and body composition using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA), while serum 25(OH)D was measured using LC–MS/MS. Time spent outdoors, body surface area exposed to sunlight, dietary intake, and physical activity level were assessed using questionnaires. Multiple linear regression and stepwise analysis were performed to identify significant predictors for serum 25(OH)D. About 69.4% had 25(OH)D < 50 nmol/L, and 18.9% were vitamin-D-deficient with 25(OH)D < 30 nmol/L. Girls had a nine-fold higher prevalence of vitamin D deficiency than boys. Body surface area exposed to sunlight, Sun Index, and fat mass were significant predictors of 25(OH)D concentrations in this population. Modifiable lifestyle factors such as sun exposure and reducing obesity are important public health guidance to ensure optimal vitamin D status in these children. Full article
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Review

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22 pages, 287 KiB  
Review
Growth and Development of Preschool Children (12–60 Months): A Review of the Effect of Dairy Intake
by David C. Clark, Christopher J. Cifelli and Matthew A. Pikosky
Nutrients 2020, 12(11), 3556; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12113556 - 20 Nov 2020
Cited by 14 | Viewed by 7306
Abstract
Undernutrition in young children is a global health issue. The ability to meet energy and nutrient needs during this critical stage of development is necessary, not only to achieve physical and mental potential but also socio-economic achievement later in life. Given ongoing discussions [...] Read more.
Undernutrition in young children is a global health issue. The ability to meet energy and nutrient needs during this critical stage of development is necessary, not only to achieve physical and mental potential but also socio-economic achievement later in life. Given ongoing discussions regarding optimization of dietary patterns to support achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals established by the United Nations, it is important to identify foods/food groups that have shown efficacy in reducing the negative impacts of undernutrition in young children. This narrative review addresses the impact of dairy intake, with a focus on linear growth, cognitive development and weight gain in early childhood (12–60 months). The impact of country economic status is also examined, to help elucidate regional specific recommendations and/or future research needs. Overall, the body of research addressing this age group is somewhat limited. Based on the data available, there is a positive association between dairy intake and linear growth. The impact of milk or dairy products on cognitive development is less clear due to a lack of evidence and is a gap in the literature that should be addressed. Regarding the impact on body weight, the majority of evidence suggests there is either no association or an inverse association between milk intake by preschool children on overweight and obesity later in life. This evidence is exclusively in high income countries, however, so additional work in lower income countries may be warranted. Full article
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