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Advanced Solutions for Monitoring, Protection and Control of Modern Power Transmission System

A special issue of Energies (ISSN 1996-1073). This special issue belongs to the section "F: Electrical Engineering".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (15 April 2021) | Viewed by 58535

Special Issue Editor

Prof. Dr. Srđan Skok

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Electrical Engineering, University North, 42000 Varaždin, Croatia
Interests: power system monitoring; protection and control; synchronized measurements; power system stability; power transmission; generation and distribution; renewable sources; electric power industry
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Undoubtedly, renewable energy sources (RES) have changed traditional transmission grids and represent a significant electricity resource in modern transmission grids. The positive effects of RES on environmental preservation are indisputable, but their long-term intermittent and unpredictable performance, along with their low inertia, necessitate new requirements for power transmission system control in order to maintain the stability of the power system, creating challenges for system operators in terms of monitoring, protection, and control of advanced networks.

The traditional principle of the regulation of a power system relies on redundant production from classical generation units (thermal power plants, hydro power plants, and gas power plants) that, in case of disturbances in the system—especially in the case of renewable energy source outage—maintain the stability of the power system.

Therefore, it is necessary to develop innovative solutions (both in terms of hardware and software) to provide to system operators in order to maintain system integrity and preserve system resilience. The aim of this Special Issue is to present advanced and innovative technical solutions, which will emphasize the monitoring, protection, and control of the modern transmission system.

More specifically, topics of interest for this Special Issue include (but are not limited to) the following:

  • Power system monitoring, protection, and control;
  • Industry experience in deploying smart grid technologies for power transmission;
  • Synchronized measurements and applications;
  • Regulation of mixed generation;
  • Ancillary services of distributed generation;
  • Information and communication technologies for smart grids, interoperability, and cyber-security;
  • Transmission system dynamic modeling;
  • Interoperability between the transmission system operator and distribution system operator;
  • Hybrid SCADA/EMS applications;
  • System integration of distributed energy resources, islanding, and hosting capacity;
  • Transmission system technologies, HVDC, FACTS, SVC, and energy storage;
  • Planning and management of transmission grid assets;
  • Power electronics and control and protection systems for transmission grid applications;
  • Transmission grid monitoring and advanced metering infrastructures;
  • Diagnostics, maintenance, risks, reliability, vulnerability, and self-healing of transmission grids;
  • Demand-side management;
  • Transmission grid planning, forecasting, and operation;
  • Regulations, standards, and codes for modern transmission grids;
  • Machine learning;
  • Big data analysis;
  • Smart transmission grid impacts on electricity markets;
  • Business models for transmission grids.

Prof. Dr. Srđan Skok
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Energies is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • Smart power transmission system
  • Monitoring, protection and control
  • Distributed generation
  • Synchronized measurements
  • Power system stability
  • Transmission system resilience
  • Transmission system integrity

Published Papers (22 papers)

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17 pages, 2572 KiB  
Article
Optimal Transmission Line Switching to Improve the Reliability of the Power System Considering AC Power Flows
by Paul Masache, Diego Carrión and Jorge Cárdenas
Energies 2021, 14(11), 3281; https://doi.org/10.3390/en14113281 - 04 Jun 2021
Cited by 10 | Viewed by 3160
Abstract
The reliability of the electrical system is a fundamental study that is carried out to determine the possible deficiencies that an electrical system can have in case of failures, since a failure can cause disturbances, power cuts, and load disconnections. For this reason, [...] Read more.
The reliability of the electrical system is a fundamental study that is carried out to determine the possible deficiencies that an electrical system can have in case of failures, since a failure can cause disturbances, power cuts, and load disconnections. For this reason, Optimal Transmission Switching (OTS) with Optimal AC Power Flows (OPF-AC) is used to reduce disturbances when faults occur and minimize equipment load and disconnections, but OTS offers possible switches in order to make it possible to reduce the damage that can be done for a fault with operating limitations in voltage, power, and angular deviation. However, to have a complete study, it is proposed to use a reliability analysis through contingency ranking to know the risks that a switched system may have at the time of simultaneous or consecutive failures. In addition, a load capacity investigation is conducted to determine if the transmission lines are within their operating limits. The study presents an analysis of the behavior of the switched system and an adequate operation for the mitigation of failures in the system through the switching of transmission lines with analysis of load capacity and reliability. The results presented by the proposed methodology will be compared with Matlab’s Matpower simulation package. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Solutions for Monitoring, Protection and Control of Modern Power Transmission System)
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29 pages, 13917 KiB  
Article
Adaptive Mho Distance Protection for Interconnected Transmission Lines Compensated with Thyristor Controlled Series Capacitor
by Ghada M. Abo-Hamad, Doaa Khalil Ibrahim, Essam Aboul Zahab and Ahmed F. Zobaa
Energies 2021, 14(9), 2477; https://doi.org/10.3390/en14092477 - 26 Apr 2021
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2000
Abstract
This paper proposes an adaptive dynamic Mho distance relay based on a phase comparator scheme for protecting interconnected transmission networks compensated with a Thyristor Controlled Series Capacitor (TCSC). The proposed relay uses an impedance index factor to initiate the fault detection subroutine. The [...] Read more.
This paper proposes an adaptive dynamic Mho distance relay based on a phase comparator scheme for protecting interconnected transmission networks compensated with a Thyristor Controlled Series Capacitor (TCSC). The proposed relay uses an impedance index factor to initiate the fault detection subroutine. The RMS of the positive sequence current of the faulted loop and the TCSC terminal current are compared for TCSC zone identification. A phase comparator for ground and phase distance elements is proposed, relying on the positive sequence voltage as a polarized memory quantity, while the operating and polarizing quantities are developed using estimated TCSC impedance to mitigate its negative impact. The proposed scheme is easy in implementation and independent on synchronized data transfer, as minimum communication requirements are needed. To evaluate the performance of the proposed scheme, extensive simulation studies were carried out on an IEEE9 bus system compensated with TCSC for different firing angles covering four modes of TCSC operations, different fault types, and fault locations. In addition, an IEEE-39 bus network, as a large interconnected system, is tested for validation purposes. The achieved results designate the precision of the proposed scheme. Moreover, the results indicate its effectiveness for fault resistance tolerance, close-in three phase faults, and stable power swing phenomenon compared with conventional relays. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Solutions for Monitoring, Protection and Control of Modern Power Transmission System)
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14 pages, 1864 KiB  
Article
Algorithm for Customizing the Material Selection Process for Application in Power Engineering
by Katarina Tomičić-Pupek, Ilija Srpak, Ladislav Havaš and Dunja Srpak
Energies 2020, 13(23), 6458; https://doi.org/10.3390/en13236458 - 07 Dec 2020
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1928
Abstract
Disruptions in the global market are influencing value and supply chains reminding businesses and industries that variability and diversity of supply chains may be essential for surviving and sustainability. Operations management of any business has to address these challenges in order to avoid [...] Read more.
Disruptions in the global market are influencing value and supply chains reminding businesses and industries that variability and diversity of supply chains may be essential for surviving and sustainability. Operations management of any business has to address these challenges in order to avoid any serious interruptions in supply of materials in production industries by seeking substitute inputs. At the same time, the technological development offers new materials with similar quality properties, making thereby the substitute material search more difficult in terms of selecting appropriate materials with a level of quality which is similar enough. Another aspect in shifting can be found in more social-related reasons addressing changes in the value chains like traceability, low carbonization, and a more customer-oriented approach, because of moving towards green digital business. In this sense the intention of this work was to propose an algorithm for customizing the process of identifying appropriate materials in production by relying on existing algorithms i.e., the Ashby mapping, big data, applying algorithms of data analysis based on exclusion criteria embracing transformation paradigms, for enabling customization of the material selection process. The proposed algorithm was applied on two case examples, demonstrating that diversity of materials plays an important role in addressing customization requests from customers. Consequently, understanding and implementing a customer-centric approach in various phases of the product life cycle contributes to a better response by businesses faced with issuing customized offerings. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Solutions for Monitoring, Protection and Control of Modern Power Transmission System)
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24 pages, 13818 KiB  
Article
2D–3D Spatial Registration for Remote Inspection of Power Substations
by Leandro Mattioli, Alexandre Cardoso and Edgard Lamounier
Energies 2020, 13(23), 6209; https://doi.org/10.3390/en13236209 - 25 Nov 2020
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1796
Abstract
Remote inspection is critical for smart factories, power systems and undersea and space exploration, among other domains. However, these applications have conflicting requirements: operators should experience high situation-awareness, implying a considerable amount of data to be presented, while having a minimal sensory load, [...] Read more.
Remote inspection is critical for smart factories, power systems and undersea and space exploration, among other domains. However, these applications have conflicting requirements: operators should experience high situation-awareness, implying a considerable amount of data to be presented, while having a minimal sensory load, not to compromise the time to make decisions. Recent research suggests computer vision inspection and the adoption of virtual reality (VR) as an alternative to traditional SCADA interfaces. Nevertheless, although VR may provide a good representation of a substation’s state, it lacks some real-time information, available from online field cameras and microphones. This work discusses a method to augment virtual environments of power substations with field images, enabling operators to promptly see a virtual representation of the inspected area’s surroundings. In addition, the system interacts with a SCADA database, continuously comparing the equipment states against the ones inferred by processing the field images. Whenever a discrepancy is found, a virtual camera can be teleported to the affected region, speeding up system reestablishment. Our results concern the registration accuracy and performance impact for a simple scenario. The collected metrics suggest good registration levels and low impact on real-time rendering performance. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Solutions for Monitoring, Protection and Control of Modern Power Transmission System)
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17 pages, 3351 KiB  
Article
Generalized Fault-Location Scheme for All-Parallel AT Electric Railway System
by Zhengqing Han, Shuai Li, Shuping Liu and Shibin Gao
Energies 2020, 13(16), 4081; https://doi.org/10.3390/en13164081 - 06 Aug 2020
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1722
Abstract
The existing fault location methods for all-parallel autotransformer railway systems (AARS) have limitations because they are generally designed for several given feeding conditions. In alternate feeding conditions, the existing fault location methods do not work well and may have large errors. To solve [...] Read more.
The existing fault location methods for all-parallel autotransformer railway systems (AARS) have limitations because they are generally designed for several given feeding conditions. In alternate feeding conditions, the existing fault location methods do not work well and may have large errors. To solve this problem, we have proposed a generalized fault location scheme for AARS in this paper. After analyzing the fault characteristics of AARS, we classified the feeding conditions of the faulted section of AARS into three types and introduced the corresponding fault location methods. In order to identify the faulted section and its feeding condition, we first formed a switch state matrix based on the adjacency matrix and mapped the fault current distribution into a current state matrix, then we unified the two matrices into a fault state matrix to reflect the fault state of the AARS. Finally, a generalized fault location scheme was proposed based on a fault state matrix. The proposed scheme effectively eliminates the negative influence of feeding conditions on the fault location, and it can identify the fault type and locate faults in different feeding conditions. Several simulation cases verified the effectiveness of the proposed scheme. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Solutions for Monitoring, Protection and Control of Modern Power Transmission System)
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15 pages, 3053 KiB  
Article
Transmission Power System Modeling by Using Aggregated Distributed Generation Model Based on a TSO—DSO Data Exchange Scheme
by Srđan Skok, Ahmed Mutapčić, Renata Rubesa and Mario Bazina
Energies 2020, 13(15), 3949; https://doi.org/10.3390/en13153949 - 01 Aug 2020
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2288
Abstract
By integrating distributed energy resources (DER, mostly renewable energy sources) in the depth of the distribution network transmission system operators (TSOs), planning and control of transmission systems has been greatly hindered due to the lack of knowledge about the circumstances at the transmission [...] Read more.
By integrating distributed energy resources (DER, mostly renewable energy sources) in the depth of the distribution network transmission system operators (TSOs), planning and control of transmission systems has been greatly hindered due to the lack of knowledge about the circumstances at the transmission and distribution network’s interface and the lack of coordination with the distribution system operator (DSO). By adopting the Commission Regulation (EU) 2017/1485 (System Operational Guideline—SOGL) establishing a guideline on electricity transmission system operation, harmonized rules on system operation for TSOs, DSOs and significant grid users (SGUs) are set out, inter alia, in order to provide a clear legal framework for the exchange of necessary data and information between the aforementioned subjects. In this paper, the methodology of DER representation at the interface of the transmission and distributed system is presented, with the indicated interactive data exchange between TSO and DSO, for running and analyzing the operation of the entire power system (PS) in real and extended real time. The proposed methodology was tested on a real model of the Croatian transmission PS and with representative DER in the depth of the distribution network. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Solutions for Monitoring, Protection and Control of Modern Power Transmission System)
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16 pages, 7445 KiB  
Article
Application of Norm Optimal Iterative Learning Control to Quadrotor Unmanned Aerial Vehicle for Monitoring Overhead Power System
by Husam A. Foudeh, Patrick Luk and James Whidborne
Energies 2020, 13(12), 3223; https://doi.org/10.3390/en13123223 - 22 Jun 2020
Cited by 15 | Viewed by 2427
Abstract
Wind disturbances and noise severely affect Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAV) when monitoring and finding faults in overhead power lines. Accordingly, we propose repetitive learning as a new solution for the problem. In particular, the performance of Iterative Learning Control (ILC) that are based [...] Read more.
Wind disturbances and noise severely affect Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAV) when monitoring and finding faults in overhead power lines. Accordingly, we propose repetitive learning as a new solution for the problem. In particular, the performance of Iterative Learning Control (ILC) that are based on optimal approaches are examined, namely (i) Gradient-based ILC and (ii) Norm Optimal ILC. When considering the repetitive nature of fault-finding tasks for electrical overhead power lines, this study develops, implements and evaluates optimal ILC algorithms for a UAV model. Moreover, we suggest attempting a learning gain variation on the standard optimal algorithms instead of heuristically selecting from the previous range. The results of both simulations and experiments of gradient-based norm optimal control reveal that the proposed ILC algorithm has not only contributed to good trajectory tracking, but also good convergence speed and the ability to cope with exogenous disturbances such as wind gusts. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Solutions for Monitoring, Protection and Control of Modern Power Transmission System)
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18 pages, 6876 KiB  
Article
Increasing the Sensitivity of the Method of Early Detection of Cyber-Attacks in Telecommunication Networks Based on Traffic Analysis by Extreme Filtering
by Andrey Privalov, Vera Lukicheva, Igor Kotenko and Igor Saenko
Energies 2020, 13(11), 2774; https://doi.org/10.3390/en13112774 - 01 Jun 2020
Cited by 9 | Viewed by 1827
Abstract
The paper proposes a method for improving the accuracy of early detection of cyber attacks with a small impact, in which the mathematical expectation is a fraction of the total, and the pulse repetition period is quite long. Early detection of attacks against [...] Read more.
The paper proposes a method for improving the accuracy of early detection of cyber attacks with a small impact, in which the mathematical expectation is a fraction of the total, and the pulse repetition period is quite long. Early detection of attacks against telecommunication networks is based on traffic analysis using extreme filtering. The algorithm of fuzzy logic for deciding on the results of extreme filtering is suggested. The results of an experimental evaluation of the proposed method are presented. They demonstrate that the method is sensitive even with minor effects. In order to eliminate the redundancy of the analyzed parameters, it is enough to use the standard deviation and the correlation interval for decision making. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Solutions for Monitoring, Protection and Control of Modern Power Transmission System)
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15 pages, 2430 KiB  
Article
A Study on Application of Recloser Operation Algorithm for Mixed Transmission System Based on Travelling Wave Method
by Seung-Hyun Sohn, Gyu-Jung Cho and Chul-Hwan Kim
Energies 2020, 13(10), 2610; https://doi.org/10.3390/en13102610 - 20 May 2020
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2601
Abstract
Recently, the operation of a mixed transmission system has increased due to rapid urbanization and the purpose of a good view. Therefore, a proper protection scheme for a mixed transmission system is required. Generally, when a fault occurs on a transmission line, auto [...] Read more.
Recently, the operation of a mixed transmission system has increased due to rapid urbanization and the purpose of a good view. Therefore, a proper protection scheme for a mixed transmission system is required. Generally, when a fault occurs on a transmission line, auto reclosing is performed for the purpose of improving the continuity of service by clearing the fault and restoring the power system. However, the auto reclosing scheme should be applied to a mixed transmission system carefully because the mixed transmission system involves underground cable sections. When a fault occurs in the underground cable section, it is mostly a permanent fault. If auto reclosing is performed on a permanent fault condition, it may cause excessive overcurrent and switching surge, which can generate a serious impact on the whole transmission system and even cause an explosion. Due to this, many utilities worldwide do not allow auto reclosing or only apply it very restrictively on a mixed transmission system based on their practice. However, there is no clear guidance or standard related to auto reclosing on a mixed transmission system. Therefore, in this paper, an application of a recloser operation algorithm is proposed. Based on the proposed algorithm, reclosers can work properly and protect the transmission system. To verify the proposed algorithm, simulations were conducted using the ElectroMagnetic Transient Program (EMTP). Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Solutions for Monitoring, Protection and Control of Modern Power Transmission System)
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17 pages, 2619 KiB  
Article
Global Harmonic Parameters for Estimation of Power Quality Indices: An Approach for PMUs
by David Granados-Lieberman
Energies 2020, 13(9), 2337; https://doi.org/10.3390/en13092337 - 08 May 2020
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 1843
Abstract
For wide-area measurement systems and smart grids, phasor measurement units (PMUs) have become key elements since they provide synchronized information related to the fundamental frequency components of voltages and currents. In recent years, some works have extended the concept of PMU to harmonic [...] Read more.
For wide-area measurement systems and smart grids, phasor measurement units (PMUs) have become key elements since they provide synchronized information related to the fundamental frequency components of voltages and currents. In recent years, some works have extended the concept of PMU to harmonic analysis due to the proliferation of nonlinear loads. In this work, as a first contribution, the reference model for P-class and M-class PMUs provided by the IEEE Standard C37.118.1 is expanded with the aim of obtaining the harmonic information and electric power quantities. Additionally, as a second contribution, the approach of global harmonic parameters (GHPs) for PMUs is proposed. Specifically, GHPs are introduced in this work as unified quantities regarding the overall harmonic content of voltages and currents signals. With the help of these parameters, the estimation of power quality indices (PQIs) according to the IEEE Standard 1459 can be carried out but with an important advantage, i.e., a reduced amount of data, which reduces the requirements of management, storage, and analysis. Finally, the mathematical formulations for PQIs using the proposal are also presented. It is important to mention that they are equivalent to classical formulations that use individual harmonic information; however, they exploit the advantage of PMUs that require a reduced amount of data. Several tests with synthetic and real signals are carried out to validate the proposal. Results demonstrate the effectiveness and usefulness of the proposed approach. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Solutions for Monitoring, Protection and Control of Modern Power Transmission System)
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16 pages, 3461 KiB  
Article
A Frequency Estimation Method Based on a Revised 3-Level Discrete Fourier Transform with an Estimation Delay Reduction Technique
by Sang-Hee Kang, Woo-Seok Seo and Soon-Ryul Nam
Energies 2020, 13(9), 2256; https://doi.org/10.3390/en13092256 - 04 May 2020
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 1821
Abstract
In this paper, a frequency estimation method based on a revised three-level discrete Fourier transform (DFT) with an estimation delay reduction technique is proposed. First, the input signal passes through a sine filter twice to improve the ability to decrease the level of [...] Read more.
In this paper, a frequency estimation method based on a revised three-level discrete Fourier transform (DFT) with an estimation delay reduction technique is proposed. First, the input signal passes through a sine filter twice to improve the ability to decrease the level of harmonics and inter-harmonics. Secondly, the second sine-filtered signal is decomposed into two orthogonal components by DFT with a hamming window to enhance the ability to suppress inter-harmonics. The frequency of the signal is derived using orthogonal components without a zero-crossing problem, which can cause numerical estimation error. This process causes the estimation delay of three cycles and three samples in total. Therefore, the estimation delay reduction technique compensating for the phase delay of the phasor is proposed. To evaluate the performance of the proposed method, several frequency changes were considered when the test signals were generated according to the IEEE PMU Standards C37.118.1a-2014. The performance of the proposed method was also evaluated under dynamic and fault conditions in a five-bus transmission system modeled with PSCAD/EMTDC. The simulation results show that the proposed method accurately estimated the frequency of the signal. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Solutions for Monitoring, Protection and Control of Modern Power Transmission System)
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17 pages, 1111 KiB  
Article
Towards Smart Energy Grids: A Box-Constrained Nonlinear Underdetermined Model for Power System Observability Using Recursive Quadratic Programming
by Nikolaos P. Theodorakatos, Miltiadis Lytras and Rohit Babu
Energies 2020, 13(7), 1724; https://doi.org/10.3390/en13071724 - 04 Apr 2020
Cited by 27 | Viewed by 5863
Abstract
This paper introduces an underdetermined nonlinear programming model where the equality constraints are fewer than the design variables defined on a compact set for the solution of the optimal Phasor Measurement Unit (PMU) placement. The minimization model is efficiently solved by a recursive [...] Read more.
This paper introduces an underdetermined nonlinear programming model where the equality constraints are fewer than the design variables defined on a compact set for the solution of the optimal Phasor Measurement Unit (PMU) placement. The minimization model is efficiently solved by a recursive quadratic programming (RQP) method. The focus of this work is on applying an RQP to attempt to find guaranteed global minima. The proposed minimization model is conducted on IEEE systems. For all simulation runs, the RQP converges superlinearly towards optimality in a finite number of iterations without to be rejected the full step-length. The simulation results indicate that the RQP finds out the minimal number and the optimal locations of PMUs to make the power system wholly observable. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Solutions for Monitoring, Protection and Control of Modern Power Transmission System)
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22 pages, 6750 KiB  
Article
Fault Model and Travelling Wave Matching Based Single Terminal Fault Location Algorithm for T-Connection Transmission Line: A Yunnan Power Grid Study
by Hongchun Shu, Yiming Han, Ran Huang, Yutao Tang, Pulin Cao, Bo Yang and Yu Zhang
Energies 2020, 13(6), 1506; https://doi.org/10.3390/en13061506 - 22 Mar 2020
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2590
Abstract
Due to the complex structure of the T-connection transmission lines, it is extremely difficult to identify the reflected travelling wave from the fault point and that from the connection point by the measurement from only one terminal. According to the characteristics of the [...] Read more.
Due to the complex structure of the T-connection transmission lines, it is extremely difficult to identify the reflected travelling wave from the fault point and that from the connection point by the measurement from only one terminal. According to the characteristics of the structure of the T-connection transmission line, the reflection of the travelling wave within the line after the failure of different sections in T-connection transmission line are analyzed. Based on the lattice diagram of the travelling wave, the sequence of travelling waves detected at the measuring terminal varies with the fault distance and the faulty section. Moreover, the sequence of travelling waves detected in one terminal is unique at each faulty section. This article calculates the arrival time of travelling waves of fault points at different locations in different sections to form the collection of the travelling wave arrival time sequence. Then the sequence of travelling waves of the new added fault waveforms is extracted to compare with the sequences in the collection for the faulty section identification and fault location. This proposed method can accurately locate the fault with different fault types, fault resistances and system impedances by only single-terminal fault data. Both Power Systems Computer Aided Design/ Electromagnetic Transients including DC (PSCAD/EMTDC) and actual measurement data are implemented to verify the effectiveness of this method. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Solutions for Monitoring, Protection and Control of Modern Power Transmission System)
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16 pages, 9870 KiB  
Article
Underfrequency Load Shedding: An Innovative Algorithm Based on Fuzzy Logic
by Robert Małkowski and Janusz Nieznański
Energies 2020, 13(6), 1456; https://doi.org/10.3390/en13061456 - 20 Mar 2020
Cited by 21 | Viewed by 3217
Abstract
In contemporary power systems, the load shedding schemes are typically based on disconnecting a pre-specified amount of load after the frequency drops below a predetermined value. The actual conditions at the time of disturbance may largely differ from the assumptions, which can lead [...] Read more.
In contemporary power systems, the load shedding schemes are typically based on disconnecting a pre-specified amount of load after the frequency drops below a predetermined value. The actual conditions at the time of disturbance may largely differ from the assumptions, which can lead to non-optimal or ineffective operation of the load shedding scheme. For many years, increasing the effectiveness of the underfrequency load shedding (UFLS) schemes has been the subject of research around the world. Unfortunately, the proposed solutions often require costly technical resources and/or large amounts of real-time data monitoring. This paper puts forth an UFLS scheme characterized by increased effectiveness in the case of large disturbances and reduced disconnected power in the case of small and medium disturbances compared to the conventional load-shedding solutions. These advantages are achieved by replacing time-consuming consecutive load dropping with the simultaneous load dropping mechanism and by replacing ineffective fixed-frequency activation thresholds independent of the state of the system with implicit adaptive thresholds based on fuzzy logic computations. The proposed algorithm does not require complex and costly technical solutions. The performance of the proposed scheme was validated using multivariate computer simulations. Selected test results are included in this paper. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Solutions for Monitoring, Protection and Control of Modern Power Transmission System)
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17 pages, 7173 KiB  
Article
Applications of Wien Automatic System Planning (WASP) Model to Non-Standard Power System Expansion Problems
by Mladen Zeljko, Marko Aunedi, Goran Slipac and Dražen Jakšić
Energies 2020, 13(6), 1392; https://doi.org/10.3390/en13061392 - 17 Mar 2020
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2535
Abstract
This paper presents several applications of Wien Automatic System Planning (WASP) tool to address specific modeling challenges encountered in power system expansion planning problems. Although WASP has been used by power system planners around the world for many decades, its standard formulation does [...] Read more.
This paper presents several applications of Wien Automatic System Planning (WASP) tool to address specific modeling challenges encountered in power system expansion planning problems. Although WASP has been used by power system planners around the world for many decades, its standard formulation does not allow the user to explicitly model many situations that can occur in realistic power systems. Examples of such situations include dual-fuel plants, options for electricity exports, energy exchange agreements with neighboring systems, and considering large generating units as candidates in relatively small-size systems. A number of alternative modeling solutions are proposed in the paper based on the authors’ long-term experience in carrying out generation expansion studies for electricity systems of various types and sizes. These solutions demonstrate the flexibility of using WASP to model atypical features of power systems. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Solutions for Monitoring, Protection and Control of Modern Power Transmission System)
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15 pages, 7071 KiB  
Article
IEC 61850-Based Centralized Busbar Differential Protection with Data Desynchronization Compensation
by Myeong-Hoon Song, Sang-Hee Kang, Nam-Ho Lee and Soon-Ryul Nam
Energies 2020, 13(4), 967; https://doi.org/10.3390/en13040967 - 21 Feb 2020
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 3157
Abstract
This paper proposes an IEC 61850-based centralized busbar differential protection scheme, in which data desynchronization between intelligent electronic devices (IEDs) leads to differential current errors. As the differential current errors could result in erroneous operation of the centralized busbar differential protection, data desynchronization [...] Read more.
This paper proposes an IEC 61850-based centralized busbar differential protection scheme, in which data desynchronization between intelligent electronic devices (IEDs) leads to differential current errors. As the differential current errors could result in erroneous operation of the centralized busbar differential protection, data desynchronization should be compensated for. The main causes of data desynchronization are subdivided into measurement timing and time synchronization errors. In this paper, the first-order Lagrange interpolation polynomial is used to compensate for measurement timing errors and the voltage angle differences between IEDs are used to compensate for time synchronization errors. The centralized busbar differential protection is tested using a real-time digital simulator and IEC 61850-based IEDs, which are implemented with the MMS-EASE Lite library and Smart Grid Infrastructure Evaluation Module. The test results show that the data desynchronization compensation can significantly reduce differential current errors, and thus prevent erroneous operation of the IEC 61850-based centralized busbar differential protection. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Solutions for Monitoring, Protection and Control of Modern Power Transmission System)
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19 pages, 7082 KiB  
Article
Improved Faulted Phase Selection Algorithm for Distance Protection under High Penetration of Renewable Energies
by Eduardo Martínez Carrasco, María Paz Comech Moreno, María Teresa Villén Martínez and Samuel Borroy Vicente
Energies 2020, 13(3), 558; https://doi.org/10.3390/en13030558 - 23 Jan 2020
Cited by 14 | Viewed by 2971
Abstract
The high penetration of renewable energies will affect the performance of present protection algorithms due to fault current injection from generators based on power electronics. This paper explains the process followed for analyzing this effect on distance protection and the development of a [...] Read more.
The high penetration of renewable energies will affect the performance of present protection algorithms due to fault current injection from generators based on power electronics. This paper explains the process followed for analyzing this effect on distance protection and the development of a new algorithm that improves its performance in such a scenario. First of all, four commercial protection relays were tested before fault current contribution from photovoltaic system and full converter wind turbines using the hardware in the loop technique. The analysis of results obtained, jointly with a theoretical analysis based on commonly used protection strategy of superimposed quantities, lead to a conclusion about the cause of observed wrong behaviors of present protection algorithms under a high penetration of renewables. According to these conclusions, a new algorithm has been developed to improve the detection of faulted phase selection and directionality on distance protection under a short circuit current fed by renewable energy sources. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Solutions for Monitoring, Protection and Control of Modern Power Transmission System)
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18 pages, 888 KiB  
Article
Model-Independent Derivative Control Delay Compensation Methods for Power Systems
by Muyang Liu, Ioannis Dassios, Georgios Tzounas and Federico Milano
Energies 2020, 13(2), 342; https://doi.org/10.3390/en13020342 - 10 Jan 2020
Cited by 13 | Viewed by 2756
Abstract
The paper examines the effectiveness of utilizing the derivatives of time delayed, wide-area signals in mitigating their destabilizing impact on power system dynamic response. In particular, the paper discusses two derivative control-based delay compensation methods, namely proportional-derivative (PD) and predictor-based delay compensation. The [...] Read more.
The paper examines the effectiveness of utilizing the derivatives of time delayed, wide-area signals in mitigating their destabilizing impact on power system dynamic response. In particular, the paper discusses two derivative control-based delay compensation methods, namely proportional-derivative (PD) and predictor-based delay compensation. The two methods are compared in terms of their open-loop signal fidelity and their impact on the closed-loop system stability. The paper also provides a technique to carry out small-signal stability analysis with inclusion of derivative control based compensation, which leads to a Neutral Time-Delay System (NTDS). In addition, we provide a new theorem on the stability of the NTDS. Finally, nonlinear time domain simulations and eigenvalue analysis based on the IEEE 14-bus and New England 39-bus systems were carried out for the sake of comparison of the two delay compensation methods. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Solutions for Monitoring, Protection and Control of Modern Power Transmission System)
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13 pages, 6368 KiB  
Article
Research on Transformer Partial Discharge UHF Pattern Recognition Based on Cnn-lstm
by Xiu Zhou, Xutao Wu, Pei Ding, Xiuguang Li, Ninghui He, Guozhi Zhang and Xiaoxing Zhang
Energies 2020, 13(1), 61; https://doi.org/10.3390/en13010061 - 20 Dec 2019
Cited by 27 | Viewed by 3185
Abstract
In view of the fact that the statistical feature quantity of traditional partial discharge (PD) pattern recognition relies on expert experience and lacks certain generalization, this paper develops PD pattern recognition based on the convolutional neural network (cnn) and long-term short-term memory network [...] Read more.
In view of the fact that the statistical feature quantity of traditional partial discharge (PD) pattern recognition relies on expert experience and lacks certain generalization, this paper develops PD pattern recognition based on the convolutional neural network (cnn) and long-term short-term memory network (lstm). Firstly, we constructed the cnn-lstm PD pattern recognition model, which combines the advantages of cnn in mining local spatial information of the PD spectrum and the advantages of lstm in mining the PD spectrum time series feature information. Then, the transformer PD UHF (Ultra High Frequency) experiment was carried out. The performance of the constructed cnn-lstm pattern recognition network was tested by using different types of typical PD spectrums. Experimental results show that: (1) for the floating potential defects, the recognition rates of cnn-lstm and cnn are both 100%; (2) cnn-lstm has better recognition ability than cnn for metal protrusion defects, oil paper void defects, and surface discharge defects; and (3) cnn-lstm has better overall recognition accuracy than cnn and lstm. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Solutions for Monitoring, Protection and Control of Modern Power Transmission System)
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16 pages, 4827 KiB  
Article
Optimization Strategy of SVC for Eliminating Electromagnetic Oscillation in Weak Networking Power Systems
by Huabo Shi, Xinwei Sun, Gang Chen, Hua Zhang, Yonghong Tang, Lin Xu, Lijie Ding, Chengwei Fan and Yin Xu
Energies 2019, 12(18), 3489; https://doi.org/10.3390/en12183489 - 10 Sep 2019
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2022
Abstract
The central Tibet AC interconnection project (CTAIP), which connects the Tibet power grid and the Sichuan power grid through a long distance transmission line of more than 1400 km, has a significant problem of voltage regulation. In order to improve the voltage regulation [...] Read more.
The central Tibet AC interconnection project (CTAIP), which connects the Tibet power grid and the Sichuan power grid through a long distance transmission line of more than 1400 km, has a significant problem of voltage regulation. In order to improve the voltage regulation performance, six sets of ±60 Mvar static VAR compensators (SVC) were installed in the CTAIP. However, the SVCs may lead to electromagnetic oscillation below 50 Hz while improving voltage regulation capability. In this paper, the electromagnetic oscillation modes and the sensitivity of control parameters of SVC are analyzed. Then, the characteristics and influencing factors of the oscillation are discussed. It was found that there is an inherent electromagnetic oscillation mode below 50 Hz in the ultra-long distance transmission system. The employ of SVCs weaken the damping of this mode. Large proportional gain and integral gain (PI) parameters of SVCs can improve the voltage regulation performance, but weaken the electromagnetic oscillation mode damping. Therefore, a suppression method based on SVC PI parameters optimization is proposed to damp the oscillation. The essential of this method is to use the rising time of voltage response and setting time of SVCs as performance indicators of voltage regulation, and take the damping level of the electromagnetic oscillation mode as the performance index of SVC electromagnetic oscillation suppression ability. Combining the two indicators to form a comprehensive optimization index function, an intelligent optimization algorithm is applied. The process of SVC parameter optimization and the steps of multi-SVC parameter optimization in large power grids is proposed. Finally, PSCAD and real-time digital simulation (RTDS) simulation results verified the correctness of the proposed method. The optimization strategy was applied to CTAIP. The artificial grounding short circuit experimental results proved the effectiveness of the proposed strategy. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Solutions for Monitoring, Protection and Control of Modern Power Transmission System)
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15 pages, 6962 KiB  
Article
Cable Incipient Fault Identification with a Sparse Autoencoder and a Deep Belief Network
by Ning Liu, Bo Fan, Xianyong Xiao and Xiaomei Yang
Energies 2019, 12(18), 3424; https://doi.org/10.3390/en12183424 - 05 Sep 2019
Cited by 13 | Viewed by 2099
Abstract
Incipient faults in power cables are a serious threat to power safety and are difficult to accurately identify. The traditional pattern recognition method based on feature extraction and feature selection has strong subjectivity. If the key feature information cannot be extracted accurately, the [...] Read more.
Incipient faults in power cables are a serious threat to power safety and are difficult to accurately identify. The traditional pattern recognition method based on feature extraction and feature selection has strong subjectivity. If the key feature information cannot be extracted accurately, the recognition accuracy will directly decrease. To accurately identify incipient faults in power cables, this paper combines a sparse autoencoder and a deep belief network to form a deep neural network, which relies on the powerful learning ability of the neural network to classify and identify various cable fault signals, without requiring preprocessing operations for the fault signals. The experimental results demonstrate that the proposed approach can effectively identify cable incipient faults from other disturbances with a similar overcurrent phenomenon and has a higher recognition accuracy and reliability than the traditional pattern recognition method. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Solutions for Monitoring, Protection and Control of Modern Power Transmission System)
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17 pages, 5855 KiB  
Case Report
Modelling Selected Parameters of Power Grid Network in the South-Eastern Part of Poland: The Case Study
by Piotr Hadaj and Dominik Strzałka
Energies 2020, 13(1), 239; https://doi.org/10.3390/en13010239 - 03 Jan 2020
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 3077
Abstract
In this paper, a case study is conducted based on the real data obtained from the local Distribution System Operator (DSO) of electrical energy. The analyzed network represents connections and high-voltage switchgears of 110 kV. Selected graph parameters—vertex degree distribution, the average vertex [...] Read more.
In this paper, a case study is conducted based on the real data obtained from the local Distribution System Operator (DSO) of electrical energy. The analyzed network represents connections and high-voltage switchgears of 110 kV. Selected graph parameters—vertex degree distribution, the average vertex degree, the graph density, network efficiency, the clustering coefficient, the average path length, and the graph diameter were examined, taking into account that in the analysis, some nodes were removed due to the different failures. For each failure, the possible effects on network parameters were tested. As a final result, it was shown that in the analyzed case, the removal of only five nodes could cause a significant (almost four times) fall of graph efficiency. In turn, this means that the whole analyzed network cannot be considered as a fault-tolerant. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Solutions for Monitoring, Protection and Control of Modern Power Transmission System)
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