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14 pages, 8671 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Genome-Wide Identification of the PEBP Family Gene in Three Cymbidium Species and Its Expression Patterns Analysis in C. ensifolium

by Jinliao Chen, Fei Wang, Yangting Zhang, Ruiyue Zheng, Xiaopei Wu, Ye Ai, Sagheer Ahmad, Zhongjian Liu and Donghui Peng

Horticulturae 2024, 10(3), 252; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae10030252 - 06 Mar 2024

Viewed by 669

Abstract

The PEBP gene family is involved in many biological processes in plants, including plant growth and development, flowering regulation, light response, and abiotic stress response. But there is little information about the role of the PEBP gene family in Cymbidium species. In this [...] Read more.

The PEBP gene family is involved in many biological processes in plants, including plant growth and development, flowering regulation, light response, and abiotic stress response. But there is little information about the role of the PEBP gene family in Cymbidium species. In this study, we identified 11, 9, and 7 PEBP genes in C. ensifolium, C. sinense, and C. goeringii, respectively, and mapped them to the chromosomes. We also studied the physicochemical characteristics of the proteins encoded by these PEBPs and analyzed their intra-species collinearity, gene structure, conserved motifs, and cis-acting elements. Furthermore, a total of forty PEBP genes from C. sinense, C. ensifolium, C. goeringii, Phalaenopsis, and Arabidopsis were divided into three clades based on the phylogenetic tree. The expression patterns of 11 PEBP genes in different tissues and organs of C. ensifolium were analyzed based on transcriptome data, indicating that the CePEBPs might play an important role in the growth and development, especially in the flower bud organs (1–5 mm). CePEBP5 plays an indispensable role in both the vegetative and reproductive growth cycles of C. ensifolium. CePEBP1 is essential for root development, while CePEBP1, CePEBP3, CePEBP5, and CePEBP10 regulate the growth and development of different floral organ tissues at various stages. The findings of this study can do a great deal to understand the roles of the PEBP gene family in Cymbidium. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advancement in Propagation, Breeding, Cultivation and Marketing of Ornamentals)

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19 pages, 3241 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Transcriptional Insights into Lily Stem Bulblet Formation: Hormonal Regulation, Sugar Metabolism, and Transcriptional Networks in LA Lily ‘Aladdin’

by Kewen Zhang, Tong Lyu and Yingmin Lyu

Horticulturae 2024, 10(2), 171; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae10020171 - 14 Feb 2024

Viewed by 871

Abstract

Bulblets, as the main reproductive organ of lilies, have a tremendous impact on the reproductive efficiency of lilies. Cytokinin is known to promote the formation of lily bulblets, but little is known about the mechanisms involved. In this study, a combination of full-length [...] Read more.

Bulblets, as the main reproductive organ of lilies, have a tremendous impact on the reproductive efficiency of lilies. Cytokinin is known to promote the formation of lily bulblets, but little is known about the mechanisms involved. In this study, a combination of full-length transcriptome and high-throughput RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq) was performed at the leaf axils of LA lily ‘Aladdin’ to characterize the transcriptional response to 6-BA treatment during the critical period of stem-to-bulblet transition. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analysis showed that 6-BA treatment caused significant changes in starch and sucrose metabolism and plant hormone balance. In particular, the high expression of SUS1 and TPS6 in the 6-BA-treated group suggests that sucrose may act as a key signal to promote bulblet initiation. Furthermore, the induction of elevated expression of genes associated with cytokinin and auxin transport and signaling is crucial for initiating bulblet emergence and stimulating growth. WGCNA analysis revealed that hub TFs such as BLHs, ARFs, HD-ZIPs, AP2/ERFs, and SBPs were significantly overexpressed with genes involved in carbohydrate metabolism and phytohormone signaling, which warranted more in-depth functional studies. This study enriches the understanding of plant hormone-related genes, sugar metabolism-related genes and various transcription factors in the regulation of plant organ development, and lays the foundation for further studies on the molecular mechanisms of lily stem bulblet formation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advancement in Propagation, Breeding, Cultivation and Marketing of Ornamentals)

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24 pages, 12122 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of Substitute Substrate, Water, and Fertilizer Management on the Growth of Potted Chrysanthemums

by Yufan Lu, Tongjun Zhou, Jinqing Guo, Jian Zhong, Dawei Li, Huajin Shi, Chang Liu, Ruizi Xiang and Ming Sun

Horticulturae 2024, 10(2), 138; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae10020138 - 31 Jan 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 853

Abstract

The chrysanthemum is a perennial herbaceous flower with a long history of cultivation dating back over 3000 years. The potted chrysanthemum is a significant type and is widely used in landscaping. Expensive substrate costs, complicated management of water and fertilizer, and uneven product [...] Read more.

The chrysanthemum is a perennial herbaceous flower with a long history of cultivation dating back over 3000 years. The potted chrysanthemum is a significant type and is widely used in landscaping. Expensive substrate costs, complicated management of water and fertilizer, and uneven product quality currently plague the potted chrysanthemum industry. This study systematically investigated the growth status of potted chrysanthemums under different substrates, water, and fertilizer ratios and established a simplified cultivation system for potted chrysanthemums. The substitute substrate experiment demonstrated that coir: moss peat: perlite: pine needle mulch = 2:4:2:2 is the most suitable substitute substrate. Research on fertilizer ratios found that chrysanthemums’ best growth and flowering characteristics were achieved with nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium concentrations of 336 mg/L, 93 mg/L, and 273 mg/L, respectively. A comprehensive, simplified cultivation system was established when utilizing T4 substitute substrate (2:4:2:2 ratios of coir, moss peat, perlite, and pine needle mulch), 40% water capacity, and F9 fertilizer (336 mg/L nitrogen, 93 mg/L phosphorus, and 273 mg/L potassium). This study comprehensively and systematically explored the cultivation and maintenance schemes in the production of potted chrysanthemums and built a light, simple, and efficient production technology system of potted chrysanthemums in the open field suitable for the climatic characteristics of northern China, which provides feasible technical specifications and a theoretical basis for the refinement and large-scale management of potted chrysanthemums. This experiment lays the foundations for cost reduction and efficiency in the potted chrysanthemum industry. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advancement in Propagation, Breeding, Cultivation and Marketing of Ornamentals)

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14 pages, 2975 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Assessing the Effect of Plant Growth Stimulants and Retardants on Cyclamen “Halios F1 Salmon Rose” Cultivar

by János Bálint, Klára Benedek and Artúr Botond Csorba

Horticulturae 2024, 10(1), 53; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae10010053 - 05 Jan 2024

Viewed by 2151

Abstract

In Eastern Europe, the traditional marketing of cyclamen is in the period from the middle of February to the middle of March. The poor light of winter months and the higher number of plants (because of the reduction in heating costs) often result [...] Read more.

In Eastern Europe, the traditional marketing of cyclamen is in the period from the middle of February to the middle of March. The poor light of winter months and the higher number of plants (because of the reduction in heating costs) often result in elongated plants. To avoid this, it is recommended to use plant growth retardants. At the same time, another problem is that flowers do not rise from the level of rosette due to the unfavorable cultivation conditions. This can be solved with growth stimulants. In the experiment, we tested the effect of growth regulators on the growth of a frequently used variety of cyclamen. We used daminozide and paclobutrazol plant growth retardants for height control and gibberellic acid (GA) and benzyladenine (BAP) as growth promoters for increasing the number of flowers and the length of stems. The results show that daminozide and paclobutrazol are both effective for height control in cyclamen production. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advancement in Propagation, Breeding, Cultivation and Marketing of Ornamentals)

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11 pages, 1240 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Micropropagation and Acclimatization of Monstera deliciosa Liebm. ‘Thai Constellation’

by Yifan Jing, David Beleski and Wagner Vendrame

Horticulturae 2024, 10(1), 1; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae10010001 - 19 Dec 2023

Viewed by 1947

Abstract

Monstera deliciosa Liebm. ‘Thai Constellation’ is a variegated variety of M. deliciosa belonging to the family Araceae, which has become a new favorite in the foliage plant market. However, limited studies exist on its propagation, and growers have difficulties in achieving large-scale production. [...] Read more.

Monstera deliciosa Liebm. ‘Thai Constellation’ is a variegated variety of M. deliciosa belonging to the family Araceae, which has become a new favorite in the foliage plant market. However, limited studies exist on its propagation, and growers have difficulties in achieving large-scale production. This study aimed at developing an efficient protocol for the micropropagation of M. deliciosa using SETIS™ temporary immersion bioreactors. Furthermore, we aimed at evaluating the role of a novel biostimulant (IQ Forte) in the acclimatization of M. deliciosa. Significant differences were observed among the different treatments, showing higher multiplication rates under TIS conditions as compared to the semi-solid control. Adjusting immersion parameters also showed benefits in improving multiplication rates. The novel biostimulant (IQ Forte) did not provide significant gains in growth of M. deliciosa ‘Thai Constellation’ during acclimatization. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advancement in Propagation, Breeding, Cultivation and Marketing of Ornamentals)

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13 pages, 3736 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Photosynthetic Characteristics of 20 Herbaceous Peony Cultivars

by Anqi Xie, Jingyue Wu, Yajie Shi, Fuling Lei, Lingling Dong, Dongliang Zhang, Limin Sun and Xia Sun

Horticulturae 2023, 9(12), 1331; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae9121331 - 12 Dec 2023

Viewed by 867

Abstract

To identify herbaceous peony cultivars with strong photosynthetic productivity, we compared the photosynthetic characteristics of 20 herbaceous peony cultivars based on four photosynthetic characteristics parameters and established light–response curves under a light intensity gradient, using CIRAS-3 portable photosynthetic dynamic monitoring. The net photosynthetic [...] Read more.

To identify herbaceous peony cultivars with strong photosynthetic productivity, we compared the photosynthetic characteristics of 20 herbaceous peony cultivars based on four photosynthetic characteristics parameters and established light–response curves under a light intensity gradient, using CIRAS-3 portable photosynthetic dynamic monitoring. The net photosynthetic rate (Pn) showed a “unimodal” diurnal variation pattern, with a peak around 12:00. The diurnal pattern of the transpiration rate was the same as that of Pn. Stomatal conductance values (Gs) showed similar patterns among the cultivars, with only small differences. The daily variation in intracellular CO₂ concentration (Ci) showed an opposite trend to that of Pn. When the photosynthetically active radiation was 0–400 μmol·m⁻²s⁻¹, Pn increased linearly and gradually with increasing light intensity. ‘Xueyuanhonghua’, ‘Qingwen’, ‘Taohuafeixue’, ‘Chifen’, and ‘Qihualushuang’ showed high photosynthetic productivity. ‘Xueyuanhonghua’, ‘Fushi’, ‘Qingwen’, ‘Tianshanhongxing’, ‘Qingtianlan’, ‘Dafugui’, and ‘Hongfushi’ had high light saturation points and the highest light resistance. ‘Xueyuanhonghua’, ‘Qingwen’, ‘Taohuafeixue’, ‘Tianshanhongxing’, ‘Qingtianlan’, ‘Guifeichacui’, ‘Chifen’, and ‘Hongxiuqiu’ had low light compensation points. Thus, two cultivars with strong photosynthetic productivity, ‘Xueyuanhonghua’ and ‘Qingwen’, can be cross-bred to obtain both light- and shade-tolerant plants. This study provides a theoretical basis for breeding new cultivars with high photosynthetic productivity. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advancement in Propagation, Breeding, Cultivation and Marketing of Ornamentals)

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16 pages, 2317 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Warm Bulb Storage Optimises Flowering Attributes and Foliage Characteristics in Amaryllis belladonna L.

by Carolyn Margaret Wilmot, Muhali Olaide Jimoh and Charles Petrus Laubscher

Horticulturae 2023, 9(12), 1271; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae9121271 - 27 Nov 2023

Viewed by 914

Abstract

Amaryllis belladonna is an autumn-flowering bulbous geophyte endemic to the Western Cape, South Africa. The species’ erratic flowering disposition and brief flowering period upon maturity limit its economic productivity and competitiveness within the traditional genera of cut flowers and potted plants. However, it [...] Read more.

Amaryllis belladonna is an autumn-flowering bulbous geophyte endemic to the Western Cape, South Africa. The species’ erratic flowering disposition and brief flowering period upon maturity limit its economic productivity and competitiveness within the traditional genera of cut flowers and potted plants. However, it can be an attractive, eco-friendly, seasonal addition to the specialty floriculture market. A 10-month study evaluated the effects of a warm storage period on A. belladonna bulbs’ flowering yield, flowering time, quality characteristics, and foliage growth. The experiment comprised dormant flower-sized bulbs randomly assigned to one of six storage regimes of either a 0- (no storage control), 4-, 6-, 8-, 10-, or 12-week interval periods at a continuous warm temperature of 23 ± 1 °C before planting into pots between mid-November 2021 and mid-February 2022 in the greenhouse. The results showed that flowering production (64.3% flowering after the 12-week storage), flowering time (anthesis occurring 9 days after the 10- and 12-week storage), and quality attributes (number of florets in the inflorescence, scape diameter, inflorescence fullness ratio, and pot longevity) of A. belladonna scapes were significantly impacted by warm bulb storage, but not foliage growth. Irrespective of bulb storage, inflorescence abortion occurred. An extended bulb storage did not advance the flowering time despite a greater harvest and shorter cultivation periods after planting. This study established that a cumulative temperature range during bulb dormancy is crucial for supporting the A. belladonna inflorescence maturity’s energetic demands and the opening of floret buds. Bulbs should be stored at elevated temperatures for at least 8–10 weeks to attain the best floret-quality attributes and longevity. However, for an economical and sustainable greenhouse and specialty cut flower production, 12-week warm bulb storage is recommended to achieve the optimal anthesis in the shortest interval for this seasonal single-harvest species after planting. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advancement in Propagation, Breeding, Cultivation and Marketing of Ornamentals)

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15 pages, 8820 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Use of Light Spectra for Efficient Production of PLBs in Temperate Terrestrial Orchids

by Hossein Naderi Boldaji, Shirin Dianati Daylami and Kourosh Vahdati

Horticulturae 2023, 9(9), 1007; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae9091007 - 07 Sep 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1096

Abstract

Wild orchids, especially the terrestrial temperate ones are endangered species due to challenges in their natural habitats. Therefore, there is an urgent need to introduce efficient propagation methods to overcome the natural reproduction problems of these orchids. In this study, the effects of [...] Read more.

Wild orchids, especially the terrestrial temperate ones are endangered species due to challenges in their natural habitats. Therefore, there is an urgent need to introduce efficient propagation methods to overcome the natural reproduction problems of these orchids. In this study, the effects of different light spectrums, explant types, wounding, and combinations of different plant growth regulators (PGRs) on direct somatic embryogenesis (DSE) of two species of these endangered orchids listed in the conservation category, were studied. The highest percentages of DSE formation and embryo germination were observed in Dactylorhiza umberosa protocorm explants exposed to white light (400–730 nm) and in Epipactis veratifolia protocorm explants exposed to a combination of red and far-red spectra (R: FR = 70:30). This occurred while red (610–700) alone and in combination with far-red (710–730 nm) spectrum induced embryogenesis more than the blue spectrum and dark condition in E. veratifolia. Thidiazuron (TDZ, 3 mg L⁻¹), produced the highest percentage of protocorm-like bodies (PLBs) on protocorm explants in both orchids. Kinetin (Kin, 2 mg L⁻¹) and Benzyladenine (BA 3 mg L⁻¹) had the most effect on the survival and growth of PLBs, respectively, in D. umberosa and E. veratifolia. Species did not show similar embryogenesis responses under light spectrums. In a medium containing 3 mg L⁻¹ TDZ, white light and R-FR spectra produced the most PLBs on wounded protocorm explants of D. umberosa and E. veratifolia respectively. The developmental stage of apical meristem of PLBs in both species was more advanced under R-B spectra, compared to others. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advancement in Propagation, Breeding, Cultivation and Marketing of Ornamentals)

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12 pages, 1262 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Prediction Model for Breeding Hardy Geraniums

by Mehrdad Akbarzadeh, Paul Quataert, Johan Van Huylenbroeck, Stefaan P. O. Werbrouck and Emmy Dhooghe

Horticulturae 2023, 9(6), 617; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae9060617 - 24 May 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1354

Abstract

Key message. The success of interspecific hybridization in hardy geranium (Geranium sp.) can be predicted by considering the genetic distance between parental genotypes and using the logistic regression model developed in this study. Hardy geranium is a popular ornamental plant known for [...] Read more.

Key message. The success of interspecific hybridization in hardy geranium (Geranium sp.) can be predicted by considering the genetic distance between parental genotypes and using the logistic regression model developed in this study. Hardy geranium is a popular ornamental plant known for its architecture, hardiness, prolonged flowering, and diverse colors in leaves and flowers. In ornamental breeding, the pursuit of novel trait combinations is never-ending. Even in Geranium, certain combinations of valuable traits have not yet been achieved. Interspecific hybridization can increase diversity; however, success remains low due to pre- and postzygotic barriers. Crossing success can be predicted by response criteria such as pollen tube growth (tube_length), seed development (seed_dev), and seed setting (seed_set). Within a collection of 42 Geranium genotypes and during two consecutive breeding seasons (years), we evaluated tube_length, seed_dev, and seed_set for 150, 1155, and 349 crosses, respectively. These crosses varied in four parental differences (variables): chromosome number (Chrom), DNA/chromosome (DNA), style length (Style), and genetic distance expressed as the Jaccard distance (cJaccard = 1 − Jaccard). Using logistic regression models has confirmed that most often, the success rate decreased with increasing parental distance. The most consistent association was seen in seed_dev in combination with cJaccard. The model was used to predict the number of crosses necessary to have 10 successful crossing products by taking into account the uncertainty in the model. These findings provide valuable guidance for future planning of interspecific breeding experiments in Geranium. By incorporating the genetic distance between parental genotypes, breeders can enhance the efficiency and success of hybridization efforts. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advancement in Propagation, Breeding, Cultivation and Marketing of Ornamentals)

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18 pages, 3340 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Effect of Seaweed-Based Biostimulants on Growth and Development of Hydrangea paniculata under Continuous or Periodic Drought Stress

by Paulien De Clercq, Els Pauwels, Seppe Top, Kathy Steppe and Marie-Christine Van Labeke

Horticulturae 2023, 9(4), 509; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae9040509 - 19 Apr 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1823

Abstract

To adapt to climate change and water scarcity during dry, hot summers, more sustainable, or even deficit, irrigation is required in the ornamental sector, as it uses large amounts of water to sustain high-value crop production. Biostimulants, especially seaweed extracts, could offer a [...] Read more.

To adapt to climate change and water scarcity during dry, hot summers, more sustainable, or even deficit, irrigation is required in the ornamental sector, as it uses large amounts of water to sustain high-value crop production. Biostimulants, especially seaweed extracts, could offer a sustainable solution against drought stress as they are known to increase plant tolerance to abiotic stress. The effect of four seaweed extracts based on Ascophyllum nodosum, Soliera chordalis, Ecklonia maxima, and Saccharina latissima and one microbial biostimulant were tested on container-grown Hydrangea paniculata under drought stress conditions for two years. During the first trial year, in 2019, overall irrigation was reduced by 20%. In 2021, plants were subjected to repeated drying and wetting cycles. In general, less irrigation, and thus a lower substrate moisture content, reduced stomatal conductance, biomass production, and root development, but increased plant compactness. The biostimulants showed minor effects, but these were not observed in both experiments. Treatment with the A. nodosum extract resulted in longer branches and more biomass under deficit irrigation but tended to accelerate flowering when repeated drying and wetting cycles were applied. The E. maxima extract negatively affected the branching of Hydrangea under repeated drying and wetting cycles. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advancement in Propagation, Breeding, Cultivation and Marketing of Ornamentals)

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15 pages, 1873 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Exploring Genetic Diversity in an Ilex crenata Breeding Germplasm

by Esther Geukens, Annelies Haegeman, Jef Van Meulder, Katrijn Van Laere, Erik Smolders, Tom Ruttink and Leen Leus

Horticulturae 2023, 9(4), 485; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae9040485 - 13 Apr 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1275

Abstract

Knowledge of genetic identity, genetic relationships, ploidy level, and chromosome numbers can enhance the efficiency of ornamental plant breeding programs. In the present study, genome sizes, chromosome numbers, and genetic fingerprints were determined for a collection of 94 Ilex accessions, including 69 I. [...] Read more.

Knowledge of genetic identity, genetic relationships, ploidy level, and chromosome numbers can enhance the efficiency of ornamental plant breeding programs. In the present study, genome sizes, chromosome numbers, and genetic fingerprints were determined for a collection of 94 Ilex accessions, including 69 I. crenata. The genome size of the entire collection ranged from 1.50 ± 0.03 to 8.01 ± 0.18. Within the species of I. crenata, genome sizes varied (mean ± sd) between 1.98 ± 0.08 and 2.30 ± 0.04, with three outliers: 3.06 ± 0.04, 4.04 ± 0.09, and 4.19 ± 0.08. The chromosome counting results showed 2n = 40 for I. crenata accessions and confirmed the outliers as one triploid and two tetraploids. A high intra-specific genetic diversity in Ilex crenata was found, after genetic fingerprinting using genotyping-by-sequencing (GBS). The species I. crenata was separated into three clades, which coincided with intraspecific differences in genome sizes (mean ± sd) of 2.09 ± 0.006, 2.07 ± 0.05, and 2.19 ± 0.06 pg/2C per clade as mean values for the diploids. Applying a principal coordinate analysis (PCoA) to the genetic fingerprinting data of all species in the collection revealed a wide genetic variation, which has not yet been commercially exploited. These findings could form the basis for selectively breeding parents, in order to create more genetic diversity via intra- and interspecific crosses. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advancement in Propagation, Breeding, Cultivation and Marketing of Ornamentals)

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24 pages, 4066 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Comparative Analysis of Morphological, Physiological, Anatomic and Biochemical Responses in Relatively Sensitive Zinnia elegans ‘Zinnita Scarlet’ and Relatively Tolerant Zinnia marylandica ‘Double Zahara Fire Improved’ under Saline Conditions

by Sara Yasemin and Nezihe Koksal

Horticulturae 2023, 9(2), 247; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae9020247 - 11 Feb 2023

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1512

Abstract

Salinity is one of the major abiotic stresses in plants. The aim of the present study was to determine the effects of salinity on relatively sensitive Zinnia elegans Jacq. ‘Zinnita Scarlet’ and relatively tolerant Zinnia marylandica D.M. Spooner et al. ‘Double Zahara Fire [...] Read more.

Salinity is one of the major abiotic stresses in plants. The aim of the present study was to determine the effects of salinity on relatively sensitive Zinnia elegans Jacq. ‘Zinnita Scarlet’ and relatively tolerant Zinnia marylandica D.M. Spooner et al. ‘Double Zahara Fire Improved’ through a comparative analysis of morphological, physiological, anatomic, and biochemical traits. Plants were irrigated at five levels of salt concentrations (0 [control], 50, 100, 150, 200 mM NaCl) for three weeks at one-day intervals in pots under greenhouse conditions. The effects of salinity stress on plant growth parameters, ion leakage, the loss of turgidity, minimum fluorescence (F_O’), plant nutrient elements, leaf anatomic parameters, stoma response to the application of light and abscisic acid perfusion, proline content, chlorophyll a, b and total chlorophyll, and carotenoid content were investigated. Differences in the stages and levels of plant response in the relatively sensitive and relatively tolerant cultivar were determined. Proline accumulation appeared to be higher in Double Zahara Fire Improved (D.Za.F.I.) than Zinnita Scarlet (Zi.S.) in the low concentration of salinity. After the application of abscsic acid perfusion to intact leaf surfaces, the stomata of the relatively tolerant cultivar D.Za.F.I. closed earlier (7 min) than Zi.S. (29 min). Ion leakage (32.3%) and Na accumulation (0.9%) in the aerial parts increased dramatically for Zi.S in the 50 mM NaCl treatment. Moreover, values of plant growth parameters, minimum fluorescence (F_O’), photosynthetic pigments, and plant nutrient elements all showed a greater decreasing percentage in Zi.S. compared to D.Za.F.I. Stomatal densities for both the abaxial and adaxial surfaces of the leaf decreased in parallel with the increase in salt stress. Palisade parenchyma cell height and leaf thickness values decreased in Zi.S. as salinity increased. In D.Za.F.I., leaf thickness increased by up to 100 mM NaCl while the height of palisade parenchyma cells decreased under high salt stress conditions (100 mM and above). Recommendations for future research include molecular-level evaluations and the study of how to increase salt tolerance in these potentially valuable ornamental cultivars. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advancement in Propagation, Breeding, Cultivation and Marketing of Ornamentals)

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12 pages, 769 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Flowering Time and Physiological Reaction of Dendrobium nobile Lindl in Response to TDZ Application

by Shuxian Ren, Menglu Hu, Qian Wu, Lin Wang, Huaishan Gu, Ziyue Chen, Zhu Ming and Zongyan Li

Horticulturae 2023, 9(2), 129; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae9020129 - 18 Jan 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1029

Abstract

The objective of this work was to analyze the effect of Thidiazuron (TDZ) treatment on floral initiation, flowering time, ornamental characteristics and physiological metabolism of potted Dendrobium nobile. Three TDZ concentrations (200, 500 and 1000 mg L⁻¹) were applied as [...] Read more.

The objective of this work was to analyze the effect of Thidiazuron (TDZ) treatment on floral initiation, flowering time, ornamental characteristics and physiological metabolism of potted Dendrobium nobile. Three TDZ concentrations (200, 500 and 1000 mg L⁻¹) were applied as solution to water the root zone of the plants. Control plants (plants watered with water) showed a good vegetative development but no floral branches. TDZ greatly influenced the flowering process. For all the tested TDZ concentrations, the first flower bud occurred at 55–60 days after the last irrigation (DAI), the highest TDZ concentration showing the major delay in its occurrence. The initial flowering (30% of flowered plants) began 47 days after the first flower bud initiation with no statistical differences among the treatments. Plants treated with TDZ 500–1000 mg L⁻¹ showed the longest period of flowering (about 32 days) and the single flowers delayed the withering of about 2–3 days compared to the lowest TDZ treatment (200 mg L⁻¹). The number of flowers, floral branches and flowering percentage were distinctly influenced by the TDZ concentration. The highest percentage of flowering (40%) was scored when plants were watered with a TDZ solution at 500 mg L⁻¹ and this was a performant treatment providing the best morphological flower features for the ornamental value of this plant. Among the physiological factors affecting the flowering, this study showed that TDZ increased the relative membrane permeability which facilitated the transport of macromolecular flower-forming substances into and out of the membrane. Therefore, the membrane permeability change could be an indicator of shifts in physiologically active substances during the flowering transition process in Dendrobium nobile plants. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advancement in Propagation, Breeding, Cultivation and Marketing of Ornamentals)

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13 pages, 3570 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Composition of Anthocyanins and Carotenoids Influenced the Flower Color Heredity in Asiatic Hybrid Lilies

by Jiewen Li, Jiawei Chen, Qian Zhang, Pengcheng Yu, Yanping Zhou and Guixia Jia

Horticulturae 2022, 8(12), 1206; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae8121206 - 16 Dec 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1634

Abstract

Flower color, including color hues and spot patterns, is an extremely important trait in Asiatic hybrid lilies. Investigating flower color variation across different cross combinations may help us select breeding parents efficiently. Thus, three hybridizations with different compositions of anthocyanins and carotenoids were [...] Read more.

Flower color, including color hues and spot patterns, is an extremely important trait in Asiatic hybrid lilies. Investigating flower color variation across different cross combinations may help us select breeding parents efficiently. Thus, three hybridizations with different compositions of anthocyanins and carotenoids were performed, and 65, 289 and 125 offspring were obtained, respectively. For the parents and progenies, flower color hues were quantified by the CIELAB system, and the total number of raised spots on tepals was counted. Then, a cluster analysis and a statistical analysis were used to explore the inheritance patterns of flower color. The results showed that an orange flower color with high levels of carotenoids was highly heritable and that the progenies were less segregated, showing orange, orange-red, and yellow flowers. Parents showing red and purple-red flowers with differing levels of carotenoids and anthocyanins produced offspring with extensive segregation, including pink-white, pink, orange-pink, orange-red, yellow, and orange flowers. Meanwhile, different contents of anthocyanins and carotenoids resulted in variable proportions in color groups. Additionally, for F1 generation, the number of raised spots was continuously separated, demonstrating distinct quantitative genetic characteristics. For parents with few or intermediate spots, the hybrid plants showed both prominent negative and positive heterosis. For parents with many spots that covered almost the full tepals, the hybrid seedlings all exhibited raised spots. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advancement in Propagation, Breeding, Cultivation and Marketing of Ornamentals)

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17 pages, 4280 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Breeding and Selection of Nursery Plants Assisted by High-Throughput Field Phenotyping Using UAV Imagery: Case Studies with Sweet Box (Sarcococca) and Garden Rose (Rosa)

by Irene Borra-Serrano, Katrijn Van Laere, Peter Lootens and Leen Leus

Horticulturae 2022, 8(12), 1186; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae8121186 - 13 Dec 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2024

Abstract

Breeding and selection of nursery plants require evaluation of a wide variety of traits. Characteristics that are visually scored in the field include aesthetic beauty as well as tolerance to (a)biotic stresses, among others. This work proposes methodologies based on vegetation indices and [...] Read more.

Breeding and selection of nursery plants require evaluation of a wide variety of traits. Characteristics that are visually scored in the field include aesthetic beauty as well as tolerance to (a)biotic stresses, among others. This work proposes methodologies based on vegetation indices and canopy height data derived from visual imagery captured using an RGB (red, green, blue) camera embedded in a drone to rank and select genotypes. This approach relies on quantitative evaluation standards that exclude breeder bias and speed up data collection. A proof of concept for nursery plants was developed in two woody ornamentals: sweet box (Sarcococca Lindl.) and garden rose (Rosa L.). This work aimed to compare methodologies and to propose how drones (unmanned aerial vehicles, UAV) and high throughput field phenotyping (HTFP) can be used in a commercial plant selection program. Data was gathered in 2019 in three well-established breeding trials, two for sweet box and one for rose. Characteristics discussed include plant architecture traits such as plant height and shape in the sweet box and rose as well as floribundity, continuous flowering and disease resistance in roses. Correlations were calculated between on-ground measurements and UAV-derived methods, obtaining significant results. The advantages and disadvantages of the methodology and the approach for each of the traits are discussed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advancement in Propagation, Breeding, Cultivation and Marketing of Ornamentals)

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11 pages, 1425 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Air Layering Improves Rooting in Tree Peony Cultivars from the Jiangnan Group

by Ying Zhang, Shui-Yan Yu and Yong-Hong Hu

Horticulturae 2022, 8(10), 941; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae8100941 - 14 Oct 2022

Viewed by 2566

Abstract

Tree peony (Paeonia suffruticosa Andr.), a unique traditional flower in China, is famous for its ornamental value, medical use, and edible oil production. Traditional propagation methods, such as sowing, dividing, and grafting do not allow the large-scale production of selected peony varieties. [...] Read more.

Tree peony (Paeonia suffruticosa Andr.), a unique traditional flower in China, is famous for its ornamental value, medical use, and edible oil production. Traditional propagation methods, such as sowing, dividing, and grafting do not allow the large-scale production of selected peony varieties. Therefore, the objective of our study is to evaluate an air-layering technique on the rooting success of three tree peony cultivars (‘Baoqing Hong’, ‘Quehao’, and ‘Xishi’). The experiments were established through consideration of the influence of the time of the year the rooting was performed (mid-May, mid-June, or mid-July) and the growth regulators (1-naphthaleneacetic acid-NAA and indole-3-butyric acid-IBA) applied at different concentrations (1000 mg/L, 1500 mg/L, 2000 mg/L). The results showed that the rooting rate was the highest when the air-layering time occurred in mid-June, and the rooting rate of ‘Quehao’ was found to be the most significant, reaching 100%. The rooting percentages of 82.86% and 77.14% were obtained for ‘Baoqing Hong’ and ‘Xishi’, respectively. The growth regulators affected the rooting performance of the three cultivars differently. The rooting parameters of ‘Quehao’ were negatively correlated with the concentration of NAA but positively correlated with IBA, whereas the ‘Baoqing Hong’ and ‘Xishi’ cultivars showed no dose dependence for the supplied growth regulators. Root number, root tip number, and maximum root length in ‘Quehao’ were higher than those of the other two cultivars. The conclusion of our study is that the air-layering technique is a suitable method for achieving satisfactory propagation of selected tree peony cultivars. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advancement in Propagation, Breeding, Cultivation and Marketing of Ornamentals)

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16 pages, 1193 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Jasmonic Acid and Salicylic Acid Levels in Defense Response of Azalea (Rhododendron simsii Hybrid) to Broad Mite (Polyphagotarsonemus latus)

by Leen Leus, Gil Luypaert, Emmy Dhooghe, Johan Witters, Els Pauwels, Christof Van Poucke, Els Van Pamel, Johan Van Huylenbroeck and Joachim Audenaert

Horticulturae 2022, 8(9), 840; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae8090840 - 13 Sep 2022

Viewed by 1662

Abstract

The broad mite (Polyphagotarsonemus latus (Banks)) is an important pest in many crops, including azalea (Rhododendron simsii Planch. hybrid). Broad mites cause the malformation of shoot tips, leaves and flowers in azalea. It is known that the jasmonic acid (JA)- and [...] Read more.

The broad mite (Polyphagotarsonemus latus (Banks)) is an important pest in many crops, including azalea (Rhododendron simsii Planch. hybrid). Broad mites cause the malformation of shoot tips, leaves and flowers in azalea. It is known that the jasmonic acid (JA)- and salicylic acid (SA)-dependent signaling pathways are related to the presence of herbivorous mites. Here, we describe the levels of the two main plant defense-related hormones, SA and JA, in mite-infested plants. The plant hormones were analyzed using liquid chromatography combined with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). We studied both short-term hormonal responses under controlled conditions with artificial inoculation, and long-term responses under culture conditions with natural infestation. The long-term development of broad mite populations and hormone response were studied during two subsequent growing seasons on 3 and 18 different cultivars, respectively. During the experiments on 18 azalea cultivars under natural infestation, the presence of different species of tarsonemid mites was also examined. JA concentrations only showed variation in the early phase of infestation. Subsequently, the SA levels increased significantly for all the cultivars where broad mites were detected. Based on the observed timing of the defense responses, we suggest that the interaction of the JA and SA pathways as a defense response for pot azalea against P. latus involves a primary plant response through the JA pathway. In the presence of the mites, the production of SA increased in the plants in a later phase as the P. latus population grew. Our results also show that the hormone response depends on type of mite. Changes in hormone levels were found upon infestation with P. latus, but not in the presence of another frequently occurring tarsonemid mite, Tarsonemus confusus Ewing. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advancement in Propagation, Breeding, Cultivation and Marketing of Ornamentals)

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Review

Jump to: Research

32 pages, 3585 KiB

Open AccessReview

A Review on Flower Bulb Micropropagation: Challenges and Opportunities

by Sara Yasemin and Margherita Beruto

Horticulturae 2024, 10(3), 284; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae10030284 - 15 Mar 2024

Viewed by 971

Abstract

This comprehensive review scrutinizes tissue culture and micropropagation methodologies in geophytes, focusing on bulbous plants. The examination encompasses key stages, including somatic embryogenesis, bulb growth, dormancy breaking, and planting. Studies underscore the pivotal role of plant growth regulators (PGRs) in plant regeneration and [...] Read more.

This comprehensive review scrutinizes tissue culture and micropropagation methodologies in geophytes, focusing on bulbous plants. The examination encompasses key stages, including somatic embryogenesis, bulb growth, dormancy breaking, and planting. Studies underscore the pivotal role of plant growth regulators (PGRs) in plant regeneration and bulb growth. Bioreactor systems for healthy plant regeneration, rooting methods, acclimatization strategies, and considerations for ex vitro survival are elucidated. The review also delves into somaclonal variation dynamics and acknowledges the burgeoning field of gene editing, particularly Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats (CRISPR) studies, as a promising avenue for enhancing valuable compound content in geophytes. In addition to addressing challenges in flower bulb micropropagation, this review briefly highlights emerging opportunities, including the potential integration of artificial intelligence (AI) to optimize culture conditions, predict growth parameters, and enhance efficiency in bulb production. The conclusion emphasizes the necessity of a multifaceted approach integrating biochemistry, physiology, and molecular biology to address existing challenges and improve tissue culture protocols for diverse geophyte species. This review article also intends to highlight how tissue culture techniques could contribute to the development and valorization of flower bulbs in today’s scenario of the ornamental industry. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advancement in Propagation, Breeding, Cultivation and Marketing of Ornamentals)

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25 pages, 1021 KiB

Open AccessReview

The New Green Challenge in Urban Planning: The Right Genetics in the Right Place

by Silvia Farinati, Angelo Betto, Fabio Palumbo, Francesco Scariolo, Alessandro Vannozzi and Gianni Barcaccia

Horticulturae 2022, 8(9), 761; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae8090761 - 24 Aug 2022

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 3375

Abstract

The creation of green areas within urban centers was born as a response to profoundly different problems, such as the demographic increase and the progressive urbanization of landscapes. Moreover, up to date, the genetics of plants has not been considered for urban contexts. [...] Read more.

The creation of green areas within urban centers was born as a response to profoundly different problems, such as the demographic increase and the progressive urbanization of landscapes. Moreover, up to date, the genetics of plants has not been considered for urban contexts. The purpose of this review is to discuss the state of the art and the advantages in planning genetic improvement for plants for urban destinations, also providing technical information, that may contribute in a concrete way. Firstly, recent genomic sources and their potential contribution to breeding programs are discussed. Then, dividing the urban scenarios into four macro areas (i.e., urban/metropolitan parks, urban gardens, road verges and roofs/terraces/balconies), we described the role of genetics in the adaptability and sustainability of plants in these different contexts. In addition, we analyzed the genetic traits plants need to provide services for a city environment and population (e.g., pollution reduction, biodiversity conservation, soil stability, and food production). Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advancement in Propagation, Breeding, Cultivation and Marketing of Ornamentals)

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28 pages, 2248 KiB

Open AccessReview

Evolving Consumption Trends, Marketing Strategies, and Governance Settings in Ornamental Horticulture: A Grey Literature Review

by Sara Gabellini and Silvia Scaramuzzi

Horticulturae 2022, 8(3), 234; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae8030234 - 08 Mar 2022

Cited by 27 | Viewed by 8502

Abstract

Ornamentals are the most diversified products and fast-changing industry of horticulture. A new flower and ornamental plant market scenario is developing: remarkable opportunities are emerging, but more efforts are required by both public and private stakeholders to seize them and assure a high-value [...] Read more.

Ornamentals are the most diversified products and fast-changing industry of horticulture. A new flower and ornamental plant market scenario is developing: remarkable opportunities are emerging, but more efforts are required by both public and private stakeholders to seize them and assure a high-value positioning. Our paper aims at filling the gap in the availability of integrated data sources and structured theoretically sound studies on new consumption trends, marketing strategies, and governance settings. Specific objectives are: identifying an innovative ornamental horticulture market data framework; evidencing evolving dynamics of competition in Europe and necessary adaptions of public and private action; defining a new action-research agenda, capable of stimulating the interest of businesses, researchers, and institutions. In terms of methodology, we carry out an innovative integrative review analysis of the wide and most reliable grey literature and statistics, using a comprehensive approach. Results show the emerging consumption dynamics and high-value consumer profiles characterizing the European market, expected to significantly expand and transform, according to the impact of globalization, climate change, urbanization, digitalization, and the affirmation of neo-luxury and sustainability-oriented consumption patterns. The evolution of marketing strategies and governance settings is also highlighted, together with the necessity of developing and integrating public and private initiatives for realizing high-value sustainable and transparent production systems and supply chains. Accordingly, relevant action-research directions are described. These findings are expected to improve the current debate on the competitiveness of the European ornamental industry and contribute to taking a step towards a synergic combination of new differential advantages and wider sustainability goals. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advancement in Propagation, Breeding, Cultivation and Marketing of Ornamentals)

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