Research

17 pages, 21469 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Eight-Element Dual-Band Multiple-Input Multiple-Output Mobile Phone Antenna for 5G and Wireless Local Area Network Applications

by Tao He, Jianlin Huang, Jiaping Lu, Xiaojing Shi and Gui Liu

Micromachines 2023, 14(12), 2200; https://doi.org/10.3390/mi14122200 - 30 Nov 2023

Viewed by 721

Abstract

This paper proposes an eight-element dual-band multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) antenna that operates in the fifth generation (5G), n78 (3400–3600 MHz), and WLAN (5275–5850 MHz) bands to accommodate the usage scenarios of 5G mobile phones. The eight antenna elements are printed on two long [...] Read more.

This paper proposes an eight-element dual-band multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) antenna that operates in the fifth generation (5G), n78 (3400–3600 MHz), and WLAN (5275–5850 MHz) bands to accommodate the usage scenarios of 5G mobile phones. The eight antenna elements are printed on two long frames, which significantly reduce the usage of the internal space of the mobile phone. Each antenna element is printed on both surfaces of one frame, which consists of a radiator on the internal surface and a defected ground plane on the outer surface. The radiator is a rectangular ring fed by a 50 Ω microstrip line which is printed on the top surface of the system board. A parasitic unit is printed on the outer surface of each frame, which is composed of an inverted H-shaped and four L-shaped patches. Each parasitic unit is connected to the internal surface of the frames through a via, and then it is connected to a 1.5 mm wide microstrip line on the top surface of the system board, which is connected to the ground plane on the bottom surface of the system board by a via. Four L-shaped slots, four rectangular slots, and four U-shaped slots are etched onto the system board, which provides good isolation between the antenna elements. Two merged rectangular rings are printed on the center of each frame, which improves the isolation further. The return loss is better than 6 dB, and the isolation between the units is better than 15 dB in the required working frequency bands. In addition, the use of a defected ground structure not only makes the antenna element obtain better isolation but also improves the overall working efficiency. The measurement results show that the proposed MIMO antenna structure can be an ideal solution for 5G and WLAN applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Exploring the Potential of 5G and Millimeter-Wave Array Antennas)

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9 pages, 7028 KiB

Open AccessCommunication

A 1 × 2 Low-Profile Filtering Antenna Array Using Strip Dense Dielectric Patch

by Yuyan Deng, Mengyu Xu, Shixian Lin and Kai Xu

Micromachines 2023, 14(10), 1866; https://doi.org/10.3390/mi14101866 - 29 Sep 2023

Viewed by 741

Abstract

A 1 × 2 low-profile filtering antenna array is proposed, using an H-shape resonator to feed two strip dense dielectric patch (DDP) resonators. The even–odd mode of the H-shape resonator and the TM_δ1 mode of the strip DDP resonator form the radiation [...] Read more.

A 1 × 2 low-profile filtering antenna array is proposed, using an H-shape resonator to feed two strip dense dielectric patch (DDP) resonators. The even–odd mode of the H-shape resonator and the TM_δ1 mode of the strip DDP resonator form the radiation band. Additionally, the odd–odd mode of the H-shape resonator excites the TM_δ2 mode of the strip DDP resonator, thus achieving an upper-edge radiation null for the filtering response. The H-shape resonator not only participates in the antenna array radiation, but also excites two strip media patches at the same time, avoiding the traditional power distribution network and effectively reducing the complexity of the antenna array. In addition, compared with the reported dielectric filtering antenna designs, this design has the advantageous features of a low profile, a compact structure, wide bandwidth and a simplified structure. For example, the antenna prototype operating at 4.9 GHz achieves 10 dB impedance, a matching bandwidth of 7.1%, a maximum gain of 8.6 dBi and the compact size of 1.29 × 0.18 × 0.038

λ_{0}^{3}

, without requiring a traditional power division network. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Exploring the Potential of 5G and Millimeter-Wave Array Antennas)

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17 pages, 5508 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Design of Hybrid Beamforming System Based on Practical Circuit Parameter of 6-Bit Millimeter-Wave Phase Shifters

by Mohammed A. Alqaisei, Abdel-Fattah A. Sheta, Ibrahim Elshafiey and Majid Altamimi

Micromachines 2023, 14(4), 875; https://doi.org/10.3390/mi14040875 - 19 Apr 2023

Viewed by 1410

Abstract

This paper addresses the design of a hybrid beamforming system considering the circuit parameter of six-bit millimeter-wave phase shifters based on the process design kit. The phase shifter design adopts 45 nm CMOS silicon on insulator (SOI) technology at 28-GHz. Various circuit topologies [...] Read more.

This paper addresses the design of a hybrid beamforming system considering the circuit parameter of six-bit millimeter-wave phase shifters based on the process design kit. The phase shifter design adopts 45 nm CMOS silicon on insulator (SOI) technology at 28-GHz. Various circuit topologies are utilized, and in particular, a design is presented based on switched LC components, connected in a cascode manner. The phase shifter configuration is connected in a cascading manner to get the 6-bit phase controls. Six different phase shifters are obtained, which are 180°, 90°, 45°, 22.5°, 11.25°, and 5.6°, with a minimum number of LC components. The circuit parameters of the designed phase shifters are then incorporated in a simulation model of hybrid beamforming for a multiuser MIMO system. The number of OFDM data symbols used in the simulation is ten for eight users, 16 QAM modulation schemes, −25 dB SNR, 120 simulation runs, and around 170 h runtime. Simulation results are obtained considering four and eight users, assuming accurate technology-based models of RFIC components of the phase shifter as well as ideal phase shifter parameters. The results indicate that the performance of the multiuser MIMO system is affected by the accuracy level of the phase shifter RF component models. The outcomes also reveal the performance tradeoff based on user data streams and the number of BS antennas. By optimizing the amount of parallel data streams per user, higher data transmission rates are achieved, while maintaining acceptable error vector magnitude (EVM) values. In addition, stochastic analysis is conducted to investigate the distribution of the RMS EVM. The outcomes show that the best fitting of RMS EVM distribution of the actual and ideal phase shifters agreed with the log-logistic and logistic distributions, respectively. The obtained (mean, variance) values of the actual phase shifters based on accurate library models are (46.997, 481.36), and for ideal components the values are (36.47, 10.44). Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Exploring the Potential of 5G and Millimeter-Wave Array Antennas)

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20 pages, 8279 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Broadband Circularly Polarized Conical Corrugated Horn Antenna Using a Dielectric Circular Polarizer

by Jun Xiao, Jin Tian, Tongyu Ding, Hongmei Li and Qiubo Ye

Micromachines 2022, 13(12), 2138; https://doi.org/10.3390/mi13122138 - 03 Dec 2022

Viewed by 1953

Abstract

In this paper, a broadband left-handed circularly polarized (LHCP) corrugated horn antenna using a dielectric circular polarizer is proposed. Circularly polarized (CP) waves are generated by inserting an improved dovetail-shaped dielectric plate into the circular waveguide. Compared with the traditional dovetail-shaped circular polarizer, [...] Read more.

In this paper, a broadband left-handed circularly polarized (LHCP) corrugated horn antenna using a dielectric circular polarizer is proposed. Circularly polarized (CP) waves are generated by inserting an improved dovetail-shaped dielectric plate into the circular waveguide. Compared with the traditional dovetail-shaped circular polarizer, the proposed improved dovetail-shaped circular polarizer has a wider impedance bandwidth and 3 dB axial ratio bandwidth. A substrate-integrated waveguide (SIW) structure is designed as a wall to eliminate the influence of fixed grooves on the circular polarizer. The simulated reflection coefficient of the dielectric plate circular polarizer is less than −20 dB in the frequency band from 17.57 to 33.25 GHz. Then, a conical corrugated horn antenna with five corrugations and a four-level metal stepped rectangular-circular waveguide converter are designed and optimized. The simulated −10 dB impedance and 3 dB axial ratio (AR) bandwidths of the circularly polarized horn antenna integrated with the polarizer are 61% (17.1–32.8 GHz) and 60.9% (17.76–33.32 GHz), respectively. The simulated peak gain is 17.34 dBic. The measured −10 dB impedance is 52.7% (17.2–27.5 GHz). Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Exploring the Potential of 5G and Millimeter-Wave Array Antennas)

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18 pages, 1223 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Performance Analysis of Linearly Arranged Concentric Circular Antenna Array with Low Sidelobe Level and Beamwidth Using Robust Tapering Technique

by Imteaz Rahaman, Md Ashraful Haque, Narinderjit Singh Sawaran Singh, Md. Shakiul Jafor, Pallab Kumar Sarkar, Md Afzalur Rahman, Mohd Azman Zakariya, Ghulam E. Mustafa Abro and Nayan Sarker

Micromachines 2022, 13(11), 1959; https://doi.org/10.3390/mi13111959 - 11 Nov 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1610

Abstract

In this research, a novel antenna array named Linearly arranged Concentric Circular Antenna Array (LCCAA) is proposed, concerning lower beamwidth, lower sidelobe level, sharp ability to detect false signals, and impressive SINR performance. The performance of the proposed LCCAA beamformer is compared with [...] Read more.

In this research, a novel antenna array named Linearly arranged Concentric Circular Antenna Array (LCCAA) is proposed, concerning lower beamwidth, lower sidelobe level, sharp ability to detect false signals, and impressive SINR performance. The performance of the proposed LCCAA beamformer is compared with geometrically identical existing beamformers using the conventional technique where the LCCAA beamformer shows the lowest beamwidth and sidelobe level (SLL) of 12.50° and −15.17 dB with equal elements accordingly. However, the performance is degraded due to look direction error, for which robust techniques, fixed diagonal loading (FDL), optimal diagonal loading (ODL), and variable diagonal loading (VDL), are applied to all the potential arrays to minimize this problem. Furthermore, the LCCAA beamformer is further simulated to reduce the sidelobe applying tapering techniques where the Hamming window shows the best performance having 17.097 dB less sidelobe level compared to the uniform window. The proposed structure is also analyzed under a robust tapered (VDL-Hamming) method which reduces around 69.92 dB and 48.39 dB more sidelobe level compared to conventional and robust techniques. Analyzing all the performances, it is clear that the proposed LCCAA beamformer is superior and provides the best performance with the proposed robust tapered (VDL-Hamming) technique. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Exploring the Potential of 5G and Millimeter-Wave Array Antennas)

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20 pages, 31189 KiB

Open AccessArticle

High-Gain Wideband Circularly Polarised Fabry–Perot Resonator Array Antenna Using a Single-Layered Pixelated PRS for Millimetre-Wave Applications

by Noureddine Melouki, Abdesselam Hocini, Fatima Zahra Fegriche, Peyman PourMohammadi, Hassan Naseri, Amjad Iqbal and Tayeb A. Denidni

Micromachines 2022, 13(10), 1658; https://doi.org/10.3390/mi13101658 - 01 Oct 2022

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 1800

Abstract

In this paper, a wideband and high-gain circular polarised Fabry–Perot Resonator Antenna (FPRA) with a single partially reflective surface (PRS) layer is automatically generated and optimised using a VBA-based interface system between CST Microwave studio and Matlab. The proposed PRS layer is a [...] Read more.

In this paper, a wideband and high-gain circular polarised Fabry–Perot Resonator Antenna (FPRA) with a single partially reflective surface (PRS) layer is automatically generated and optimised using a VBA-based interface system between CST Microwave studio and Matlab. The proposed PRS layer is a promising superstrate for wideband and high-gain FP resonator antennas due to its relatively high reflection coefficient magnitude and positive phase gradient, which resemble that of the optimum PRS over the relevant frequency band. The circular polarisation was achieved using a sequential feeding network for a 2 × 2 array air-gapped slot-coupled elliptical patch antenna. The proposed design achieved an impedance bandwidth of 48.58% (15.3 GHz) ranging from 23.84 GHz to 39.14 GHz, and the −3 dB gain bandwidth was 22.42% (6.25 GHz) from 24.75 to 31 GHz, with a peak gain of 17.12 dB at 29 GHz, and an axial ratio bandwidth of 21.75% (6.2 GHz). In addition, the achieved radiation efficiency was 90%. Consistent and almost invariant radiation patterns are achieved over the millimetre-wave frequency band of interest. The experimental and simulated results are in good agreement, justifying the feasibility of the proposed design as a high-gain and wideband FP resonator array antenna for Mm-wave applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Exploring the Potential of 5G and Millimeter-Wave Array Antennas)

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26 pages, 8385 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Fast Evaluation Method for Electrical Performance of Frequency and Pattern Reconfigurable Microstrip Antenna Based on Electromechanical Coupling

by Pengying Xu, Xiaoxian Xu, Kabin Lin, Rong Yu, Daxing Zhang, Yan Wang, Zhihai Wang, Kunpeng Yu, Wenzhi Wu, Xiaofei Ma and Congsi Wang

Micromachines 2022, 13(9), 1412; https://doi.org/10.3390/mi13091412 - 27 Aug 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1320

Abstract

With the constant increase in communication requirements in modern society, the number and type of antennas on communication platforms have been increasing at an accelerating rate. This has led to a continuous increase in platform volume and weight, and the electromagnetic environment of [...] Read more.

With the constant increase in communication requirements in modern society, the number and type of antennas on communication platforms have been increasing at an accelerating rate. This has led to a continuous increase in platform volume and weight, and the electromagnetic environment of antenna operating has increasingly worsened, seriously restricting the further development of communication systems. As a new communication system antenna type, a reconfigurable microstrip antenna can reconstruct operating frequencies, beam directions, etc., by changing the antenna structure to provide the good multifunction characteristics of a single antenna, avoiding the electromagnetic compatibility issues caused by numerous system antennas. At present, most of the research on reconfigurable antennas judges the influence of structural characteristics on electromagnetic characteristics by simulation, which has imposed restrictions on their development and application. Therefore, a reconfigurable antenna with a resonant frequency of 8.66 GHz and 15.26 GHz and a reconfigurable antenna with maximum radiation directions of 36.2° and −36.5° are designed in this paper, and the electromechanical coupling theory of the reconfigurable antennas is studied. The resonance frequency coupling model and the pattern function coupling model considering the structural deformation of a reconfigurable microstrip antenna are established. Within the applicable range of antenna structural parameters, the relative error between the resonance frequency coupling model and the pattern function coupling model is less than 5%, which meets practical engineering application requirements. Finally, the method is shown by experimentation to verify the accuracy and validity of the proposed electromechanical coupling model. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Exploring the Potential of 5G and Millimeter-Wave Array Antennas)

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12 pages, 2440 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Orthogonal Printed Microstrip Antenna Arrays for 5G Millimeter-Wave Applications

by Muhammad M. Hossain, Md Jubaer Alam and Saeed I. Latif

Micromachines 2022, 13(1), 53; https://doi.org/10.3390/mi13010053 - 29 Dec 2021

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 1956

Abstract

This article presents the design of a planar MIMO (Multiple Inputs Multiple Outputs) antenna comprised of two sets orthogonally placed 1 × 12 linear antenna arrays for 5G millimeter wave (mmWave) applications. The arrays are made of probe-fed microstrip patch antenna elements on [...] Read more.

This article presents the design of a planar MIMO (Multiple Inputs Multiple Outputs) antenna comprised of two sets orthogonally placed 1 × 12 linear antenna arrays for 5G millimeter wave (mmWave) applications. The arrays are made of probe-fed microstrip patch antenna elements on a 90 × 160 mm² Rogers RT/Duroid 5880 grounded dielectric substrate. The antenna demonstrates S₁₁ = −10 dB impedance bandwidth in the following 5G frequency band: 24.25–27.50 GHz. The scattering parameters of the antenna were computed by electromagnetic simulation tools, Ansys HFSS and CST Microwave Studio, and were further verified by the measured results of a fabricated prototype. To achieve a gain of 12 dBi or better over a scanning range of +/−45° from broadside, the Dolph-Tschebyscheff excitation weighting and optimum spacing are used. Different antenna parameters, such as correlation coefficient, port isolation, and 2D and 3D radiation patterns, are investigated to determine the effectiveness of this antenna for MIMO operation, which will be very useful for mmWave cellphone applications in 5G bands. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Exploring the Potential of 5G and Millimeter-Wave Array Antennas)

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