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Energy, Electrical and Power Engineering 2024

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A special issue of Energies (ISSN 1996-1073). This special issue belongs to the section "F: Electrical Engineering".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 25 July 2024 | Viewed by 4656

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Prof. Dr. Wen-Ping Cao

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Guest Editor

School of Engineering and Applied Science, Aston University, Birmingham B4 7ET, UK
Interests: electrical machines and drives; power electronics; power systems; wind power; electric vehicles
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Prof. Dr. Cungang Hu

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Guest Editor

School of Electrical Engineering and Automation, Anhui University, Hefei 23061, China
Interests: electric machines and drives; power electronics; power system analysis; new and renewable energy; big data analytics
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Dr. Pinjia Zhang

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Guest Editor

Department of Electrical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 10084, China
Interests: renewable energy; micro grid and energy storage; monitoring
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Prof. Dr. Xiaoyan Huang

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Guest Editor

Department of Electrical Machine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310024, China
Interests: permanent magnet motor; high speed train traction system; high efficiency motor drive system for EV; fault tolerant motor drives for aerospace; PMSM motor intelligent control
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Energy and power are playing an increasingly pivotal role in our modern life and are transforming the way we utilize energy and the way we live. This special issue will bring together the latest innovations and knowledge in energy and power engineering such as new and renewable energy, power electronics and electric motor drives, distributed generation and multi-energy systems, data analytics, and artificial intelligence. You are cordially invited to contribute to the Special Issue and present your new work.

Topics of Interest include but are not limited to:

Analogue and Digital Signal Processing
Artificial Intelligence
Big Data and Data Processing
Bioenergy and Utilization
Communication Systems
Control Theory and Optimisation
Diagnosis and Sensing Systems
Distributed Generation
Electrical Generators
Electrical Motor Drives
Electromagnetic and Applied Superconductivity
Electronics, Information and Control Systems
Energy Market and Power System Economics
Energy Storage
Engineering Materials and Process
Fuel Cells and Applications
Industrial Process Control and Automation
Intelligent control systems
Mechatronics and Robotics
Modeling, Simulation, and Analysis
Nuclear Energy
Power Electronic Converters
Power Generation and Sustainable Environment
Power Quality and Electromagnetic Compatibility
Power Planning and Scheduling
Power Semiconductors
Predictive Control
Protection, Operation, and Control
Real-Time Control
Reliability and Security
Renewable Energy
Sensors, Instruments, and Measuring Technologies
Smart Cities and Smart Grids
Solar energy and photovoltaics
Transmission and Distribution Systems
Wind energy

Thank you very much for your participation!

Prof. Dr. Wen-Ping Cao
Prof. Dr. Cungang Hu
Dr. Pinjia Zhang
Prof. Dr. Xiaoyan Huang
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Energies is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

power converters
motor drives
electrified vehicles
wind power generation
measurement techniques

Related Special Issue

Energy, Electrical and Power Engineering 2021-2022 in Energies (22 articles)

Published Papers (10 papers)

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Research

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26 pages, 510 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Optimizing Critical Overloaded Power Transmission Lines with a Novel Unified SVC Deployment Approach Based on FVSI Analysis

by Manuel Dario Jaramillo and Diego Francisco Carrión

Energies 2024, 17(9), 2063; https://doi.org/10.3390/en17092063 - 26 Apr 2024

Viewed by 185

Abstract

This paper proposes a novel methodology to improve stability in a transmission system under critical conditions of operation when additional loads that take the system to the verge of stability are placed in weak bus bars according to the fast voltage stability index (FVSI). This paper employs the Newton–Raphson method to calculate power flows accurately and, based on that information, correctly calculate the FVSI for every transmission line. First, the weakest transmission line is identified by considering

N - 1

contingencies for the disconnection of transmission lines, and then all weak nodes associated with this transmission line are identified. Following this, critical scenarios generated by stochastically placed loads that will take the system to the verge of instability will be placed on the identified weak nodes. Then, the methodology will optimally size and place a single static VAR compensator SVC in the system to take the transmission system to the conditions before the additional loads are connected. Finally, the methodology will be validated by testing the system for critical contingencies when any transmission line associated with the weak nodes is disconnected. As a result, this paper’s methodology found a single SVC that will improve the system’s stability and voltage profiles to similar values when the additional loads are not connected and even before contingencies occur. The methodology is validated on three transmission systems: IEEE 14, 30, and 118 bus bars. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Energy, Electrical and Power Engineering 2024)

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20 pages, 9082 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Field Plate Integration for Mitigating Partial Discharge Activity in PCB-Embedded Power Electronic Modules

by Paul Bruyere, Eric Vagnon and Yvan Avenas

Energies 2024, 17(9), 2035; https://doi.org/10.3390/en17092035 - 25 Apr 2024

Viewed by 194

Abstract

This paper proposes a concept based on field plate (FP) integration inside printed circuit board (PCB)-embedded power modules. The goal is to reduce the electric field at their surface and thus increase the partial discharge inception voltage (PDIV). Electrostatic simulations are first carried out to analyze the electric field reduction induced by the use of FPs. Then, dedicated experiments are proposed to demonstrate that the actual PDIV increases in AC sinus 50 Hz when FPs are implemented. More specifically, it is observed that an optimal FP length exists. Several analyses based on simulations and experiments are thus proposed to explain this phenomenon. Finally, an assessment of PD activity and PD location is presented to support the analysis. AC sinus 50 Hz characterizations indicate that PDIV can be increased by 178% compared to PCBs without FPs with a proper definition of equipotential prolongation and PCB length. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Energy, Electrical and Power Engineering 2024)

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14 pages, 2335 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Smart Transmission Expansion Planning Based on the System Requirements: A Comparative Study with Unconventional Lines

by Bhuban Dhamala and Mona Ghassemi

Energies 2024, 17(8), 1912; https://doi.org/10.3390/en17081912 - 17 Apr 2024

Viewed by 338

Abstract

This paper introduces a new concept in transmission expansion planning based on unconventional lines, termed “smart transmission expansion planning”. Traditionally, the domains of transmission expansion planning (TEP) and transmission line design are separate entities. TEP planners typically rely on the electrical specifications of a limited set of standard conventional line designs to evaluate planning scenarios, ultimately leading to the construction of the selected candidate line. In this context, it is noted that cost-effective scenarios often diverge from meeting the technical criteria of load flow analysis. To address this discrepancy, this paper proposes an alternative approach wherein TEP is conducted based on the specific requirements of the system earmarked for expansion. The transmission expansion planner initiates the process by determining optimal line parameter values that not only meet the operational criteria but also ensure cost-effectiveness. Subsequently, a line is designed to embody these optimal parameters. A detailed comparative analysis is conducted in this study, comparing the outcomes of TEP analyses conducted with conventional lines, unconventional lines, and lines featuring optimal parameters. Through extensive load flow analysis performed under normal and all single-contingency scenarios across three distinct loading conditions (peak load, dominant load representing 60% of peak load, and light load representing 40% of peak load), the results reveal that transmission lines engineered with optimal parameters demonstrate effective operation, with fewer transmission lines required to meet identical demands compared to other approaches. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Energy, Electrical and Power Engineering 2024)

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24 pages, 10087 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Self-Oscillating Converter Based on Phase Tracking Closed Loop for a Dynamic IPT System

by Lin Chen, Daqing Luo, Jianfeng Hong, Mingjie Guan and Wenxiang Chen

Energies 2024, 17(8), 1814; https://doi.org/10.3390/en17081814 - 10 Apr 2024

Viewed by 279

Abstract

The coupling of converters with resonant networks poses significant challenges for frequency tracking and power control in inductive power transfer (IPT) systems. This paper presents an implementation method that addresses these issues by dividing the system’s operation into two distinct states: self-oscillating and power-injecting. Based on these states, a phase-closed loop is constructed. Within this closed loop, the phase tracking unit detects and tracks frequency drift, while the power regulating unit incorporates an integrator and adopts a control variable to adjust the output power by modifying the duration of the power injecting state. Meanwhile, the oscillating unit operates in the self-oscillating state. Operating in this manner, the system achieves self-oscillation and demonstrates the capability to effectively track and compensate for system variations within a single cycle. A verification prototype has been constructed, and it demonstrates that the converter within it completely decoupled from the resonant network. Experimental results validate that altering the control variable solely affects the duration of the power-injecting state, allowing for independent control of the output power. When the control variable changes from 2.0 V to 3.5 V, the output power changes from 178 W to 519 W while the self-oscillating state remains unchanged. Furthermore, the system accurately tracks frequency changes, even under significant variations in the coupling coefficient or load, without compromising the power injection state. When the air gap changes from 3 cm to 12 cm, the duration of the self-oscillating state changes from 22.1 μs to 26.3 μs, while the power injecting state remains unchanged. This approach exhibits a robust performance, particularly suitable for dynamic IPT systems sensitive to parameter variations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Energy, Electrical and Power Engineering 2024)

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22 pages, 17365 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Modeling Time-Evolving Electrical Conductivity in Air Ionization Plasma under DC Voltage: A Finite-Difference Time-Domain Approach for Needle-Plate Setup Based on Laboratory Experiments

by Rodrigo M. S. de Oliveira, Thiago S. de Lima, Júlio A. S. Nascimento and Gustavo G. Girotto

Energies 2024, 17(8), 1799; https://doi.org/10.3390/en17081799 - 09 Apr 2024

Viewed by 334

Abstract

In this paper, we develop a finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) model in which the time-evolving electrical conductivity of the air ionization plasma in DC voltage needed-plate setup is represented. Maxwell’s equations are solved using the FDTD method, and the associated currents and discharge fields are computed over time and in three-dimensional space. The proposed model for the electrical conductivity is dependent on time, the applied DC voltage, and the gap length. The necessary data for developing the proposed model is obtained experimentally using a standard discharge needle, with its spherical tip measuring approximately 40

μ

m in diameter. Once high voltage is applied, a steady state is achieved. The electrical conductivity

σ (t)

and its associated parameters are then calculated using nonlinear equations proposed to reproduce the experimentally obtained plasma behavior in the full-wave FDTD model. Voltage ranges from 4 kV to 9 kV, and gap distances are between 4 mm and 8 mm. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Energy, Electrical and Power Engineering 2024)

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29 pages, 12691 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Insights from a Comprehensive Capacity Expansion Planning Modeling on the Operation and Value of Hydropower Plants under High Renewable Penetrations

by Evangelos S. Chatzistylianos, Georgios N. Psarros and Stavros A. Papathanassiou

Energies 2024, 17(7), 1723; https://doi.org/10.3390/en17071723 - 03 Apr 2024

Viewed by 382

Abstract

This paper presents a quantitative assessment of the value of hydroelectric power plants (HPPs) in power systems with a significant penetration of variable renewable energy sources (VRESs). Through a capacity expansion planning (CEP) model that incorporates a detailed representation of HPP operating principles, the study investigates the construction and application of HPP rule curves essential for seasonal operation. A comparative analysis is also conducted between the proposed rule curve formulation and alternative modeling techniques from the literature. The CEP model optimizes installed capacities per technology to achieve predefined VRES penetration targets, considering hourly granularity and separate rule curves for each HPP. A case study involving twelve reservoir hydropower stations and two open-loop pumped hydro stations is examined, accounting for standalone plants and cascaded hydro systems across six river basins. The study evaluates the additional generation and storage required to replace the hydropower fleet under high VRES penetration levels, assessing the resulting increases in total system cost emanating from introducing such new investments. Furthermore, the study approximates the storage capabilities of HPPs and investigates the impact of simplified HPP modeling on system operation and investment decisions. Overall, the findings underscore the importance of reevaluating hydro rule curves for future high VRES penetration conditions and highlight the significance of HPPs in the energy transition towards carbon neutrality. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Energy, Electrical and Power Engineering 2024)

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21 pages, 5510 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Influence of the Skin and Proximity Effects on the Thermal Field in Flat and Trefoil Three-Phase Systems with Round Conductors

by Paweł Jabłoński, Marek Zaręba, Tomasz Szczegielniak and Jerzy Gołębiowski

Energies 2024, 17(7), 1713; https://doi.org/10.3390/en17071713 - 03 Apr 2024

Viewed by 519

Abstract

The passage of current generates heat and increases the temperature of electrical components, which affects the environment, support insulators and contacts. Knowledge of the temperature allows for the determination of important operational parameters. Time-varying currents result in a nonuniform current density distribution due to the skin and proximity effects. As a result, temperature and energy losses are increased compared to the uniform DC current density case. In this paper, these effects are considered for three-phase systems with round conductors in flat and trefoil arrangements. In the first step, the analytical expressions for current distributions are determined and used to construct the heat source density. Then, a suitable Green’s function, which allows for obtaining temperature distribution in analytical form, is used to evaluate temperature at any point throughout the conductors. The temperature differences throughout individual wires are usually negligible, whereas noticeable differences can be observed between the wires. The impact of various parameters is examined, and an approximate closed formula is derived to assess the influence of the skin and proximity effects. When the skin depth is not smaller than the wire radius, the skin effect enlarges the temperature increase by around 2% compared to the DC case. As for the proximity effect, the additional increase can be neglected if the distance is above around 10 wire radii, but for closely spaced wires, it can reach up to around 17%, depending on the arrangement and the distance between the wires. Such an additional increase may result in exceeding the permissible temperatures, which damages particular components of the system; therefore, it is important to take it into account at the design stage. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Energy, Electrical and Power Engineering 2024)

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15 pages, 3051 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Mathematical Model of a Nonlinear Power Transformer for Needs of Relay Protection

by Evgeniy Kolesnikov, Aleksandr Novozhilov, Dilara Rakhimberdinova, Aleksandr Kislov and Timofey Novozhilov

Energies 2024, 17(7), 1710; https://doi.org/10.3390/en17071710 - 03 Apr 2024

Viewed by 365

Abstract

In this work, a mathematical model of a three-phase nonlinear transformer is suggested. The model enables simulating the transformer operation with allowance for its nonlinearity and covers needs of the relay protection. Our model has been developed on the basis of a mathematical model with phase coordinates, where differential equations are composed by the Kirchhoff’s phase-voltage law. Based on this model, we first compose a mathematical model for simulating steady-state operation modes of a transformer, taking into account the asymmetry and nonlinearity of its ferromagnetic core. In this model, the initial values of inductances and mutual inductances of loops are determined from the main phase inductance calculated by the experimentally found no-load current, and their current values are determined from the currents in windings and the magnetic fluxes in legs of the transformer core. The magnetic fluxes are calculated by the nodal-pair method. This improved mathematical model is verified through a comparison between the calculated harmonic components of the phase currents and the experimental results. The harmonic components are calculated with the use of Fourier expansion of the calculated phase currents. Their experimental values are determined with a spectrum analyzer. The calculated and experimental harmonic components of the currents of phase A during no-load and rated-load operation of the transformer are tabulated. The comparison of these results shows that the mathematical model of a three-phase transformer we suggest makes it possible to simulate currents in transformer windings under steady-state operation modes with accuracy acceptable for relay protection. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Energy, Electrical and Power Engineering 2024)

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27 pages, 2366 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Data-Driven Techniques for Short-Term Electricity Price Forecasting through Novel Deep Learning Approaches with Attention Mechanisms

by Vasileios Laitsos, Georgios Vontzos, Dimitrios Bargiotas, Aspassia Daskalopulu and Lefteri H. Tsoukalas

Energies 2024, 17(7), 1625; https://doi.org/10.3390/en17071625 - 28 Mar 2024

Viewed by 907

Abstract

The electricity market is constantly evolving, being driven by factors such as market liberalization, the increasing use of renewable energy sources (RESs), and various economic and political influences. These dynamics make it challenging to predict wholesale electricity prices. Accurate short-term forecasting is crucial to maintaining system balance and addressing anomalies such as negative prices and deviations from predictions. This paper investigates short-term electricity price forecasting using historical time series data and employs advanced deep learning algorithms. First, four deep learning models are implemented and proposed, which are a convolutional neural network (CNN) with an integrated attention mechanism, a hybrid CNN followed by a gated recurrent unit model (CNN-GRU) with an attention mechanism, and two ensemble learning models, which are a soft voting ensemble and a stacking ensemble model. Also, the optimized version of a transformer model, the Multi-Head Attention model, is introduced. Finally, the perceptron model is used as a benchmark for comparison. Our results show excellent prediction accuracy, particularly in the hybrid CNN-GRU model with attention, thereby achieving a mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) of 6.333%. The soft voting ensemble model and the Multi-Head Attention model also performed well, with MAPEs of 6.125% and 6.889%, respectively. These findings are significant, as previous studies have not shown high performance with transformer models and attention mechanisms. The presented results offer promising insights for future research in this field. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Energy, Electrical and Power Engineering 2024)

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Review

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32 pages, 1225 KiB

Open AccessReview

Integrating Blockchain in Smart Grids for Enhanced Demand Response: Challenges, Strategies, and Future Directions

by Paraskevas Koukaras, Konstantinos D. Afentoulis, Pashalis A. Gkaidatzis, Aristeidis Mystakidis, Dimosthenis Ioannidis, Stylianos I. Vagropoulos and Christos Tjortjis

Energies 2024, 17(5), 1007; https://doi.org/10.3390/en17051007 - 21 Feb 2024

Viewed by 745

Abstract

This research, conducted throughout the years 2022 and 2023, examines the role of blockchain technology in optimizing Demand Response (DR) within Smart Grids (SGs). It critically assesses a range of blockchain architectures, evaluating their impact on enhancing DR’s efficiency, security, and consumer engagement. Concurrently, it addresses challenges like scalability, interoperability, and regulatory complexities inherent in merging blockchain with existing energy systems. By integrating theoretical and practical viewpoints, it reveals the potential of blockchain technology to revolutionize Demand Response (DR). Findings affirm that integrating blockchain technology into SGs effectively enhances the efficiency and security of DR, and empirical data illustrate substantial improvements in both cases. Furthermore, key challenges include scalability and interoperability, and also identifying opportunities to enhance consumer engagement and foster system transparency in the adoption of blockchain within DR and SGs. Finally, this work emphasizes the necessity for further investigation to address development hurdles and enhance the effectiveness of blockchain technology in sustainable energy management in SGs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Energy, Electrical and Power Engineering 2024)

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