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Energy, Electrical and Power Engineering 2021-2022
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Energy, Electrical and Power Engineering 2021-2022

A special issue of Energies (ISSN 1996-1073). This special issue belongs to the section "F: Electrical Engineering".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 May 2023) | Viewed by 34784

Printed Edition Available!
A printed edition of this Special Issue is available here.

Special Issue Editors

Prof. Dr. Cungang Hu

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
School of Electrical Engineering and Automation, Anhui University, Hefei 23061, China
Interests: electric machines and drives; power electronics; power system analysis; new and renewable energy; big data analytics
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Pinjia Zhang

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Electrical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 10084, China
Interests: renewable energy; micro grid and energy storage; monitoring
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Prof. Dr. Wen-Ping Cao

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
School of Engineering and Applied Science, Aston University, Birmingham B4 7ET, UK
Interests: electrical machines and drives; power electronics; power systems; wind power; electric vehicles
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Prof. Dr. Xiaoyan Huang

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Electrical Machine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310024, China
Interests: permanent magnet motor; high speed train traction system; high efficiency motor drive system for EV; fault tolerant motor drives for aerospace; PMSM motor intelligent control
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Energy and power are playing an increasingly pivotal role in our modern life and are transforming the way we utilize energy and the way we live. This special issue will bring together the latest innovations and knowledge in energy and power engineering such as new and renewable energy, power electronics and electric motor drives, distributed generation and multi-energy systems, data analytics, and artificial intelligence. You are cordially invited to contribute to the Special Issue and present your new work.

Submissions are invited from authors of accepted post-conference papers presented at the CoEEPE’21 and CoEEPE'22 conferences. The Scientific Committee of the conference will select conference papers for this Special Issue. In addition, we also collect original research and review papers which are not from the conference on the following topics.

Topics of Interest include but are not limited to:

  • Analogue and Digital Signal Processing
  • Artificial Intelligence
  • Big Data and Data Processing
  • Bioenergy and Utilization
  • Communication Systems
  • Control Theory and Optimisation
  • Diagnosis and Sensing Systems
  • Distributed Generation
  • Electrical Generators
  • Electrical Motor Drives
  • Electromagnetic and Applied Superconductivity
  • Electronics, Information and Control Systems
  • Energy Market and Power System Economics
  • Energy Storage
  • Engineering Materials and Process
  • Fuel Cells and Applications
  • Industrial Process Control and Automation
  • Intelligent control systems
  • Mechatronics and Robotics
  • Modeling, Simulation, and Analysis
  • Nuclear Energy
  • Power Electronic Converters
  • Power Generation and Sustainable Environment
  • Power Quality and Electromagnetic Compatibility
  • Power Planning and Scheduling
  • Power Semiconductors
  • Predictive Control
  • Protection, Operation, and Control
  • Real-Time Control
  • Reliability and Security
  • Renewable Energy
  • Sensors, Instruments, and Measuring Technologies
  • Smart Cities and Smart Grids
  • Solar energy and photovoltaics
  • Transmission and Distribution Systems
  • Wind energy

Thank you very much for your participation!

Prof. Dr. Cungang Hu
Dr. Pinjia Zhang
Prof. Dr. Wen-Ping Cao
Prof. Dr. Xiaoyan Huang
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Energies is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • power converters
  • motor drives
  • electrified vehicles
  • wind power generation
  • measurement techniques

Related Special Issue

Published Papers (22 papers)

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Research

18 pages, 1058 KiB  
Article
Joint Detection and State Estimate with GSAs in PMU-Based Smart Grids
by Feng Hua, Wengen Gao, Yunfei Li, Pengfei Hu and Lina Qiao
Energies 2023, 16(15), 5731; https://doi.org/10.3390/en16155731 - 31 Jul 2023
Viewed by 858
Abstract
The Phasor Measurement Unit (PMU) with a GPS signal receiver is a synchronized sensor widely used for power system state estimation. While the GPS receiver ensures time accuracy, it is vulnerable to network attacks. GPS spoofing attacks can alter the phase angle of [...] Read more.
The Phasor Measurement Unit (PMU) with a GPS signal receiver is a synchronized sensor widely used for power system state estimation. While the GPS receiver ensures time accuracy, it is vulnerable to network attacks. GPS spoofing attacks can alter the phase angle of PMU measurement signals and manipulate system states. This paper derives a power system state model based on PMUs under GPS spoofing attacks, according to the characteristics of changes in bus voltages and branch currents after GSA. Based on the characteristics of this model, a detection and correction algorithm for attacked data is proposed to detect GSA and correct attacked measurements. The corrected measurements can be used for power system state estimation. Simulation results on the IEEE 14-bus system show that the proposed algorithm improves the accuracy of state estimation under one or multiple GSAs, especially when multiple GSAs are present, compared to classical Weighted Least Squares Estimation (WLSE) and Alternating Minimization (AM) algorithms. Further research indicates that this algorithm is also applicable to large-scale networks. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Energy, Electrical and Power Engineering 2021-2022)
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16 pages, 5468 KiB  
Article
Adaptive Control of a Virtual Synchronous Generator with Multiparameter Coordination
by Bixing Ren, Qiang Li, Zhiyuan Fan and Yichao Sun
Energies 2023, 16(12), 4789; https://doi.org/10.3390/en16124789 - 19 Jun 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1001
Abstract
This paper proposes an adaptive strategy of co-regulating the three parameters—P/ω droop coefficient, virtual inertia, and damping coefficient—for the virtual synchronous generator (VSG). This approach is able to solve the uncoordinated performance between the virtual inertia and the damping using the [...] Read more.
This paper proposes an adaptive strategy of co-regulating the three parameters—P/ω droop coefficient, virtual inertia, and damping coefficient—for the virtual synchronous generator (VSG). This approach is able to solve the uncoordinated performance between the virtual inertia and the damping using the conventional adaptive control in which the system may experience serious frequency fluctuations. Through the mathematical modeling of the VSG grid-connected system, the segmental analysis of the VSG transient process is carried out, and the parameter adjustment law of each stage is obtained. The VSG angular velocity change and the angular velocity instantaneous change rate are associated with the inertia to realize the adaptive adjustment of the inertia, and the adaptive adjustment of the P/ω droop coefficient is carried out in real time according to the VSG angular velocity change. A functional relationship is established between the P/ω droop coefficient, virtual inertia, and damping coefficient so that the P/ω droop coefficient, virtual inertia, and damping coefficient are coordinated to keep the system in the best damping ratio state all the time. Finally, the superiority of the proposed strategy is proved by simulation comparison. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Energy, Electrical and Power Engineering 2021-2022)
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16 pages, 18407 KiB  
Article
Permanent Magnet Flux Linkage Analysis and Maximum Torque per Ampere (MTPA) Control of High Saturation IPMSM
by Chengxu Li, Wenjuan Zhang, Jian Gao and Shoudao Huang
Energies 2023, 16(12), 4717; https://doi.org/10.3390/en16124717 - 15 Jun 2023
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1804
Abstract
The maximum torque per ampere (MTPA) control is significant for improving the efficiency of the interior permanent magnet synchronous motor (IPMSM). However, for the high saturation IPMSM, the change of the permanent magnet (PM) flux linkage is more complicated, which can cause the [...] Read more.
The maximum torque per ampere (MTPA) control is significant for improving the efficiency of the interior permanent magnet synchronous motor (IPMSM). However, for the high saturation IPMSM, the change of the permanent magnet (PM) flux linkage is more complicated, which can cause the MTPA control to deviate from the optimal solution. Therefore, an improved MTPA control method for the high saturation IPMSM is proposed in this paper. Compared with other methods, the proposed method improves the conventional models of flux linkage and torque by analyzing the nonlinear variation of the PM flux linkage with the dq-axis currents. Subsequently, an expression suitable for the MTPA control of high saturated IPMSM is derived based on the improved models. The proposed parameter fitting models are then fitted using data from 11 operating points and incorporated into the MTPA optimization algorithm to obtain the MTPA curve. Finally, the effectiveness of the proposed method in enhancing the control accuracy of the MTPA angle is verified through simulations and experiments. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Energy, Electrical and Power Engineering 2021-2022)
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11 pages, 6318 KiB  
Article
Annual Energy Production Design Optimization for PM Generators Considering Maximum Power Point Trajectory of Wind Turbines
by Huaping Yang, Wenjuan Zhang, Litao Dai, Wan Feng and Haixia Zhang
Energies 2023, 16(10), 4120; https://doi.org/10.3390/en16104120 - 16 May 2023
Viewed by 769
Abstract
Efficiency optimization is an important goal in the design of permanent magnet generators. However, traditional design optimization methods only focus on improving the rated efficiency without considering the annual cycle for overall efficiency improvement. To overcome this drawback, this paper presents a design [...] Read more.
Efficiency optimization is an important goal in the design of permanent magnet generators. However, traditional design optimization methods only focus on improving the rated efficiency without considering the annual cycle for overall efficiency improvement. To overcome this drawback, this paper presents a design optimization method for improving annual energy production (AEP) of wind direct-drive permanent magnet generators. Unlike the conventional efficiency optimization method that only improves the rated point efficiency, the proposed method improves the overall efficiency of the generator during the operating cycle by matching the maximum power point trajectory of the wind turbine. The periodic loss model of the permanent magnet generator is established and further constituted as the objective function to perform the optimization search using a genetic algorithm. Through simulation and experimental verification, the proposed method can obtain a higher AEP compared with the conventional design optimization method, and the proposed method can be extended to other variable speed power generation fields. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Energy, Electrical and Power Engineering 2021-2022)
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15 pages, 4631 KiB  
Article
A Model Independent Predictive Control of PMSG Wind Turbine Systems with a New Mechanism to Update Variables
by Yuzhe Zhang, Xiaodong Liu, Haitao Li and Zhenbin Zhang
Energies 2023, 16(9), 3764; https://doi.org/10.3390/en16093764 - 27 Apr 2023
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1123
Abstract
Permanent magnet synchronous generator (PMSG) wind power system with full power rating converter configuration is especially suitable for wind energy applications. Direct model predictive control (DMPC) has led to more possibilities in terms of choice because of its straightforward concept for PMSG wind [...] Read more.
Permanent magnet synchronous generator (PMSG) wind power system with full power rating converter configuration is especially suitable for wind energy applications. Direct model predictive control (DMPC) has led to more possibilities in terms of choice because of its straightforward concept for PMSG wind turbine systems in high-power off-shore wind farms. However, due to complete dependence on the model knowledge, parameter mismatches will seriously deteriorate the system control performances. This work presents a model/parameter-independent predictive control method with a novel mechanism to update current/power variations online. The proposed method makes use of only two measurements from the former intervals and the selected control vectors to estimate all variations of the candidate vectors in the present interval. Benefiting from this updating mechanism, the proposed method is completely independent of the model parameters in the state prediction. However, it still has a very low calculating requirement and smooth current/power variation waveforms. The proposed method is compared with classical DMPC. The results validate that the proposed solution outperforms the classical DMPC with model deviations, with considerably improved robustness. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Energy, Electrical and Power Engineering 2021-2022)
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13 pages, 3831 KiB  
Article
Comparative Study of the Transmission Capacity of Grid-Forming Converters and Grid-Following Converters
by Bojun Kong, Jian Zhu, Shengbo Wang, Xingmin Xu, Xiaokuan Jin, Junjie Yin and Jianhua Wang
Energies 2023, 16(6), 2594; https://doi.org/10.3390/en16062594 - 09 Mar 2023
Viewed by 1224
Abstract
The development trend of high shares of renewables and power electronics has increased the demand for new energy converters in the power system, but there is a lack of systematic research on the stability of different types of converters when transmitting power, which [...] Read more.
The development trend of high shares of renewables and power electronics has increased the demand for new energy converters in the power system, but there is a lack of systematic research on the stability of different types of converters when transmitting power, which is worth exploring in depth. In this study, the power transfer capabilities of grid-forming and grid-following converters are investigated separately through an equivalent circuit diagram and phasor diagram when connected to the grid, and a quantitative relationship between converters’ power transmission limit and short circuit ratio under static stability conditions is obtained, leading to the conclusion that, in terms of power transmission, grid-forming converters are more suitable for weak grids with high damping and low inertia, whereas grid-following converters are more suitable for strong grids with high inertia. The conclusions are further verified by constructing the converter grid-connected models for different grid strengths through the PLECS simulation platform and the real-time simulation RTBOX1 and F28379D launchpad platform. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Energy, Electrical and Power Engineering 2021-2022)
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13 pages, 4094 KiB  
Article
Surrogate Model-Based Heat Sink Design for Energy Storage Converters
by Gege Qiao, Wenping Cao, Yawei Hu, Jiucheng Li, Lu Sun and Cungang Hu
Energies 2023, 16(3), 1075; https://doi.org/10.3390/en16031075 - 18 Jan 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1098
Abstract
As forced-air cooling for heat sinks is widely used in the cooling design of electrical and electronic equipment, their thermal performance is of critical importance for maintaining excellent cooling capacity while reducing the size and weight of the heat sink and the equipment [...] Read more.
As forced-air cooling for heat sinks is widely used in the cooling design of electrical and electronic equipment, their thermal performance is of critical importance for maintaining excellent cooling capacity while reducing the size and weight of the heat sink and the equipment as a whole. This paper presents a method based on the combination of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation and surrogate models to optimize heat sinks for high-end energy storage converters. The design takes the thermal resistance and mass of the heat sink as the optimization goals and looks for the best design for the fin height, thickness and spacing, as well as the base thickness. The analytical and numerical results show that the thermal resistance and mass of the heat sink are reduced by the proposed algorithms, as are the temperatures of the heating elements. Test results verify the effectiveness of the optimization method combining CFD simulation with surrogate models. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Energy, Electrical and Power Engineering 2021-2022)
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16 pages, 2023 KiB  
Article
Compressed Air Energy Storage System with Burner and Ejector
by Dahui Yang, Xiankui Wen, Jingliang Zhong, Tingyong Feng, Tongtian Deng and Xiang Li
Energies 2023, 16(1), 537; https://doi.org/10.3390/en16010537 - 03 Jan 2023
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1456
Abstract
The timescale of the energy-release process of an energy storage system has put forward higher requirements with the increasing proportion of new energy power generation in the power grid. In this paper, a new type of compressed-air energy storage system with an ejector [...] Read more.
The timescale of the energy-release process of an energy storage system has put forward higher requirements with the increasing proportion of new energy power generation in the power grid. In this paper, a new type of compressed-air energy storage system with an ejector and combustor is proposed in order to realize short-timescale and long-timescale energy-release processes under the non-supplementary combustion condition and ejector supplementary combustion condition, respectively. A simulation model of the new system is established in APROS software. The results of this study show that the new system can realize continuous power output when energy storage and energy release operate simultaneously, and especially when the ejector coefficient is 0.8 and burner thermal power is 10 MW, the power-generation time is 12.45 h and the total generated power is 140,052 kW∙h, which are 15.6 and 17.5 times greater those of the short-timescale condition, respectively. In summary, the compressed-air energy storage system with an ejector and combustor that is proposed in this paper can flexibly meet the demands of multiple timescales’ power generation. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Energy, Electrical and Power Engineering 2021-2022)
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14 pages, 2433 KiB  
Article
A General Equivalent Modeling Method for DFIG Wind Farms Based on Data-Driven Modeling
by Qianlong Zhu, Jun Tao, Tianbai Deng and Mingxing Zhu
Energies 2022, 15(19), 7205; https://doi.org/10.3390/en15197205 - 30 Sep 2022
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 983
Abstract
To enhance the stable performance of wind farm (WF) equivalent models in uncertain operating scenarios, a model-data-driven equivalent modeling method for doubly-fed induction generator (DFIG)-based WFs is proposed. Firstly, the aggregation-based WF equivalent models and the equivalent methods for aggregated parameters are analyzed [...] Read more.
To enhance the stable performance of wind farm (WF) equivalent models in uncertain operating scenarios, a model-data-driven equivalent modeling method for doubly-fed induction generator (DFIG)-based WFs is proposed. Firstly, the aggregation-based WF equivalent models and the equivalent methods for aggregated parameters are analyzed and compared. Two mechanism models are selected from the perspective of practicality and complementarity of simulation accuracy. Secondly, the simulation parameters are set through two sampling methods to construct a training database. Next, the whole fault process is divided into five phases, and the weight coefficient optimization model is established according to the data-driven idea to achieve the adaptive configuration of the weight. Finally, the electromechanical transient simulations of the power systems with a DFIG-based WF is carried out by using the MATLAB/Simulink platform. Compared with the detailed WF model, the simulation time of the WF equivalent proposed in this paper can be significantly reduced by about 87%, and simulation results show that the proposed method can effectively improve the adaptability of the WF equivalent model in different wind scenarios and voltage dips. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Energy, Electrical and Power Engineering 2021-2022)
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15 pages, 10187 KiB  
Article
A Novel Model-Free Predictive Control for T-Type Three-Level Grid-Tied Inverters
by Zheng Yin, Cungang Hu, Kui Luo, Tao Rui, Zhuangzhuang Feng, Geye Lu and Pinjia Zhang
Energies 2022, 15(18), 6557; https://doi.org/10.3390/en15186557 - 08 Sep 2022
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1314
Abstract
The model-free predictive control (MFPC) scheme is an effective scheme to enhance the parameter robustness of model predictive control. However, the MFPC scheme can be affected by the current gradient updating frequency. This paper proposes an improved MFPC scheme for a T-type three-level [...] Read more.
The model-free predictive control (MFPC) scheme is an effective scheme to enhance the parameter robustness of model predictive control. However, the MFPC scheme can be affected by the current gradient updating frequency. This paper proposes an improved MFPC scheme for a T-type three-level inverter. First, a novel current gradient updating method is designed to estimate all current gradients per control period, which uses the current gradient relationship between different voltage vectors and eliminates the effect of current gradients updating stagnation. Moreover, a sector judgment method based on the current gradient is proposed. Redundant small vectors are accurately judged and the computational burden is greatly reduced. Finally, simulation and experimental comparisons on a T-type three-level inverter verify the effectiveness of the proposed MFPC scheme. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Energy, Electrical and Power Engineering 2021-2022)
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21 pages, 11680 KiB  
Article
Comprehensive Comparison of a High-Speed Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor Considering Rotor Length–Diameter Ratio
by Wentao Gao, Yufeng Zhang, Guanghui Du, Tao Pu and Niumei Li
Energies 2022, 15(14), 5256; https://doi.org/10.3390/en15145256 - 20 Jul 2022
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1827
Abstract
For high-speed permanent magnet machines (HSPMMs), many design schemes of rotor length–diameter ratios can satisfy the constraints of multiple physical fields during the motor design period. The rotor length–diameter ratio greatly impacts the comprehensive performances of multiple physical fields. However, these analyses are [...] Read more.
For high-speed permanent magnet machines (HSPMMs), many design schemes of rotor length–diameter ratios can satisfy the constraints of multiple physical fields during the motor design period. The rotor length–diameter ratio greatly impacts the comprehensive performances of multiple physical fields. However, these analyses are missing in the existing literature. Therefore, this paper focuses on the influence of the rotor length–diameter ratio on comprehensive performances. Firstly, finite element models (FEM) of multiple physical fields are built by ANSYS Workbench platform and Motor-CAD software. Then, the comprehensive performances of multiple physical fields are comparatively analyzed. Finally, the designed HSPMM is implemented, based on one prototype of 60 kW, 30,000 rpm to verify the results of comparative analysis. Based on the comparative analysis above, the influent laws of rotor length–diameter ratios on comprehensive performances of multiple physical fields are discussed and summarized, which can be used as a reference for the rotor structural design of HSPMMs. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Energy, Electrical and Power Engineering 2021-2022)
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16 pages, 5522 KiB  
Article
Insulation Degradation Analysis Due to Thermo-Mechanical Stress in Deep-Sea Oil-Filled Motors
by Jian Zhang, Rui Wang, Youtong Fang and Yuan Lin
Energies 2022, 15(11), 3963; https://doi.org/10.3390/en15113963 - 27 May 2022
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1537
Abstract
With the wide application of motors in deep sea exploration, deep-sea motors require a higher power density and a longer lifetime. Motor lifetime mainly depends on the thermo-mechanical stress (TMS) load on its stator insulation. Unlike normal motors, deep-sea motors are usually filled [...] Read more.
With the wide application of motors in deep sea exploration, deep-sea motors require a higher power density and a longer lifetime. Motor lifetime mainly depends on the thermo-mechanical stress (TMS) load on its stator insulation. Unlike normal motors, deep-sea motors are usually filled with oil to compensate for the high pressure generated by seawater, which leads to high additional viscous drag loss. This, combined with the high pressure, will greatly change the TMS distribution and further influence motor insulation lifetime. Thus, the insulation degradation analysis of deep-sea oil-filled (DSOF) motors due to TMS has become important. This paper presents a TMS analytical model of DSOF motor insulation, considering the joint effects of high pressure and motor temperature. The CFD method is adopted to perform motor thermal analysis, considering temperature effects on viscous drag loss. The FEA method is adopted for thermo-mechanical analysis and to verify the analytical model accuracy. Rainflow counting and the Miner fatigue method are adopted to evaluate motor lifetime. Results show that compared with motors working in normal environments, TMS on DSOF motor insulation can be reduced by up to 59.5% due to high pressure and the insulation lifetime can be increased by up to 16.02%. Therefore, this research can provide references for high power density DSOF motor design. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Energy, Electrical and Power Engineering 2021-2022)
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17 pages, 4783 KiB  
Article
Design and Analysis of a 30 kW, 30,000 r/min High-Speed Permanent Magnet Motor for Compressor Application
by Zhenning Qi, Yue Zhang, Siyang Yu and Zhenyao Xu
Energies 2022, 15(11), 3923; https://doi.org/10.3390/en15113923 - 26 May 2022
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1522
Abstract
In this paper, the design and analysis of a 30 kW, 30,000 r/min high-speed permanent magnet motor (HSPMM) for compressor application are provided. In order to provide a reasonable electromagnetic design scheme, the electromagnetic performances of the HSPMM under different structures are analyzed [...] Read more.
In this paper, the design and analysis of a 30 kW, 30,000 r/min high-speed permanent magnet motor (HSPMM) for compressor application are provided. In order to provide a reasonable electromagnetic design scheme, the electromagnetic performances of the HSPMM under different structures are analyzed and compared by the finite element method (FEM). The thermal performances and cooling system of the HSPMM are, respectively, analyzed and designed by computational fluid dynamics (CFD). Finally, the HSPMM’s rotor strength is studied by both FEM and analytical methods, and the influencing factors of which are also researched in this paper. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Energy, Electrical and Power Engineering 2021-2022)
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23 pages, 11852 KiB  
Article
Design and Research on High Power Density Motor of Integrated Motor Drive System for Electric Vehicles
by Shaopeng Wu, Jinyang Zhou, Xinmiao Zhang and Jiaqiang Yu
Energies 2022, 15(10), 3542; https://doi.org/10.3390/en15103542 - 12 May 2022
Cited by 16 | Viewed by 3178
Abstract
Although many PMSMs are used as the driving source for electric vehicle motor drive systems, there is still a gap compared with the power density index in the DOE roadmap. Considering that the motor occupies a large space in the motor drive system, [...] Read more.
Although many PMSMs are used as the driving source for electric vehicle motor drive systems, there is still a gap compared with the power density index in the DOE roadmap. Considering that the motor occupies a large space in the motor drive system, it is of great significance for the system to increase the motor power density and thus reach the system power density index. This article starts with electrical machine basic design theory and finds the motor power density influence factors. Guided by the theory and considering motor driver influence, this article proposes a high power density motor for electric vehicle integrated motor drive system. The motor for the system is a five-phase interior permanent magnet synchronous motor (IPMSM) with a double-layer rotor structure and fractional slot distributed winding. Compared with Ver1.0 motor, Ver2.0 motor power density improves significantly. In order to prevent damage from excessive temperature, a temperature field solution model is established in this article to compare the cooling effect and pressure loss of the spiral, dial, and axial water jackets. The temperature is checked at motor main operating conditions using an optimal cooling structure. Finally, the power density of the designed Ver2.0 motor reaches 3.12 kW/kg in mass and 15.19 kW/L in volume. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Energy, Electrical and Power Engineering 2021-2022)
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15 pages, 3635 KiB  
Article
Industrial Data Denoising via Low-Rank and Sparse Representations and Its Application in Tunnel Boring Machine
by Yitang Wang, Yong Pang, Wei Sun and Xueguan Song
Energies 2022, 15(10), 3525; https://doi.org/10.3390/en15103525 - 11 May 2022
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 1450
Abstract
The operation data of a tunnel boring machine (TBM) reflects its geological conditions and working status, which can provide critical references and essential information for TBM designers and operators. However, in practice, operation data may get corrupted due to equipment failures or data [...] Read more.
The operation data of a tunnel boring machine (TBM) reflects its geological conditions and working status, which can provide critical references and essential information for TBM designers and operators. However, in practice, operation data may get corrupted due to equipment failures or data management errors. Moreover, the working state of a TBM system usually changes, which results in patterns of operation data that vary comparatively. This paper proposes a denoising approach to process the corrupted data. This approach is combined with low-rank matrix recovery (LRMR) and sparse representation (SR) theory. The classical LRMR model requires that the noise must be sparse, but the sparsity of noise cannot be fully guaranteed. In the proposed model, a weighted nuclear norm is utilized to enhance the sparsity of sparse components, and a constraint of condition number is applied to ensure the stability of the model solution. The approach is coupled with a fuzzy c-means algorithm (FCM) to find the natural partitioning using the TBM operation data as input. The performances of the proposed approach are illustrated through an application to the Shenzhen metro. Experimental results show that the proposed approach performs well in corrupted TBM data denoising. The different excavation status of the TBM recognition accuracy is improved remarkably after denoising. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Energy, Electrical and Power Engineering 2021-2022)
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17 pages, 4703 KiB  
Article
RLS-Based Algorithm for Detecting Partial Demagnetization under Both Stationary and Nonstationary Conditions
by Ze Jiang, Xiaoyan Huang and Wenping Cao
Energies 2022, 15(10), 3509; https://doi.org/10.3390/en15103509 - 11 May 2022
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1312
Abstract
An algorithm was developed detect the partial demagnetization of permanent-magnet synchronous motors (PMSMs) under both stationary and nonstationary conditions. On the basis of the recursive least-squares (RLS) method, the vital component of fault-related harmonics in the current could be extracted on the line, [...] Read more.
An algorithm was developed detect the partial demagnetization of permanent-magnet synchronous motors (PMSMs) under both stationary and nonstationary conditions. On the basis of the recursive least-squares (RLS) method, the vital component of fault-related harmonics in the current could be extracted on the line, and its proportion to fundamental component could be regarded as the indicator of partial demagnetization faults. The proposed algorithm is fairly easy to realize and could substitute conventional and complicated signal processing methods such as Fourier transform and wavelet transform when detecting partial demagnetization. Experiments with inverter-fed healthy and partially demagnetized PMSMs are carried out to substantiate the effectiveness of proposed algorithm under both stationary and nonstationary conditions. At the end, a way to eliminate the impact of eccentricity fault on the partial demagnetization diagnosis is given. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Energy, Electrical and Power Engineering 2021-2022)
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21 pages, 5528 KiB  
Article
Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic Crisis on the Efficiency of European Intraday Electricity Markets
by Jan Niklas Buescher, Daria Gottwald, Florian Momm and Alexander Zureck
Energies 2022, 15(10), 3494; https://doi.org/10.3390/en15103494 - 10 May 2022
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1833
Abstract
Our goal is to examine the efficiency of different intraday electricity markets and if any of their price prediction models are more accurate than others. This paper includes a comprehensive review of Germany, France, and Norway’s (NOR1) day-ahead and intraday electricity market prices. [...] Read more.
Our goal is to examine the efficiency of different intraday electricity markets and if any of their price prediction models are more accurate than others. This paper includes a comprehensive review of Germany, France, and Norway’s (NOR1) day-ahead and intraday electricity market prices. These markets represent different energy mixes which would allow us to analyze the impact of the energy mix on the efficiencies of these markets. To draw conclusions about extreme market conditions, (i) we reviewed the market data linked to COVID-19. We expected higher volatility in the lockdowns than before and therefore decrease in the efficiency of the prediction models. With our analysis, (ii) we want to draw conclusions as to whether a mix based mainly on renewable energies such as that in Norway implies lower volatilities even in times of crisis. This would answer (iii) whether a market with an energy mix like Norway is more efficient in highly volatile phases. For the analysis, we use data visualization and statistical models as well as sample and out-of-sample data. Our finding was that while the different price and volatility levels occurred, the direction of the market was similar. We could find evidence that our expectations (i–iii) were met. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Energy, Electrical and Power Engineering 2021-2022)
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17 pages, 15757 KiB  
Article
A Single-Phase Transformerless Nine-Level Inverter and Its Control Strategy
by Yuan Li, Wenwen Huang, Zhen Li, Yue Sun and Bi Liu
Energies 2022, 15(9), 3418; https://doi.org/10.3390/en15093418 - 07 May 2022
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1283
Abstract
To reduce the device number per unit level of the existing nine-level inverters, a topology of single-phase transformerless nine-level inverter was proposed. The proposed topology consists of only 10 switching devices and 4 capacitors. Firstly, the working principle of the proposed topology was [...] Read more.
To reduce the device number per unit level of the existing nine-level inverters, a topology of single-phase transformerless nine-level inverter was proposed. The proposed topology consists of only 10 switching devices and 4 capacitors. Firstly, the working principle of the proposed topology was analyzed in detail, and the comparison with conventional nine-level topologies in terms of device switching loss and conduction loss was presented. Then, combined with one-dimensional space vector modulation, a floating capacitor voltage estimation method was presented by the analysis of the operation mode before the arrival of redundant switching state. On this basis, a floating capacitor voltage sensorless control scheme was proposed, to achieve the balance of the floating capacitor voltages. Finally, simulations and experiments verified the effectiveness and correctness of the proposed topology and floating capacitor voltage sensorless control method. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Energy, Electrical and Power Engineering 2021-2022)
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14 pages, 1862 KiB  
Article
Experimental Interharmonic Sensitivity Evaluation of LED Lamps Based on the Luminous Flux Flicker Model
by Hongtao Li, Yifan Song, Mingxing Zhu and Yadong Jiao
Energies 2022, 15(9), 2990; https://doi.org/10.3390/en15092990 - 19 Apr 2022
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1274
Abstract
LED lamps have gradually replaced other lighting sources and have become mainstream in the lighting industry. The research on interharmonic sensitivity affecting their lighting quality cannot be ignored. By deconstructing the lamp-eye-brain module in the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) flicker model, a luminous [...] Read more.
LED lamps have gradually replaced other lighting sources and have become mainstream in the lighting industry. The research on interharmonic sensitivity affecting their lighting quality cannot be ignored. By deconstructing the lamp-eye-brain module in the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) flicker model, a luminous flux flicker model without the constraints of a specific light source was proposed. The test system and corresponding analysis method of the interharmonic-luminous flux transfer coefficient in the model were described in detail, and the accuracy of the test results of the system was verified via incandescent lamp heat balance model simulations. Based on the test results, the conversion method of the interharmonic ratio of LED lamps under the flicker limit based on the interharmonic-flicker limit curve of incandescent lamps was deduced. By testing and comparing the differences in interharmonic-flicker limit curves of different driving types of LED lamps, the experimental evaluation of their sensitivity was completed, and the reference for LED lamp selection, driver design, and compatibility standard formulation in different application scenarios was provided. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Energy, Electrical and Power Engineering 2021-2022)
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17 pages, 6247 KiB  
Article
A Novel Hybrid Transfer Learning Framework for Dynamic Cutterhead Torque Prediction of the Tunnel Boring Machine
by Tao Fu, Tianci Zhang and Xueguan Song
Energies 2022, 15(8), 2907; https://doi.org/10.3390/en15082907 - 15 Apr 2022
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1699
Abstract
A tunnel boring machine (TBM) is an important large-scale engineering machine, which is widely applied in tunnel construction. Precise cutterhead torque prediction plays an essential role in the cost estimation of energy consumption and safety operation in the tunneling process, since it directly [...] Read more.
A tunnel boring machine (TBM) is an important large-scale engineering machine, which is widely applied in tunnel construction. Precise cutterhead torque prediction plays an essential role in the cost estimation of energy consumption and safety operation in the tunneling process, since it directly influences the adaptable adjustment of excavation parameters. Complicated and variable geological conditions, leading to operational and status parameters of the TBM, usually exhibit some spatio-temporally varying characteristic, which poses a serious challenge to conventional data-based methods for dynamic cutterhead torque prediction. In this study, a novel hybrid transfer learning framework, namely TRLS-SVR, is proposed to transfer knowledge from a historical dataset that may contain multiple working patterns and alleviate fresh data noise interference when addressing dynamic cutterhead torque prediction issues. Compared with conventional data-driven algorithms, TRLS-SVR considers long-ago historical data, and can effectively extract and leverage the public latent knowledge that is implied in historical datasets for current prediction. A collection of in situ TBM operation data from a tunnel project located in China is utilized to evaluate the performance of the proposed framework. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Energy, Electrical and Power Engineering 2021-2022)
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17 pages, 3928 KiB  
Article
Application of Block Sparse Bayesian Learning in Power Quality Steady-State Data Compression
by Wenjian Hu, Mingxing Zhu and Huaying Zhang
Energies 2022, 15(7), 2479; https://doi.org/10.3390/en15072479 - 28 Mar 2022
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1333
Abstract
In modern power systems, condition monitoring equipment generates a great deal of steady-state data that are too large for data transmission and, thus, data compression is needed. Therefore, there is a balance to strike between compression quality and data accuracy. Greedy algorithms are [...] Read more.
In modern power systems, condition monitoring equipment generates a great deal of steady-state data that are too large for data transmission and, thus, data compression is needed. Therefore, there is a balance to strike between compression quality and data accuracy. Greedy algorithms are effective but suffer from low data reconstruction accuracy. This paper proposes a block sparse Bayesian learning (BSBL)-based data compression method. Based on the prior distribution and posterior probability of the sparse signals, it uses the Bayesian formula to excavate the block structure of these signals. This paper also adds two indicators to the evaluation process to validate the proposed method. The proposed method is effective in terms of signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), relative root mean square error (RRMSE), amplitude error, energy recovery percentage (ERP), and angle error. The first three indicate better performance of the proposed method than the traditional method by giving the same compression ratio. Therefore, the method validates the possibility of a more accurate and economical solution to power quality assurance. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Energy, Electrical and Power Engineering 2021-2022)
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21 pages, 10030 KiB  
Article
Power Flow Optimization and Economic Analysis Based on High Voltage Phase Shifting Transformer
by Mengze Yu, Jiaxin Yuan, Zuohong Li, Feng Li, Xinyi Yang, Weizhe Zhang, Shunkai Xu and Jiajun Mei
Energies 2022, 15(7), 2363; https://doi.org/10.3390/en15072363 - 24 Mar 2022
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1801
Abstract
With the development of power systems, the power flow problem of transmission line is becoming more and more prominent. This paper presents a power flow regulation method based on phase shifting transformer (PST). Firstly, the working principle and performance of PST are analyzed. [...] Read more.
With the development of power systems, the power flow problem of transmission line is becoming more and more prominent. This paper presents a power flow regulation method based on phase shifting transformer (PST). Firstly, the working principle and performance of PST are analyzed. Then, the simulation model of BPA multi node system is established. PST access reduces the line imbalance to less than 8%. On this basis, considering the influence of saturation effect and leakage reactance, a PST suitable for 220 kV power grid is designed. Three different working conditions are simulated by PSCAD software. Under normal working conditions and N-1 conditions, PST can increase the transmission limit of the ring network section by more than 20%. When a short-circuit fault occurs, PST can also suppress the fault current. For 220 kV practical projects, unified power flow controller (UPFC) has faster response speed and stronger performance, but PST is more economical and reliable, and the equipment cost is 49.86% lower than that of UPFC. The power flow regulation method based on PST has good steady-state effect. It can improve the utilization efficiency of power grid assets and optimize the power flow distribution in a short time and at low cost. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Energy, Electrical and Power Engineering 2021-2022)
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