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The IMTech 2021 Innovative Mining Technologies
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The IMTech 2021 Innovative Mining Technologies

A special issue of Energies (ISSN 1996-1073). This special issue belongs to the section "H: Geo-Energy".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 March 2021) | Viewed by 41310

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Dariusz Prostański

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
KOMAG Institute of Mining Technology, 44-101 Gliwice, Poland
Interests: mining technologies; mining machines; magnetics; spraying system; mining hazards; heat pipes; energy storage
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Bartosz Polnik

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
KOMAG Institute of Mining Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Interests: mining electrotechnical; electromobility; diagnostic systems; high efficiency energy transfer
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Jarosław Tokarczyk

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
KOMAG Institute of Mining Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Interests: calculations with use of finite elements method (FEM); thermal numerical calculation; multibody system (MBS) analyses; safe trans design (STD) modular system for shaping the underground safety; virtual reality; augmented reality

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Despite the decline in hard coal and lignite production due to the ongoing energy transformation across Europe, the mining industry still needs state-of-the-art machinery and equipment. Coal mining to greater depths is associated with increase in natural hazards, so the mines need intelligent and more automated mining solutions. In the coming years, hard coal mines may become full participants in the so-called Industry 4.0, implementing intelligent ICT systems and automating the subsequent parts of the production process. An intelligent mine is to be characterized by state-of-the-art solutions that translate into higher production efficiency and increase in miners’ safety, as they could be withdrawn from the most dangerous places.

This Special Issue related to the KOMTECH-IMTech Conference aims to provide an important contribution to technical development by presentation of the latest solutions that will increase production efficiency, improve work safety in mines, and reduce operational costs of mining plants.

The 21. International Scientific and Technical Conference KOMTECH-IMTech will be held in November in Szczyrk. The aim of the conference is to present the latest scientific, research, and technical achievements in the field of mining, especially focusing on occupational safety and health protection, exchange of knowledge and experience in the use of innovative techniques and technologies, as well as presentation of the latest achievements of manufacturers of machinery and equipment. Every year, the conference contributes to the integration of the scientific community with industry representatives, giving a chance for discussion and traditionally gathering a large group of people interested in the directions of development of safe and effective mining.

Dr. Dariusz Prostański
Dr. Bartosz Polnik
Dr. Jarosław Tokarczyk
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Energies is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • Shaft transportation
  • Horizontal transport
  • Powered roof supports
  • Longwall mining
  • Roadway systems
  • Longwall shearers
  • Roadheaders
  • Run-of-mine transportation
  • Transportation of people in mine undergrounds
  • Automation and robotization of mining processes
  • Forecasting of natural hazards
  • Elimination of mine hazards
  • Mine management system
  • Machine monitoring and diagnostics
  • Reduction in machine components and equipment wear
  • Driving systems
  • Hydraulic and pneumatic systems
  • Lithium-ion batteries
  • Heat pipes
  • Magnetic brakes
  • Mining electrotechnical
  • Electromobility
  • Diagnostic systems
  • High-efficiency energy transfer
  • Energy management
  • Sustainable transformation of mining regions
  • Calculations with use of the finite elements method (FEM)
  • Thermal Numerical Calculation, Multibody System (MBS) analyses
  • Safe trans design (STD) modular system for shaping underground safety
  • Virtual reality
  • Augmented reality Mining technologies Mining machines Spraying system

Published Papers (20 papers)

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Research

15 pages, 4346 KiB  
Article
Technique to Investigate Pulverizing and Abrasive Performance of Coals in Mineral Processing Systems
by Wojciech Grzegorzek, Daniel Adamecki, Grzegorz Głuszek, Aleksander Lutyński and Daniel Kowol
Energies 2021, 14(21), 7300; https://doi.org/10.3390/en14217300 - 04 Nov 2021
Viewed by 1851
Abstract
The operating costs of breaking coal particles into fine powder, to achieve optimum combustion for the boilers in a power plant, are made up of power input to carry on an energy intensive comminution mechanism and to overcome friction losses within pulverising machines. [...] Read more.
The operating costs of breaking coal particles into fine powder, to achieve optimum combustion for the boilers in a power plant, are made up of power input to carry on an energy intensive comminution mechanism and to overcome friction losses within pulverising machines. The operating costs also include the cost of the replacement of the processing system’s components due to wear. This study presents the development and application of an attrition test machine that enables an investigation of the factors that influence pulverizing efficiency. The attrition tester simulates grinding conditions in real vertical spindle mills. In this kind of mill, as with the tester, the size reduction process results from a shearing action during the redistribution of the coal particles. The redistribution and attrition within the coal bed are forced by movement of the rollers (or by a disc rotation, in the case of the tester). The testing method was oriented toward mechanical properties, i.e., internal friction shear strength, abrasiveness and grindability. This method enables facilitated testing procedures and a more exact simulation of grinding in vertical spindle coal mills. Ball-race mills and Loesche roller mills were used. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue The IMTech 2021 Innovative Mining Technologies)
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17 pages, 6481 KiB  
Article
Wireless Leak Detection System as a Way to Reduce Electricity Consumption in Ventilation Ducts
by Michał Szelka, Mariusz Woszczyński, Jerzy Jagoda and Paweł Kamiński
Energies 2021, 14(13), 3774; https://doi.org/10.3390/en14133774 - 23 Jun 2021
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1648
Abstract
This article presents a proposal for a wireless diagnostic system for checking the air tightness of the ventilation network. The solution is designed to increase crew safety in underground mining plants and increase the energy efficiency of the ventube ventilation system. The system [...] Read more.
This article presents a proposal for a wireless diagnostic system for checking the air tightness of the ventilation network. The solution is designed to increase crew safety in underground mining plants and increase the energy efficiency of the ventube ventilation system. The system is based on sensors measuring the pressure inside the ventilation duct in relation to the barometric pressure in the immediate vicinity of the duct. The flow of diagnostic data is based on a cascade transfer. The data from the first sensor are transferred successively to the last one. Based on the prior calibration of alarm thresholds in each device, the leakage or factor influencing the increase of air flow resistance is located. The article presents the genesis of the creation and discusses the principle and purpose of the system. In the following chapters, the progress of work related to testing the system in laboratory, industrial, and underground conditions at the Velenje Premogovnik mine (Slovenia) is presented. The authors analyze the test results and indicate the directions of possible further work on improving the system. The proposed leak detection system is based on a network of pressure sensors that communicate with each other to clearly pinpoint the leak location. The system has been designed for operation in underground mining plants with limited space. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue The IMTech 2021 Innovative Mining Technologies)
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19 pages, 6259 KiB  
Article
Functional and Operational Requirements to Be Fulfilled by Conical Picks Regarding Their Wear Rate and Investment Costs
by Krzysztof Krauze, Kamil Mucha, Tomasz Wydro and Edward Pieczora
Energies 2021, 14(12), 3696; https://doi.org/10.3390/en14123696 - 21 Jun 2021
Cited by 21 | Viewed by 2273
Abstract
User’s choices of conical picks currently involve specifying their material and geometric parameters (functional requirements), incorporating the place and conditions of their work (operational requirements). The selection is usually made based on solely one criterion, which is the price. Thus, at the stage [...] Read more.
User’s choices of conical picks currently involve specifying their material and geometric parameters (functional requirements), incorporating the place and conditions of their work (operational requirements). The selection is usually made based on solely one criterion, which is the price. Thus, at the stage of both purchase and operation, the quality of picks, as well as their matching for a specific machine, are not assessed. The problem of defining whether the producer has fulfilled the user’s requirements arises only when the user questions the picks’ quality. Analysis of this problem has resulted in developing assumptions, concepts and research procedures based on the cutting process requirements. The procedure allows conducting tests to determine the geometric parameters of a pick, the type of material of the pick body and WC-Co insert, as well as the pick wear rate (intensity). The C2 index describes the wear rate (intensity)—the smaller its value, the slower the pick’s wear. Laboratory tests were carried out at the AGH University of Science and Technology in Kraków, Poland. Following the developed method and procedure, the quality of picks was precisely and unambiguously assessed. The C2 index, apart from testing the quality of picks, was also used to forecast their wear. Based on the C2 index, a method is proposed to estimate the wear rate of conical picks provided by different manufacturers and determine the acceptable unit price and operating costs. Thus, it is possible and reasonable to precisely define the investment requirements and appropriately select the pick. Relevant tests were carried out for eight different types of conical picks used in roadheaders, longwall shearers and shaft-boring roadheaders. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue The IMTech 2021 Innovative Mining Technologies)
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15 pages, 1448 KiB  
Article
Selective Crushing of Run-of-Mine as an Important Part of the Hard Coal Beneficiation Process
by Piotr Matusiak, Daniel Kowol, Tomasz Suponik, Dawid M. Franke, Paweł M. Nuckowski, Barbara Tora and Radosław Pomykała
Energies 2021, 14(11), 3167; https://doi.org/10.3390/en14113167 - 28 May 2021
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1961
Abstract
To obtain commercial product of required quantitative and qualitative parameters, hard coal must be subjected to a number of processing operations. Preliminary stone removal from run-of-mine is one of them. Methods of such removal, including the method of selective crushing are described. Design [...] Read more.
To obtain commercial product of required quantitative and qualitative parameters, hard coal must be subjected to a number of processing operations. Preliminary stone removal from run-of-mine is one of them. Methods of such removal, including the method of selective crushing are described. Design solutions for a KOMAG-type device for dry stone removal of run-of-mine are presented. The results of laboratory tests for selective crushing susceptibility of steam coal and coke are presented, and a comparative analysis of the tested types of coal is made. Possibilities of increasing the production of commercial products by using a Bradford drum crusher is analyzed from the economical point of view. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue The IMTech 2021 Innovative Mining Technologies)
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12 pages, 3002 KiB  
Article
Initial Study into the Possible Use of Digital Sound Processing for the Development of Automatic Longwall Shearer Operation
by Piotr Kiljan, Wojciech Moczulski and Krzysztof Kalinowski
Energies 2021, 14(10), 2877; https://doi.org/10.3390/en14102877 - 17 May 2021
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1547
Abstract
Competition on the local and global market forces enterprises to implement modern solutions and adapt to technological changes. Applying modern solutions allows an increase in the quality of the product and reduces production costs. The acoustic sensor, as a relatively cheap solution, allows [...] Read more.
Competition on the local and global market forces enterprises to implement modern solutions and adapt to technological changes. Applying modern solutions allows an increase in the quality of the product and reduces production costs. The acoustic sensor, as a relatively cheap solution, allows signals to be obtained which, after appropriate processing, can be used to develop an automatic control of the longwall shearer, together with the recognition of the type of shale. This paper presents an introductory research, the goal of which has been to check whether acoustic signals carry useful information on what kind of material–shale or coal–is being cut by the cutting head of a longwall shearer. For this purpose, the fast Fourier transform and short-time Fourier transform functions implemented in MatLab were used. The results of the analysis are presented in the form of three-dimensional graphs and spectrograms. To sum up, the research carried out so far justifies the need for continuation in the form of systematic experiments, the results of which could be incorporated into the control system of an unmanned combine. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue The IMTech 2021 Innovative Mining Technologies)
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25 pages, 1305 KiB  
Article
Impact of Geometry of Toothed Segments of the Innovative KOMTRACK Longwall Shearer Haulage System on Load and Slip during the Travel of a Track Wheel
by Krzysztof Kotwica, Grzegorz Stopka, Marek Kalita, Dominik Bałaga and Michał Siegmund
Energies 2021, 14(9), 2720; https://doi.org/10.3390/en14092720 - 10 May 2021
Cited by 17 | Viewed by 2259
Abstract
Longwall shearers operating in the underground mine workings move along the longwall face along the conveyor troughs. The haulage system, which is made up of two kinematic pairs in the form of track wheels installed in shearer movers, cooperating with the toothed route [...] Read more.
Longwall shearers operating in the underground mine workings move along the longwall face along the conveyor troughs. The haulage system, which is made up of two kinematic pairs in the form of track wheels installed in shearer movers, cooperating with the toothed route built in the conveyor’s throughs, is responsible for moving the shearer. The currently used solutions of longwall shearers’ haulage systems do not ensure proper cooperation of the track wheels with toothed segments, which results in failures and breakdowns in the operation of the longwall systems, causing significant financial losses. Rigid solution of the gear components used is the reason. The solution of the flexible toothed segment, allowing it to adapt to the longitudinal and transverse curvature of the AFC (armored face conveyor) route during cooperation with the track wheel, was developed as part of the research project jointly implemented by KOMAG Institute of Mining Technology, AGH University of Science and Technology, Łukasiewicz Research Network–Cracow Institute of Technology, Specodlew Innovative Foundry Company and Polish Mining Group Inc., co-financed by the European Regional Development Fund (contract no. POIR.04.01.04-00-0068/17). The general design and principle of operation of the suggested KOMTRACK system is given. The results of the comparative simulations and analyses are presented. The load and slip values during the cooperation of the track wheels with the standard and new suggested toothed segment were estimated. The effectiveness of cooperation in the shearer movement along a disturbed conveyor route was also compared. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue The IMTech 2021 Innovative Mining Technologies)
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21 pages, 21568 KiB  
Article
Application of 3D Scanning, Computer Simulations and Virtual Reality in the Redesigning Process of Selected Areas of Underground Transportation Routes in Coal Mining Industry
by Magdalena Rozmus, Jarosław Tokarczyk, Dariusz Michalak, Marek Dudek, Kamil Szewerda, Marek Rotkegel, Aleš Lamot and Janez Rošer
Energies 2021, 14(9), 2589; https://doi.org/10.3390/en14092589 - 01 May 2021
Cited by 22 | Viewed by 2686
Abstract
Nowadays designing of selected areas of mines underground workings can be effectively improved by the application of computer techniques: 3D scanning, computer simulations and Virtual Reality. This, in fact, would result in the more reliable design process, significantly reduced designing costs and efforts, [...] Read more.
Nowadays designing of selected areas of mines underground workings can be effectively improved by the application of computer techniques: 3D scanning, computer simulations and Virtual Reality. This, in fact, would result in the more reliable design process, significantly reduced designing costs and efforts, and improvement of the mines staff’s safety. This scientific paper presents a method developed for redesigning of selected areas of mines underground workings in which auxiliary transport is carried out. The method combines 3D laser scanning technique with computer simulations carried out in a CAD/MBS system, in order to determine the location of potential collisions of the transported loads with the arch yielding support and the equipment. The obtained results, visualized using Virtual Reality, will form input data in the process of designing the selected area of the mines underground workings. Finally, an example of the application of the described method during transportation of big-size load is given. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue The IMTech 2021 Innovative Mining Technologies)
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15 pages, 2380 KiB  
Article
Designing of Drive Systems in the Aspect of the Desired Spectrum of Operation
by Tomasz Dzitkowski, Andrzej Dymarek, Jerzy Margielewicz, Damian Gąska, Lukasz Orzech and Krzysztof Lesiak
Energies 2021, 14(9), 2562; https://doi.org/10.3390/en14092562 - 29 Apr 2021
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2423
Abstract
A method for selecting dynamic parameters and structures of drive systems using the synthesis algorithm is presented. The dynamic parameters of the system with six degrees of freedom, consisting of a power component (motor) and a two-speed gearbox, were determined, based on a [...] Read more.
A method for selecting dynamic parameters and structures of drive systems using the synthesis algorithm is presented. The dynamic parameters of the system with six degrees of freedom, consisting of a power component (motor) and a two-speed gearbox, were determined, based on a formalized methodology. The required gearbox is to work in specific resonance zones, i.e., meet the required dynamic properties such as the required resonance frequencies. In the result of the tests, a series of parameters of the drive system, defining the required dynamic properties such as the resonance and anti-resonance frequencies were recorded. Mass moments of inertia of the wheels and elastic components, contained in the required structure of the driving system, were determined for the selected parameters obtained during the synthesis. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue The IMTech 2021 Innovative Mining Technologies)
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22 pages, 6195 KiB  
Article
Research on Ultrasonic Transducers to Accurately Determine Distances in a Coal Mine Conditions
by Sławomir Bartoszek, Krzysztof Stankiewicz, Gabriel Kost, Grzegorz Ćwikła and Artur Dyczko
Energies 2021, 14(9), 2532; https://doi.org/10.3390/en14092532 - 28 Apr 2021
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 1692
Abstract
Determining the location of objects, for example roadheader in a hard coal mine, is a task that should be automated in the conditions of state-of-the-art mining. Current solutions do not meet the user’s expectations due to the lack of the possibility of automation, [...] Read more.
Determining the location of objects, for example roadheader in a hard coal mine, is a task that should be automated in the conditions of state-of-the-art mining. Current solutions do not meet the user’s expectations due to the lack of the possibility of automation, maladjustment to the environment of a hard coal mine or not meeting the legal requirements. The article describes the initial stage of work on an automatic system for determining the position of machines in difficult underground conditions, including the analysis of requirements and constraints, an overview of available solutions, technologies and algorithms, as a result of which devices were selected for further tests. To determine the location, it is necessary to take distance measurements with high accuracy, despite the disturbances resulting from the working environment. Ultrasonic devices were selected and then tested under various operating conditions, including different distances between the transmitter and receiver as well as different directions and intensities of air movement that could distort the measurement results. During tests, sufficient accuracy, as well as other parameters, of the ultrasonic transducers were confirmed, allowing for distance measurements in the required range, suitable for use in the real-time locating system (RTLS) being developed. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue The IMTech 2021 Innovative Mining Technologies)
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15 pages, 2634 KiB  
Article
Method for Assessment of Operation of Analog Filters Installed in the Measuring Lines for Electrical Quantities of a Mining Machine’s Converter Power Supply System
by Jarosław Joostberens, Arkadiusz Pawlikowski, Dariusz Prostański and Krzysztof Nieśpiałowski
Energies 2021, 14(9), 2384; https://doi.org/10.3390/en14092384 - 22 Apr 2021
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1242
Abstract
A method for assessing the operation of analog filters installed in the measuring paths of current and voltage converters in the power supply system of a mining machine motor, using the example of the driving unit of a roadheader’s cutterhead, is presented. The [...] Read more.
A method for assessing the operation of analog filters installed in the measuring paths of current and voltage converters in the power supply system of a mining machine motor, using the example of the driving unit of a roadheader’s cutterhead, is presented. The suggested method is based on the identification of the fundamental harmonic of signals from the current and voltage sensors observed at the input and output of the tested filters, respectively. The identified parameters of the fundamental harmonic of signals before and after the filter allow the determination of points of the filter frequency’s characteristics and their comparison with the reference values. In the suggested method of assessing the operation of analog filters, the new approach consists of checking the frequency characteristics on the basis of identification of the basic harmonics of the signal at the input and output of the tested filter (installed in the measuring line of the electrical quantity) using data acquired during the frequency start-up of the mining machine driving motor under normal operational conditions. Results are presented of the filter performance assessment, using the suggested method, after three years of its operation in the measuring system. For this purpose, empirical data recorded during the operation of a roadheader on a test stand are used. The results are compared with the theoretical frequency characteristics of the tested filters. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue The IMTech 2021 Innovative Mining Technologies)
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20 pages, 10670 KiB  
Article
Testing the Wear Mechanisms of the Components of Machines Used in Fossil Energy Resource Extraction
by Andrzej N. Wieczorek, Iwona Jonczy, Patryk Bała, Krzysztof Stankiewicz and Marcin Staszuk
Energies 2021, 14(8), 2125; https://doi.org/10.3390/en14082125 - 10 Apr 2021
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1785
Abstract
The paper presents the results of tests of wear of hardened wear-resistant steels in the presence of quartz, coal and coal-mineral abrasives of a differentiated ratios of each component and in the case without abrasives. The tests were carried out on a ring-on-ring [...] Read more.
The paper presents the results of tests of wear of hardened wear-resistant steels in the presence of quartz, coal and coal-mineral abrasives of a differentiated ratios of each component and in the case without abrasives. The tests were carried out on a ring-on-ring test stand. Volume loss was the parameter used to characterize the wear level. Based on the Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) observations, different mechanisms of surface destruction depending on the type of abrasive were found. For the quartz abrasive, it was shown that the quartz grains cause micro-cutting, but surface cracks also appear that further transform into shallow holes. In the case of mixtures of quartz with coal, the surface was micro-scratched by quartz grains, but some of these grains were hammered into the surface, what was favoured by the presence of coal fractions. In the case of coal abrasive, traces of single cutting were observed, as well as unremoved scratches formed at the sample grinding stage. Based on the wear observation, two models of steel surface wear in the presence of coal and coal-mineral abrasives were determined. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue The IMTech 2021 Innovative Mining Technologies)
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15 pages, 6098 KiB  
Article
Virtual Simulations of a New Construction of the Artificial Shaft Bottom (Shaft Safety Platform) for Use in Mine Shafts
by Paweł Kamiński, Artur Dyczko and Dariusz Prostański
Energies 2021, 14(8), 2110; https://doi.org/10.3390/en14082110 - 09 Apr 2021
Cited by 12 | Viewed by 1742
Abstract
The deepening of a mine shaft is a difficult and dangerous operation. Moreover, it requires the continuous operation of the shaft during the process of deepening. Because of this, it is necessary to leave the plug on the shaft bottom or install an [...] Read more.
The deepening of a mine shaft is a difficult and dangerous operation. Moreover, it requires the continuous operation of the shaft during the process of deepening. Because of this, it is necessary to leave the plug on the shaft bottom or install an artificial shaft bottom. The main task of an artificial shaft bottom is to provide safety from falling objects for the employees working on the shaft bottom. Many solutions for shaft safety platforms have been used in Polish mines over the years. A new construction of the artificial shaft bottom consists of using layers of highly durable net. It allows a reduction in the construction weight as well as the installation time. This article presents a new construction of an artificial shaft bottom and the simulations and calculations that confirm the possibility of its application to mine shafts during their deepening. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue The IMTech 2021 Innovative Mining Technologies)
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14 pages, 4373 KiB  
Article
Development of New Mean of Individual Transport for Application in Underground Coal Mines
by Paweł Kamiński
Energies 2021, 14(7), 2022; https://doi.org/10.3390/en14072022 - 06 Apr 2021
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2150
Abstract
Development of underground coal mines is reflected in increasing lengths of transport routes between shafts and workplaces. This is not an issue in terms of transportation of materials or groups of people, because suspended railways are efficient, safe, and fast mean of transport. [...] Read more.
Development of underground coal mines is reflected in increasing lengths of transport routes between shafts and workplaces. This is not an issue in terms of transportation of materials or groups of people, because suspended railways are efficient, safe, and fast mean of transport. However, transportation of individual people or small loads is an issue because of the lack of a means of individual transport and the high cost of transport using suspended railways. The development of individual means of transport, based on historical solutions, utilizes existing equipment of mine workings. This paper presents the stages of development of an underground bike, from the original idea to tests and analysis. The development process consists of simulations of different parameters of the bike using Working Model software and real-life tests conducted in an underground mine. The paper also presents analysis of the legal background of this new means of individual transport. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue The IMTech 2021 Innovative Mining Technologies)
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15 pages, 12910 KiB  
Article
Synergism of the Binary Wear Process of Machinery Elements Used for Gaining Energy Raw Materials
by Andrzej N. Wieczorek and Mateusz Wójcicki
Energies 2021, 14(7), 1981; https://doi.org/10.3390/en14071981 - 02 Apr 2021
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1631
Abstract
During an in-situ operation of machines, used for the exploitation of energy raw materials, a damaging impact of the environment on the components of these machines is experienced. The action of degrading factors is mostly shown in the form of a clear synergistic [...] Read more.
During an in-situ operation of machines, used for the exploitation of energy raw materials, a damaging impact of the environment on the components of these machines is experienced. The action of degrading factors is mostly shown in the form of a clear synergistic effect. In particular, this effect can be seen during an exploitation of driving elements of scraper conveyors, used as one of the basic machines in the hard coal mining process. In the article, the subject–matter, connected with an operation of sprockets in scraper conveyors, is presented. Special attention is paid to a mutual reaction of the mineral abrasive and the presence of mine water. The main objective of the research work was a determination of the interactive component of the factor causing an abrasive wear–quartz abrasive connected with the associated action and the factor intensifying electrochemical corrosion–water with and without the NaCl salt content. Experimental tests were conducted in the conditions similar to the reality, with the use of a test rig in the form of a short scraper conveyor. Within the framework of the test abrasive wear rates for the case of the abrasive presence itself and a mixture of the abrasive, salt and water were determined. Based on the obtained results, it appears that there is a synergistic impact of abrasive–corrosive mixtures on the wear of the surface layer of the chain sprockets under testing, and also, the causes of the interactive component values in the function of hardness and maximum strength of the materials under investigation are presented. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue The IMTech 2021 Innovative Mining Technologies)
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21 pages, 7318 KiB  
Article
Study and Application of Asymmetrical Disk Tools for Hard Rock Mining
by Krzysztof Kotwica, Grzegorz Stopka and Dariusz Prostański
Energies 2021, 14(7), 1826; https://doi.org/10.3390/en14071826 - 25 Mar 2021
Cited by 9 | Viewed by 1831
Abstract
In this article, the method of hard rock mining by undercutting or back incision using asymmetrical disk tools as an alternative to the milling method with the use of cutting tools was described. The results of modelling the penetration of a single asymmetric [...] Read more.
In this article, the method of hard rock mining by undercutting or back incision using asymmetrical disk tools as an alternative to the milling method with the use of cutting tools was described. The results of modelling the penetration of a single asymmetric disk tool edge into an artificial and natural rock sample were presented and compared with empirical laboratory tests. The effect of stand tests for mining artificial rock samples using asymmetrical disk tools mounted on the rotating plate was presented. The tests were carried out on two unique test stands. The solution of an innovative mining head with a complex motion trajectory, using the asymmetrical disk tools, was presented. The innovative mining head especially developed at the AGH Kraków Department of Machinery Engineering and Transport for roadheaders, was presented. The results of preliminary field tests with the use of this mining head were also described. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue The IMTech 2021 Innovative Mining Technologies)
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Graphical abstract

16 pages, 16014 KiB  
Article
In Situ Tests of the Monitoring and Diagnostic System for Individual Photovoltaic Panels
by Mariusz Woszczyński, Joanna Rogala-Rojek, Sławomir Bartoszek, Marian Gaiceanu, Krzysztof Filipowicz and Krzysztof Kotwica
Energies 2021, 14(6), 1770; https://doi.org/10.3390/en14061770 - 22 Mar 2021
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1885
Abstract
The dynamic development of photovoltaic systems in the world and in Poland is mainly related to the drop in prices of installation components. Currently, electricity from photovoltaics is one of the cheapest renewable energy sources. The basis for effective energy generation is, first [...] Read more.
The dynamic development of photovoltaic systems in the world and in Poland is mainly related to the drop in prices of installation components. Currently, electricity from photovoltaics is one of the cheapest renewable energy sources. The basis for effective energy generation is, first of all, failure-free operation of the photovoltaic system over a long period of operation, up to 30 years. The paper presents the results of a study of a low-cost distributed system for monitoring and diagnosis of photovoltaic installations (SmartPV), capable of assessing the operating parameters of individual photovoltaic panels. The devices were tested by connecting them to an existing photovoltaic installation, allowing the measurement of operational parameters of individual photovoltaic panels as well as operating conditions such as illuminance and panel surface temperature. The data were recorded on a server using wireless Wi-Fi transmission. Interesting data were collected during the tests, confirming the usefulness of the suggested device for monitoring the photovoltaic installations. Differences in performance of the photovoltaic panel depending on solar radiation and surface temperature were recorded. The temperature coefficient of power was determined, allowing for increased accuracy in the prediction of generated power. The correct recording in different situation, i.e., shading, sensor damage or weather anomalies, was verified. Based on the collected data, rules will be defined for an expert application which, in combination with SmartPV devices, will ensure a quick response to any malfunctions of the photovoltaic system, both related to failures and those resulting from natural degradation during operation. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue The IMTech 2021 Innovative Mining Technologies)
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13 pages, 12816 KiB  
Article
Prediction of the Potential Daily Output of a Shearer-Loader
by Marek Jaszczuk, Arkadiusz Pawlikowski, Wojciech Grzegorzek and Stanisław Szweda
Energies 2021, 14(6), 1647; https://doi.org/10.3390/en14061647 - 16 Mar 2021
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1377
Abstract
Economic analysis allows for determining the required daily output under certain natural and mining conditions based on the costs of the production process in a particular mine infrastructure. Therefore, there is a need to determine the potential daily output of a longwall using [...] Read more.
Economic analysis allows for determining the required daily output under certain natural and mining conditions based on the costs of the production process in a particular mine infrastructure. Therefore, there is a need to determine the potential daily output of a longwall using the technical equipment at the disposal of the mine. In the case of mines, when exploiting a few longwalls simultaneously in the conditions of bumping hazards, it is indispensable to ensure safety. Due to a necessity of keeping a safe distance among the longwall fronts, when planning their exploitation, developing a prediction of the longwalls in advance during the planning period is needed. To predict the daily production from a longwall and daily advance of the longwall in the analyzed period, it is necessary to know the current operating time of machines and the capacity of the shearer under given conditions. The current working time of machines results from the available time and the degree of its utilization, which is determined by the sum of unplanned breaks in the production process. The shearer productivity is determined by its haulage speed. Both factors mentioned above are random. Hence, a calculation module has been developed, whose task is to estimate the distribution parameters of these indicators based on empirical data. The algorithm for estimating the parameters of one of the distributions: normal, steady or gamma and its special case of the exponential distribution and Poisson for the obtained input empirical data, constituting a sample from the population, is proposed. The input data are a sequence of numbers obtained from the measurement of the current operating time of machines. These data can be obtained from the longwall shearer memory card, on which its operating parameters are recorded in each longwall. On this basis, it is possible to generate random values of both parameters for individual days of operation. The possibility of determining the haulage speed, based on the longwall shearer’s characteristics obtained from the computer simulation of the mining process, is also discussed. The simulation of the mining process is carried out using the GeneSiSv.3.1 software, developed for designing a picks layout on the drum. The characteristics of the shearer production potential also take into account the capacity of loading the cutting drum. It results from the presented characteristics that, when mining coal with a compressive strength of 27 MPa, the haulage speed is limited by the loading capacity of the cutting drum and, with greater cuttability, by the power of the electric motor driving the drum. The paper presents algorithms describing the procedure of generating random values necessary for determining the longwall production potential and the daily advance during the assumed period. The subject matter presented in the paper is part of a bigger project which concerns planning of a mine operation and developing a few longwalls in the conditions of bumping hazards. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue The IMTech 2021 Innovative Mining Technologies)
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15 pages, 6274 KiB  
Article
Impact of Increased Travel Speed of a Transportation Set on the Dynamic Parameters of a Mine Suspended Monorail
by Kamil Szewerda, Jarosław Tokarczyk and Andrzej Wieczorek
Energies 2021, 14(6), 1528; https://doi.org/10.3390/en14061528 - 10 Mar 2021
Cited by 14 | Viewed by 1994
Abstract
The method of increasing the efficiency of using one of the most common means of auxiliary transport in underground coal mines—suspended monorails—is presented. Increase of velocity is one of the key parameters to improve the efficiency and economical effect related with the underground [...] Read more.
The method of increasing the efficiency of using one of the most common means of auxiliary transport in underground coal mines—suspended monorails—is presented. Increase of velocity is one of the key parameters to improve the efficiency and economical effect related with the underground auxiliary transport. On the other hand, increasing the velocity results in bigger value of force acting on the suspended monorail route and its suspensions. The most important issue during increasing the velocity is ensuring the required safety for the passengers and not overloading the infrastructure. In order to analyze how increasing velocity influences the level of loads of the route suspension and the steel arch loads, the computational model of suspended monorail was developed. The computational model included both the physical part (embedded in the program environment based on the Multi-Body System method) and the components of the monorail control system. Two independent software environments were cooperating with each other through the so-called co-simulation. This model was validated on the base of results obtained on the test stand. Then, the numerical simulations of emergency braking with different values of velocity were conducted, which was not possible with the use of physical objects. The presented study can be used by the suspended monorail’s producers during the designing process, and leads to increase the safety on underground transportation routes. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue The IMTech 2021 Innovative Mining Technologies)
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17 pages, 15483 KiB  
Article
Impact Identification of Carbon-Containing Carboniferous Clays on Surfaces of Friction Nodes
by Iwona Jonczy, Andrzej Wieczorek, Krzysztof Filipowicz, Kamil Mucha, Mariusz Kuczaj, Arkadiusz Pawlikowski, Paweł Nuckowski and Edward Pieczora
Energies 2021, 14(5), 1422; https://doi.org/10.3390/en14051422 - 05 Mar 2021
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1320
Abstract
The article deals with issues related to the processes occurring in the wear result of steel surfaces of machine components in the presence of mineral grains. This type of destruction of cooperating surfaces usually takes place during the development of roadways or during [...] Read more.
The article deals with issues related to the processes occurring in the wear result of steel surfaces of machine components in the presence of mineral grains. This type of destruction of cooperating surfaces usually takes place during the development of roadways or during mining of coal with use of longwall methods. Wear tests were carried out using the author’s ring-on-ring test stand, on which the conditions of real wear of machine components in the presence of rocks were simulated. An abrasive material based on clayey rocks with an admixture of carbonaceous substance was used in the tests. Based on the analyses, it was found that the obtained results related to the damages are typical for wear mechanisms: microcracking and low-cycle fatigue. On the surface of the steel samples, numerous effects of micro-cutting and chipping could be observed, which were the result of the clayey impact of wear products and grains of the mineral substance. Under friction, a part of the abrasive and the carbon substance were pressed into generated microcracks, which is directly related to their plastic properties. The remaining, unpressed part of the abrasive material was subjected to further friction effects caused by the pressure of the tester pocket load and the relative movement of both steel rings surfaces. After the friction tests, the mixture of silty carbon abrasive material was in the form of flat aggregates on the samples’ surfaces. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue The IMTech 2021 Innovative Mining Technologies)
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14 pages, 3341 KiB  
Article
Evaluation of Stiffness and Dynamic Properties of a Mine Shaft Steelwork Structure through In Situ Tests and Numerical Simulations
by Jacek Jakubowski and Przemysław Fiołek
Energies 2021, 14(3), 664; https://doi.org/10.3390/en14030664 - 28 Jan 2021
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2960
Abstract
A mine shaft steelwork is a three-dimensional frame that directs the vertical motion of conveyances in mine shafts. Here, we conduct field and numerical investigations on the stiffness and dynamic properties of these structures. Based on the design documentation of the shaft, materials [...] Read more.
A mine shaft steelwork is a three-dimensional frame that directs the vertical motion of conveyances in mine shafts. Here, we conduct field and numerical investigations on the stiffness and dynamic properties of these structures. Based on the design documentation of the shaft, materials data, and site inspection, the steelwork’s finite element model, featuring material and geometric non-linearities, was developed in Abaqus. Static load tests of steelwork were carried out in an underground mine shaft. Numerical simulations reflecting the load test conditions showed strong agreement with the in situ measurements. The validated numerical model was used to assess the dynamic characteristics of the structure. Dynamic linear and non-linear analyses delivered the natural frequencies, mode shapes, and structural response to dynamic loads. The current practices and regulations regarding shaft steelwork design and maintenance do not account for the stiffness of guide-to-bunton connections and disregard dynamic factors. Our experimental and numerical investigations show that these connections provide considerable stiffness, which leads to the redistribution and reduction in bending moments and increased stiffness of the construction. The results also show a high dynamic amplification factor. The omission of these features implicates an incorrect assessment of the design loads and can lead to over- or under-sized structures and ultimately to shortened design working life or failure. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue The IMTech 2021 Innovative Mining Technologies)
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