Research

14 pages, 2698 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry Method for Detection and Quantification of Meloxicam and 5′-Carboxymeloxicam in Oral Fluid Samples

by Gabriela Moraes Oliveira, Thiago José Dionísio, Viviane Silva Siqueira-Sandrin, Leticia Alves de Lima Ferrari, Bella Luna Colombini-Ishikiriama, Flávio Augusto Cardoso Faria, Carlos Ferreira Santos and Adriana Maria Calvo

Metabolites 2023, 13(6), 755; https://doi.org/10.3390/metabo13060755 - 15 Jun 2023

Viewed by 987

Abstract

A sensitive, selective and particularly fast method of liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) was developed and validated for the determination of meloxicam and its main metabolite, 5′-carboxymeloxicam, in oral fluid samples. Meloxicam and its major metabolite were separated using a Shim-Pack XR-ODS 75 [...] Read more.

A sensitive, selective and particularly fast method of liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) was developed and validated for the determination of meloxicam and its main metabolite, 5′-carboxymeloxicam, in oral fluid samples. Meloxicam and its major metabolite were separated using a Shim-Pack XR-ODS 75 L × 2.0 column and C18 pre-column at 40 °C using a mixture of methanol and 10 mM ammonium acetate (80:20, v/v) with an injection flow rate of 0.3 mL/min. The total time of the analytical run was 5 min. Sixteen volunteers had oral fluid samples collected sequentially before and after taking a meloxicam tablet (15 mg) for up to 96 h. With the concentrations obtained, the pharmacokinetic parameters were determined using the Phoenix WinNonlin software. The parameters evaluated for meloxicam and 5′-carboxymeloxicam in the oral fluid samples showed linearity, accuracy, precision, medium-quality control (MQC-78.12 ng/mL), high-quality control (HQC-156.25 ng/mL), lower limits of quantification (LLOQ-0.6103 ng/mL), low-quality control (LQC-2.44 ng/mL), stability and dilution. Prostaglandin E₂ (PGE₂) was also detected and quantified in the oral fluid samples, demonstrating the possibility of a pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) study with this methodology. All the parameters evaluated in the validation of the methodology in the oral fluid samples proved to be stable and within the possible variations in each of the described parameters. Through the data presented, the possibility of a PK/PD study was demonstrated, detecting and quantifying meloxicam, its main metabolite and PGE₂ in oral fluid samples using LC-MS/MS. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Salivary Fingerprint in Metabolomics Era: Potential and Challenges)

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13 pages, 3959 KiB

Open AccessArticle

NMR-Based Metabolomics Demonstrates a Metabolic Change during Early Developmental Stages from Healthy Infants to Young Children

by Liana Bastos Freitas-Fernandes, Gabriela Pereira Fontes, Aline dos Santos Letieri, Ana Paula Valente, Ivete Pomarico Ribeiro de Souza and Tatiana Kelly da Silva Fidalgo

Metabolites 2023, 13(3), 445; https://doi.org/10.3390/metabo13030445 - 18 Mar 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1200

Abstract

The present study aims to identify the salivary metabolic profile of healthy infants and young children, and to correlate this with age, salivary gland maturation, and dentition. Forty-eight children were selected after clinical evaluation in which all intraoral structures were examined. Total unstimulated [...] Read more.

The present study aims to identify the salivary metabolic profile of healthy infants and young children, and to correlate this with age, salivary gland maturation, and dentition. Forty-eight children were selected after clinical evaluation in which all intraoral structures were examined. Total unstimulated saliva was collected, and salivary metabolites were analyzed by 1H Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) at 25 °C. Partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA), orthogonal PLS-DA (O-PLS-DA), and univariate analysis were used, adopting a 95% confidence interval. The study showed a distinct salivary metabolomic profile related to age and developmental phase. The saliva of children in the pre-eruption teeth period showed a different metabolite profile than that of children after the eruption. However, more evident changes were observed in the saliva profile of children older than 30 months. Alanine, choline, ethanol, lactate, and sugar region were found in higher levels in the saliva of patients before 30 months old. Acetate, N-acetyl sugar, butyrate, caproate, creatinine, leucine, phenylalanine, propionate, valine, succinate, and valerate were found to be more abundant in the saliva of children after 30 months old. The saliva profile is a result of changes in age and dental eruption, and these findings can be useful for monitoring the physiological changes that occur in infancy. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Salivary Fingerprint in Metabolomics Era: Potential and Challenges)

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14 pages, 618 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Using LC-MS/MS to Determine Salivary Steroid Reference Intervals in a European Older Adult Population

by Sarah Gregory, Scott G. Denham, Patricia Lee, Joanna P. Simpson and Natalie Z. M. Homer

Metabolites 2023, 13(2), 265; https://doi.org/10.3390/metabo13020265 - 13 Feb 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2281

Abstract

A number of steroids, including glucocorticoids and sex hormones, have been associated with neurodegenerative and cardiovascular conditions common in aging populations. The application of liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) steroid analysis offers an opportunity to conduct simultaneous multiplex steroid analysis within a [...] Read more.

A number of steroids, including glucocorticoids and sex hormones, have been associated with neurodegenerative and cardiovascular conditions common in aging populations. The application of liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) steroid analysis offers an opportunity to conduct simultaneous multiplex steroid analysis within a given sample. In this paper, we describe the application of an LC-MS/MS steroid analysis method for the assessment of reference ranges of steroids in human saliva samples (200 µL) collected from older adults (age 50 years and above) enrolled in a European cohort investigating the risk for Alzheimer’s dementia. Saliva samples were prepared using supported liquid extraction (SLE) along with a calibration curve and analysed using a Waters I-Class UPLC (Ultra Performance Liquid Chromatography) and a Sciex QTrap 6500+ mass spectrometer. Mass spectrometry parameters of steroids were optimised for each steroid and a method for the chromatographic separation of 19 steroids was developed. Lower limits of quantitation (LLOQs), linearity and other method criteria were assessed. In total, data from 125 participants (500 samples) were analysed and assessed for reference ranges (64 male, 61 female). A total of 19 steroids were detected in saliva within the range of the method. There were clear diurnal patterns in most of the steroid hormones detected. Sex differences were observed for androstenedione (A4), testosterone (T), cortisone (E) and aldosterone (Aldo). In the first sample of the day, dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) was significantly higher in healthy volunteers compared to those with Alzheimer’s disease biomarkers. This LC-MS/MS method is suitable for the analysis of 19 steroids in saliva in adults. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Salivary Fingerprint in Metabolomics Era: Potential and Challenges)

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10 pages, 1321 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Salivary Metabolomic Analysis Reveals Amino Acid Metabolism Shift in SARS-CoV-2 Virus Activity and Post-Infection Condition

by Tatiana Kelly da Silva Fidalgo, Liana Bastos Freitas-Fernandes, Barbara Bruno Fagundes Marques, Caroline Souza de Araújo, Bruno Jefferson da Silva, Taísa Coelho Guimarães, Ricardo Guimarães Fischer, Eduardo Muniz Barretto Tinoco and Ana Paula Valente

Metabolites 2023, 13(2), 263; https://doi.org/10.3390/metabo13020263 - 11 Feb 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1775

Abstract

The SARS-CoV-2 virus primarily infects salivary glands suggesting a change in the saliva metabolite profile; this shift may be used as a monitoring instrument during SARS-CoV-2 infection. The present study aims to determine the salivary metabolomic profile of patients with and post-SARS-CoV-19 infection. [...] Read more.

The SARS-CoV-2 virus primarily infects salivary glands suggesting a change in the saliva metabolite profile; this shift may be used as a monitoring instrument during SARS-CoV-2 infection. The present study aims to determine the salivary metabolomic profile of patients with and post-SARS-CoV-19 infection. Patients were without (PCR−), with SARS-CoV-2 (PCR+), or post-SARS-CoV-2 infection. Unstimulated whole saliva was collected, and the ¹H spectra were acquired in a 500 MHz Bruker nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometer at 25 °C. They were subjected to multivariate analysis using principal component analysis (PCA) and partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA), as well as univariate analysis through t-tests (SPSS 20.0, IL, USA), with a significance level of p < 0.05. A distinction was found when comparing PCR− subjects to those with SARS-CoV-2 infection. When comparing the three groups, the PLS-DA cross-validation presented satisfactory accuracy (ACC = 0.69, R2 = 0.39, Q2 = 0.08). Seventeen metabolites were found in different proportions among the groups. The results suggested the downregulation of major amino acid levels, such as alanine, glutamine, histidine, leucine, lysine, phenylalanine, and proline in the PCR+ group compared to the PCR− ones. In addition, acetate, valerate, and capronic acid were higher in PCR− patients than in PCR+. Sucrose and butyrate were higher in post-SARS-CoV-2 infection compared to PCR−. In general, a reduction in amino acids was observed in subjects with and post-SARS-CoV-2 disease. The salivary metabolomic strategy NMR-based was able to differentiate between non-infected individuals and those with acute and post-SARS-CoV-19 infection. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Salivary Fingerprint in Metabolomics Era: Potential and Challenges)

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16 pages, 2001 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Salivary Antioxidant Capacity and Magnesium in Generalized Anxiety Disorder

by Elena V. Proskurnina, Krystsina M. Liaukovich, Lyubov S. Bychkovskaya, Ivan V. Mikheev, Evgenia I. Alshanskaia, Mikhail A. Proskurnin, Olga V. Martynova and Galina V. Portnova

Metabolites 2023, 13(1), 73; https://doi.org/10.3390/metabo13010073 - 02 Jan 2023

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2194

Abstract

Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) is a prevalent disorder. The search for biomarkers may contribute to new knowledge about molecular pathogenesis and treatment. Since oxidative stress and micronutrient imbalance play a key role in the development of mental disorders, we aimed to study salivary [...] Read more.

Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) is a prevalent disorder. The search for biomarkers may contribute to new knowledge about molecular pathogenesis and treatment. Since oxidative stress and micronutrient imbalance play a key role in the development of mental disorders, we aimed to study salivary antioxidant capacity and magnesium in patients with GAD in an anxiety model of solving problems with increasing complexity. The study subgroup consisted of 15 patients with GAD, and 17 healthy volunteers of the same age made up the control subgroup. Participants took a test with six levels of difficulty, which included false feedback. In this test, the participants were asked to remember the colors of balloons and react when the color changed. The reaction time, the number of correct answers, as well as biochemical parameters such as the antioxidant capacity of saliva and salivary magnesium, were assessed. There was no difference in the results of the quest between the subgroups; however, anxious participants spent more time at the moment of experimental frustration due to incorrect feedback and additional negative psycho-emotional load. Antioxidant capacity did not differ between the subgroups both before and after the experimental session. Average antioxidant capacity also did not change significantly at the endpoint of the experiment. However, the endpoint antioxidant capacity correlated negatively with the reaction time in anxious patients in the second block (where the false feedback as a frustrating factor appeared). Magnesium was initially significantly higher in the group of anxious participants and decreased at the experiment endpoint; in healthy patients, there were no changes in salivary magnesium at the endpoint. In conclusion, the compensatory potential of oxidative metabolism and magnesium in patients with GAD was spent with additional psycho-emotional stress, in contrast to healthy individuals, but it was sufficient to avoid exhaustion during experimental frustrating exposure. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Salivary Fingerprint in Metabolomics Era: Potential and Challenges)

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12 pages, 1056 KiB

Open AccessArticle

CYP2C9 Polymorphism Influence in PK/PD Model of Naproxen and 6-O-Desmethylnaproxen in Oral Fluid

by Gabriela Moraes Oliveira, Thiago José Dionísio, Viviane Silva Siqueira-Sandrin, Leticia Alves de Lima Ferrari, Bruna Bolani, Viviane Aparecida Parisi, Nelson Leonel Del Hierro Polanco, Bella Luna Colombini-Ishikiriama, Flávio Augusto Cardoso Faria, Carlos Ferreira Santos and Adriana Maria Calvo

Metabolites 2022, 12(11), 1106; https://doi.org/10.3390/metabo12111106 - 13 Nov 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1379

Abstract

Polymorphisms in CYP2C9 can significantly interfere with the pharmacokinetic (PK) and pharmacodynamic (PD) parameters of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), including naproxen. The present research aimed to study the PK/PD parameters of naproxen and its metabolite, 6-O-desmethylnaproxen, associated with allelic variations of CYP2C9. [...] Read more.

Polymorphisms in CYP2C9 can significantly interfere with the pharmacokinetic (PK) and pharmacodynamic (PD) parameters of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), including naproxen. The present research aimed to study the PK/PD parameters of naproxen and its metabolite, 6-O-desmethylnaproxen, associated with allelic variations of CYP2C9. In our study, a rapid, selective, and sensitive Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method was developed and validated for the determination of naproxen and its main metabolite, 6-O-desmethylnaproxen, in oral fluid. Naproxen and its main metabolite were separated using a Shim-Pack XR-ODS 75L × 2.0 column and C18 pre-column at 40 °C using a mixture of methanol and 10 mM ammonium acetate (70:30, v/v), with an injection flow of 0.3 mL/min. The total analytical run time was 3 min. The volunteers, previously genotyped for CYP2C9 (16 ancestral—CYP2C9 *1 and 12 with the presence of polymorphism—CYP2C9 *2 or *3), had their oral fluids collected sequentially before and after taking a naproxen tablet (500 mg) at the following times: 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, 1, 1.5, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 8, 11, 24, 48, 72 and 96 h. Significant differences in the PK parameters (* p < 0.05) of naproxen in the oral fluid were: Vd/F (L): 98.86 (55.58–322.07) and 380.22 (261.84–1097.99); Kel (1/h): 0.84 (0.69–1.34) and 1.86 (1.09–4.06), in ancestral and mutated CYP2C9 *2 and/or *3, respectively. For 6-O-desmethylnaproxen, no PK parameters were significantly different between groups. The analysis of prostaglandin E2 (PGE₂) proved to be effective and sensitive for PD parameters analysis and showed higher levels in the mutated group (p < 0.05). Both naproxen and its main metabolite, 6-O-desmethylnaproxen, and PGE₂ in oral fluid can be effectively quantified using LC-MS/MS after a 500 mg oral dose of naproxen. Our method proved to be effective and sensitive to determine the lower limit of quantification of naproxen and its metabolite, 6-O-desmethylnaproxen, in oral fluid (2.4 ng/mL). All validation data, such as accuracy, precision, and repeatability intra- and inter-assay, were less than 15%. Allelic variations of CYP2C9 may be considered relevant in the PK of naproxen and its main metabolite, 6-O-desmethylnaproxen. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Salivary Fingerprint in Metabolomics Era: Potential and Challenges)

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19 pages, 2362 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Label-Free Quantitative Proteomic Analysis Reveals Inflammatory Pattern Associated with Obesity and Periodontitis in Pregnant Women

by Gerson Aparecido Foratori-Junior, Talita Mendes Oliveira Ventura, Larissa Tercilia Grizzo, Guy Howard Carpenter, Marília Afonso Rabelo Buzalaf and Silvia Helena de Carvalho Sales-Peres

Metabolites 2022, 12(11), 1091; https://doi.org/10.3390/metabo12111091 - 10 Nov 2022

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1333

Abstract

Obesity and pregnancy may have synergistic effects on periodontal condition, and proteomics could be an ideal approach to highlight the pathophysiological mechanisms associated with these outcomes. This study analyzed the salivary proteomics related to obesity and periodontitis in women during pregnancy (T1) and [...] Read more.

Obesity and pregnancy may have synergistic effects on periodontal condition, and proteomics could be an ideal approach to highlight the pathophysiological mechanisms associated with these outcomes. This study analyzed the salivary proteomics related to obesity and periodontitis in women during pregnancy (T1) and after delivery (T2). Initially, 126 women were recruited and forty were allocated into groups: with obesity and periodontitis (OP); with obesity, but without periodontitis (OWP); with normal BMI, but with periodontitis (NP); with normal BMI and without periodontitis (NWP). Whole-mouth saliva was collected in T1 and T2, and proteins were extracted and individually processed by label-free proteomics (nLC-ESI-MS/MS). The up-regulations of Heat shock 70 kDa protein 1A, 1B, and 1-like were related to both obesity and periodontitis, separately. Albumin and Thioredoxin were up-regulated in periodontitis cases, while Cystatins (mainly S, SA, SN) and Lactotransferrin were down-regulated. The high abundances of Submaxillary gland androgen-regulated protein 3B, Protein S100-A8, Matrix metalloproteinase-9, Heat shock 70 kDa protein 2 and 6, Putative Heat shock 70 kDa protein 7, Heat shock 71 kDa protein, Haptoglobin and Plastin-1 were significant in the combination of obesity and periodontitis. Obesity and periodontitis remarkably altered the proteome of the saliva during pregnancy with substantial alterations after delivery. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Salivary Fingerprint in Metabolomics Era: Potential and Challenges)

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18 pages, 3455 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Metabolomic Profiles Associated with Obesity and Periodontitis during Pregnancy: Cross-Sectional Study with Proton Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (¹H-NMR)-Based Analysis

by Gerson Aparecido Foratori-Junior, Adrien Le Guennec, Tatiana Kelly da Silva Fidalgo, Leanne Cleaver, Marília Afonso Rabelo Buzalaf, Guy Howard Carpenter and Silvia Helena de Carvalho Sales-Peres

Metabolites 2022, 12(11), 1029; https://doi.org/10.3390/metabo12111029 - 27 Oct 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1631

Abstract

This study aimed to elucidate the metabolomic signature associated with obesity and periodontitis during pregnancy in plasma and saliva biofluids. Ninety-eight pregnant women were divided into: with obesity and periodontitis (OP = 20), with obesity but without periodontitis (OWP = 27), with normal [...] Read more.

This study aimed to elucidate the metabolomic signature associated with obesity and periodontitis during pregnancy in plasma and saliva biofluids. Ninety-eight pregnant women were divided into: with obesity and periodontitis (OP = 20), with obesity but without periodontitis (OWP = 27), with normal BMI but with periodontitis (NP = 21), with normal BMI and without periodontitis (NWP = 30). Saliva and plasma were analyzed by ¹H-NMR for metabolites identification. Partial Least Squares-Discriminant Analysis (PLS-DA), Sparse PLS-DA (sPLS-DA), and Variable Importance of Projection (VIP) were performed. ANOVA and Pearson’s correlation were applied (p < 0.05). Plasmatic analysis indicated the levels of glucose (p = 0.041) and phenylalanine (p = 0.015) were positively correlated with periodontal parameters and BMI, respectively. In saliva, periodontitis was mainly associated with high levels of acetic acid (p = 0.024), isovaleric acid, butyric acid, leucine, valine, isoleucine, and propionic acid (p < 0.001). High salivary concentrations of glycine (p = 0.015), succinic acid (p = 0.015), and lactate (p = 0.026) were associated with obesity. Saliva demonstrated a more elucidative difference than plasma, indicating the glucose-alanine cycle, alanine metabolism, valine, leucine and isoleucine degradation, glutamate metabolism, and Warburg effect as the main metabolic pathways. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Salivary Fingerprint in Metabolomics Era: Potential and Challenges)

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10 pages, 1086 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Untargeted Metabolomic Approach to Study the Impact of Aging on Salivary Metabolome in Women

by Pauline Bosman, Valérie Pichon, Ana Carolina Acevedo, Laëtitia Le Pottier, Jacques Olivier Pers, Hélène Chardin and Audrey Combès

Metabolites 2022, 12(10), 986; https://doi.org/10.3390/metabo12100986 - 18 Oct 2022

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1322

Abstract

Despite the growing interest in salivary metabolomics, few studies have investigated the impact of aging on the salivary metabolome. The alterations in metabolic pathways that occur with aging are likely to be observed in pathologies affecting older people and may interfere with the [...] Read more.

Despite the growing interest in salivary metabolomics, few studies have investigated the impact of aging on the salivary metabolome. The alterations in metabolic pathways that occur with aging are likely to be observed in pathologies affecting older people and may interfere with the search for salivary biomarkers. It is therefore important to investigate the age-related changes occurring in the salivary metabolome. Using reversed phase liquid chromatography and hydrophilic interaction chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry used in positive and negative ionization modes, the salivary metabolic profiles of young (22 to 45 years old) and older people (55 to 92 years old) were obtained. Those profiles were compared with the use of XCMS online to highlight the under or overexpression of some metabolites with aging. A total of 60 metabolites showed differential expression with age. The identification of 26 of them was proposed by the METLIN database and, among them, 17 were validated by standard injections. Aging seemed to affect most of the main metabolic pathways (amino acid metabolism, Krebs cycle, fatty acid synthesis, and nucleic acid synthesis). Moreover, most of the metabolites that were over- or under-expressed with age in this study have already been identified as being potential biomarkers of diseases affecting older people, such as in Alzheimer’s disease. Special attention should be paid in the search for biomarkers of pathologies affecting the elderly to differentiate age-related changes from disease-related changes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Salivary Fingerprint in Metabolomics Era: Potential and Challenges)

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Review

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25 pages, 3127 KiB

Open AccessReview

Qualitative and Quantitative Mass Spectrometry in Salivary Metabolomics and Proteomics

by Paulina Grocholska, Marta Kowalska and Remigiusz Bąchor

Metabolites 2023, 13(2), 155; https://doi.org/10.3390/metabo13020155 - 20 Jan 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2645

Abstract

The metabolomics and proteomics analysis of saliva, an excellent biofluid that is a rich source of biological compounds, allows for the safe and frequent screening of drugs, their metabolites, and molecular biomarkers of various diseases. One of the most frequently used analytical methods [...] Read more.

The metabolomics and proteomics analysis of saliva, an excellent biofluid that is a rich source of biological compounds, allows for the safe and frequent screening of drugs, their metabolites, and molecular biomarkers of various diseases. One of the most frequently used analytical methods in saliva analysis is liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (LC-MS) and tandem mass spectrometry. The low ionisation efficiency of some compounds and a complex matrix makes their identification by MS difficult. Furthermore, quantitative analysis by LC-MS frequently cannot be performed without isotopically labelled standards, which usually have to be specially synthesised. This review presented reports on qualitative and quantitative approaches in salivary metabolomics and proteomics. The purpose of this manuscript was to present the challenges, advances, and future prospects of mass spectrometry, both in the analysis of salivary metabolites and proteins. The presented review should appeal to those interested in the recent advances and trends in qualitative and quantitative mass spectrometry in salivary metabolomics and proteomics, which may facilitate a diagnostic accuracy, the evaluation of treatment efficacy, the early diagnosis of disease, and a forensic investigation of some unapproved drugs for any medical or dietary administration. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Salivary Fingerprint in Metabolomics Era: Potential and Challenges)

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Other

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19 pages, 1118 KiB

Open AccessSystematic Review

Salivary Metabolomics for Systemic Cancer Diagnosis: A Systematic Review

by Kacper Nijakowski, Jakub Zdrojewski, Monika Nowak, Dawid Gruszczyński, Filip Knoll and Anna Surdacka

Metabolites 2023, 13(1), 28; https://doi.org/10.3390/metabo13010028 - 23 Dec 2022

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2276

Abstract

Cancers are the leading cause of death worldwide. The most common cancers include breast, lung, and colorectum. Salivary metabolome profiling is a novel non-invasive method in oncological diagnosis. This systematic review was designed to answer the question “Are salivary metabolites reliable for the [...] Read more.

Cancers are the leading cause of death worldwide. The most common cancers include breast, lung, and colorectum. Salivary metabolome profiling is a novel non-invasive method in oncological diagnosis. This systematic review was designed to answer the question “Are salivary metabolites reliable for the diagnosis of systemic cancers?”. Following the inclusion and exclusion criteria, nineteen studies were included (according to PRISMA statement guidelines). Changes in salivary metabolome were most commonly determined in patients with breast cancer, gastrointestinal cancers, and lung cancer. Most studies involved unstimulated whole saliva as the diagnostic material, evaluated by different spectroscopic methods. Among the found saliva metabolites, the alterations in the metabolic pathways of amino acids and polyamines were most frequently observed, which showed significant predictive values in oncological diagnostics. The most frequently encountered risks of bias were the absence of data regarding blinding, sample size justification, and randomisation. In conclusion, salivary metabolites seem to be potentially reliable for detecting the most common systemic cancers. However, further research is desirable to confirm these outcomes and to detect new potential metabolic biomarkers in saliva. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Salivary Fingerprint in Metabolomics Era: Potential and Challenges)

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23 pages, 693 KiB

Open AccessSystematic Review

Are Dental Caries Associated with Oxidative Stress in Saliva in Children and Adolescents? A Systematic Review

by Yago Gecy de Sousa Né, Deborah Ribeiro Frazão, Leonardo Oliveira Bittencourt, Nathalia Carolina Fernandes Fagundes, Guido Marañón-Vásquez, Maria Elena Crespo-Lopez, Lucianne Cople Maia and Rafael Rodrigues Lima

Metabolites 2022, 12(9), 858; https://doi.org/10.3390/metabo12090858 - 13 Sep 2022

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2049

Abstract

This systematic review aimed to assess whether dental caries is associated with oxidative salivary stress. The searches were carried out in electronic databases, including PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, the Cochrane Library, LILACS, OpenGrey, and Google Scholar, without restrictions on the date of [...] Read more.

This systematic review aimed to assess whether dental caries is associated with oxidative salivary stress. The searches were carried out in electronic databases, including PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, the Cochrane Library, LILACS, OpenGrey, and Google Scholar, without restrictions on the date of publication and language. The acronym PECO was used, in which the participants (P) were children and adolescents exposed (E) to dental caries compared (C) to those without dental caries, with the outcome (O) of modulation of oxidative biochemical parameters. After the search retrieval, the duplicates were removed, and the articles were evaluated by title and abstract, following the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Then, the papers were read and thoroughly assessed. After selection, the risk of bias assessment and qualitative synthesis were performed using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS) for observational studies. The Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) tool was used to assess the level of evidence. A total of 5790 studies were found, and 30 articles were considered eligible and were included for the qualitative synthesis and the level of evidence assessment. The studies showed an imbalance of the antioxidant and pro-oxidant parameters in individuals with dental caries, with primarily increases in both total antioxidant capacity and lipid peroxidation. Most articles showed a low risk of bias, having comparability as the main issue. When exploring through GRADE, a very low level of evidence was found. It was possible to observe an association between oxidative stress and dental caries, showing a disbalance of antioxidants and pro-oxidants, but the evidence level was still very low. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Salivary Fingerprint in Metabolomics Era: Potential and Challenges)

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