Journal Description
Energies
Energies
is a peer-reviewed, open access journal of related scientific research, technology development, engineering policy, and management studies related to the general field of energy, from technologies of energy supply, conversion, dispatch, and final use to the physical and chemical processes behind such technologies. Energies is published semimonthly online by MDPI. The European Biomass Industry Association (EUBIA), Association of European Renewable Energy Research Centres (EUREC), Institute of Energy and Fuel Processing Technology (ITPE), International Society for Porous Media (InterPore), CYTED and others are affiliated with Energies and their members receive a discount on the article processing charges.
- Open Access— free for readers, with article processing charges (APC) paid by authors or their institutions.
- High Visibility: indexed within Scopus, SCIE (Web of Science), Ei Compendex, RePEc, Inspec, CAPlus / SciFinder, and other databases.
- Journal Rank: CiteScore - Q1 (Control and Optimization)
- Rapid Publication: manuscripts are peer-reviewed and a first decision is provided to authors approximately 16.1 days after submission; acceptance to publication is undertaken in 3.3 days (median values for papers published in this journal in the second half of 2023).
- Recognition of Reviewers: reviewers who provide timely, thorough peer-review reports receive vouchers entitling them to a discount on the APC of their next publication in any MDPI journal, in appreciation of the work done.
- Sections: published in 41 topical sections.
- Testimonials: See what our editors and authors say about Energies.
- Companion journals for Energies include: Fuels, Gases, Nanoenergy Advances and Solar.
Impact Factor:
3.2 (2022);
5-Year Impact Factor:
3.3 (2022)
Latest Articles
Development of Low-Cost c-Si-Based CPV Cells for a Solar Co-Generation Absorber in a Parabolic Trough Collector
Energies 2024, 17(12), 2890; https://doi.org/10.3390/en17122890 (registering DOI) - 12 Jun 2024
Abstract
Concentrator photovoltaics (CPVs) have demonstrated high electrical efficiencies and technological potential, especially when deployed in CPV–thermal (CPV-T) hybrid absorbers, in which the cells’ waste heat can be used to power industrial processes. However, the high cost of tracking systems and the predominant use
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Concentrator photovoltaics (CPVs) have demonstrated high electrical efficiencies and technological potential, especially when deployed in CPV–thermal (CPV-T) hybrid absorbers, in which the cells’ waste heat can be used to power industrial processes. However, the high cost of tracking systems and the predominant use of expensive multi-junction PV cells have caused the market of solar co-generation technologies to stall. This paper describes the development and testing of a low-cost alternative CPV cell based on crystalline silicone (c-Si) for use in a novel injection-molded parabolic hybrid solar collector, generating both, photovoltaic electricity and thermal power. The study covers two different c-Si cell technologies, namely, passive emitter rear contact (PERC) and aluminum back surface field (Al-BSF). Simulation design and manufacturing are described with special attention to fingerprinting in order to achieve high current carrying capacities for concentrated sunlight. It was determined that Al-BSF cells offer higher efficiencies than PERC for the considered use case. Solar simulator tests showed that the highly doped 4 cm2 cells (50 ohm/sq) reach efficiencies of 16.9% under 1 sun and 13.1% under 60 suns at 25 °C with a temperature coefficient of −0.069%(Abs)/K. Finally, options to further improve the cells are discussed and an outlook is given for deployment in a field-testing prototype.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced PV Solutions for Achieving the NZEB Goal)
Open AccessArticle
New Insights into Gas-in-Oil-Based Fault Diagnosis of Power Transformers
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Felipe M. Laburú, Thales W. Cabral, Felippe V. Gomes, Eduardo R. de Lima, José C. S. S. Filho and Luís G. P. Meloni
Energies 2024, 17(12), 2889; https://doi.org/10.3390/en17122889 (registering DOI) - 12 Jun 2024
Abstract
The dissolved gas analysis of insulating oil in power transformers can provide valuable information about fault diagnosis. Power transformer datasets are often imbalanced, worsening the performance of machine learning-based fault classifiers. A critical step is choosing the proper evaluation metric to select features,
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The dissolved gas analysis of insulating oil in power transformers can provide valuable information about fault diagnosis. Power transformer datasets are often imbalanced, worsening the performance of machine learning-based fault classifiers. A critical step is choosing the proper evaluation metric to select features, models, and oversampling techniques. However, no clear-cut, thorough guidance on that choice is available to date. In this work, we shed light on this subject by introducing new tailored evaluation metrics. Our results and discussions bring fresh insights into which learning setups are more effective for imbalanced datasets.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Application of Artificial Intelligence in Power System Monitoring and Fault Diagnosis II)
Open AccessArticle
An Improved Onboard Adaptive Aero-Engine Model Based on an Enhanced Neural Network and Linear Parameter Variance for Parameter Prediction
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Shuwei Pang, Haoyuan Lu, Qiuhong Li and Ziyu Gu
Energies 2024, 17(12), 2888; https://doi.org/10.3390/en17122888 (registering DOI) - 12 Jun 2024
Abstract
Achieving measurable and unmeasurable parameter prediction is the key process in model-based control, for which an accurate onboard model is the most important part. However, neither nonlinear models like component level models or LPV models, nor linear models like state–space models can fully
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Achieving measurable and unmeasurable parameter prediction is the key process in model-based control, for which an accurate onboard model is the most important part. However, neither nonlinear models like component level models or LPV models, nor linear models like state–space models can fully meet the requirements. Hence, an original ENN-LPV linearization strategy is proposed to achieve the online modelling of the state–space model. A special network structure that has the same format as the state–space model’s calculation was applied to establish the state–space model. Importantly, the network’s modelling ability was improved through applying multiple activation functions in the single hidden layer and an experience pool that records data of past sampling instants, which strengthens the ability to capture the engine’s strongly nonlinear dynamics. Furthermore, an adaptive model, consisting of a component-level model with adaptive factors, a linear Kalman filter, a predictive model, an experience pool, and two ENN-LPV networks, was developed using the proposed linearization strategy as the core process to continuously update the Kalman filter and the predictive model. Simulations showed that the state space model built using the ENN-LPV linearization strategy had a better model identification ability in comparison with the model built using the OSELM-LPV linearization strategy, and the maximum output error between the ENN-LPV model and the simulated engine was 0.1774%. In addition, based on the ENN-LPV linearization strategy, the adaptive model was able to make accurate predictions of unmeasurable performance parameters such as thrust and high-pressure turbine inlet temperature, with a maximum prediction error within 0.5%. Thus, the effectiveness and the advantages of the proposed method are demonstrated.
Full article
Open AccessArticle
Mathematical Modeling, Parameters Effect, and Sensitivity Analysis of a Hybrid PVT System
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Md Tofael Ahmed, Masud Rana Rashel, Mohammad Abdullah-Al-Wadud, Tania Tanzin Hoque, Fernando M. Janeiro and Mouhaydine Tlemcani
Energies 2024, 17(12), 2887; https://doi.org/10.3390/en17122887 (registering DOI) - 12 Jun 2024
Abstract
Hybrid PVT solar systems offer an innovative approach that allows solar energy to be used to simultaneously generate thermal and electrical energy. It is still a challenge to develop an energy-efficient hybrid PVT system. The aim of this work is to develop a
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Hybrid PVT solar systems offer an innovative approach that allows solar energy to be used to simultaneously generate thermal and electrical energy. It is still a challenge to develop an energy-efficient hybrid PVT system. The aim of this work is to develop a mathematical model, investigate the system’s performance based on parameters, include sensitivity analysis in the upper layer mainly photovoltaic part, and provide an efficient and innovative system. Performance analysis of the hybrid system is obtained by establishing a mathematical model and efficiency analysis. The electrical model and thermal model of the hybrid system is also obtained by appropriate and complete mathematical modeling. It establishes a good connection of the system in the context of electrical analysis and power generation. The parameters variation impact and sensitivity analysis of the most important parameters, namely, irradiance, ambient temperature, panel temperature, wind speed, and humidity in the PV panel section, are also obtained using a MATLAB model. The results show the effective increase or decrease in the electrical power and sensitiveness in the output of the system due to this modification. Related MPP values as a result of these parameters variation and their impact on the overall output of the hybrid PVT system are also analyzed.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Section A2: Solar Energy and Photovoltaic Systems)
Open AccessArticle
Hybrid Advanced Control Strategy for Post-Combustion Carbon Capture Plant by Integrating PI and Model-Based Approaches
by
Flavia-Maria Ilea, Ana-Maria Cormos, Vasile Mircea Cristea and Calin-Cristian Cormos
Energies 2024, 17(12), 2886; https://doi.org/10.3390/en17122886 (registering DOI) - 12 Jun 2024
Abstract
Even though the energy penalties and solvent regeneration costs associated with amine-based absorption/stripping systems are important challenges, this technology remains highly recommended for post-combustion decarbonization systems given its proven capture efficacy and technical maturity. This study introduces a novel centralized and decentralized hybrid
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Even though the energy penalties and solvent regeneration costs associated with amine-based absorption/stripping systems are important challenges, this technology remains highly recommended for post-combustion decarbonization systems given its proven capture efficacy and technical maturity. This study introduces a novel centralized and decentralized hybrid control strategy for the post-combustion carbon capture plant, aimed at mitigating main disturbances and sustaining high system performance. The strategy is rooted in a comprehensive mathematical model encompassing absorption and desorption columns, heat exchangers and a buffer tank, ensuring smooth operation and energy efficiency. The buffer tank is equipped with three control loops to finely regulate absorber inlet solvent solution parameters, preventing disturbance recirculation from the desorber. Additionally, a model-based controller, utilizing the model predictive control (MPC) algorithm, maintains a carbon capture yield of 90% and stabilizes the reboiler liquid temperature at 394.5 K by manipulating the influent flue gas to the lean solvent flowrates ratio and the heat duty of the reboiler. The hybrid MPC approach reveals efficiency in simultaneously managing targeted variables and handling complex input–output interactions. It consistently maintains the controlled variables at desired setpoints despite CO2 flue gas flow disturbances, achieving reduced settling time and low overshoot results. The hybrid control strategy, benefitting from the constraint handling ability of MPC, succeeds in keeping the carbon capture yield above the preset minimum value of 86% at all times, while the energy performance index remains below the favorable value of 3.1 MJ/kgCO2.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Collection Feature Papers in Carbon Capture, Utilization, and Storage)
Open AccessArticle
Qualities and Quantities of Poultry Litter Biochar Characterization and Investigation
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Yulai Yang, Xuejun Qian, Samuel O. Alamu, Kayla Brown, Seong W. Lee and Dong-Hee Kang
Energies 2024, 17(12), 2885; https://doi.org/10.3390/en17122885 (registering DOI) - 12 Jun 2024
Abstract
Excessive land application of poultry litter (PL) may lead to surface runoff of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P), which cause eutrophication, fish death, and water pollution that ultimately have negative effects on humans and animals. Increases in poultry production in the Delmarva Peninsula
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Excessive land application of poultry litter (PL) may lead to surface runoff of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P), which cause eutrophication, fish death, and water pollution that ultimately have negative effects on humans and animals. Increases in poultry production in the Delmarva Peninsula underscore the need for more efficient, cost-effective, and sustainable disposal technologies for processing PL instead of direct land application. The pyrolysis conversion process can potentially produce nutrient-rich poultry litter biochar (PLB), while the pyrolysis process can change the N and P to a more stable component, thus reducing its runoff. Pyrolysis also kills off any microorganisms that would otherwise trigger negative environmental health effects. This study is to apply an integrated method and investigate the effect of pyrolysis temperature (300 °C, 500 °C), poultry litter source (different feedstock composition), and bedding material mixture (10% pine shavings) on PLB qualities and quantities. Proximate and ultimate analysis showed PL sources and bedding material addition influenced the physicochemical properties of feedstock. The SEM and BET surface results indicate that pyrolysis temperature had a significant effect on changing the PLB morphology and structure, as well as the pH value (7.78 at 300 °C vs. 8.78 at 500 °C), extractable phosphorus (P) (18.73 ppm at 300 °C vs. 11.72 ppm at 500 °C), sulfur (S) (363 ppm at 300 °C vs. 344 ppm at 500 °C), and production yield of PLBs (47.65% at 300 °C vs. 60.62% at 500 °C). The results further suggest that adding a bedding material mixture (10% pine shavings) to PLs improved qualities by reducing the content of extractable P and S, as well as pH values of PLBs. This study also found the increment in both the pore volume and the area of Bethel Farm was higher than that of Sun Farm. Characterization and investigation of qualities and quantities of PLB using the integrated framework suggest that PL from Bethel Farm could produce better-quality PLB at a higher pyrolysis temperature and bedding material mixture to control N and P runoff problems.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biomass and Bio-Energy—2nd Edition)
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Open AccessArticle
Thermoacoustic Modeling of Cryogenic Hydrogen
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Konstantin I. Matveev and Jacob W. Leachman
Energies 2024, 17(12), 2884; https://doi.org/10.3390/en17122884 (registering DOI) - 12 Jun 2024
Abstract
Future thermoacoustic cryocoolers employing hydrogen as a working fluid can reduce reliance on helium and improve hydrogen liquefaction processes. Traditional thermoacoustic modeling methods often assume ideal-gas thermophysical properties and neglect finite-amplitude effects. However, these assumptions are no longer valid for hydrogen near saturated
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Future thermoacoustic cryocoolers employing hydrogen as a working fluid can reduce reliance on helium and improve hydrogen liquefaction processes. Traditional thermoacoustic modeling methods often assume ideal-gas thermophysical properties and neglect finite-amplitude effects. However, these assumptions are no longer valid for hydrogen near saturated states. In this study, a comparison between the results of computational fluid dynamics simulations using actual hydrogen properties and a low-amplitude, ideal-gas thermoacoustic theory was carried out in a canonical plate-based stack configuration at a mean pressure of 5 bar. It was found that the simplified analytical theory significantly underpredicts the cooling power of hydrogen-filled thermoacoustic setups, especially at lower temperatures in high-amplitude, traveling-wave arrangements. In addition, a thermoacoustic prime mover was modeled at higher temperatures, demonstrating very close agreement with the ideal-gas-based theory. The CFD approach is recommended for the design of future hydrogen-based cryocoolers at temperatures below 80 K.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advancement of Experimental and Modeling Approaches for Development of Hydrogen Energy Systems)
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Open AccessArticle
Optimizing EV Battery Management: Advanced Hybrid Reinforcement Learning Models for Efficient Charging and Discharging
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Sercan Yalçın and Münür Sacit Herdem
Energies 2024, 17(12), 2883; https://doi.org/10.3390/en17122883 (registering DOI) - 12 Jun 2024
Abstract
This paper investigates the application of hybrid reinforcement learning (RL) models to optimize lithium-ion batteries’ charging and discharging processes in electric vehicles (EVs). By integrating two advanced RL algorithms—deep Q-learning (DQL) and active-critic learning—within the framework of battery management systems (BMSs), this study
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This paper investigates the application of hybrid reinforcement learning (RL) models to optimize lithium-ion batteries’ charging and discharging processes in electric vehicles (EVs). By integrating two advanced RL algorithms—deep Q-learning (DQL) and active-critic learning—within the framework of battery management systems (BMSs), this study aims to harness the combined strengths of these techniques to improve battery efficiency, performance, and lifespan. The hybrid models are put through their paces via simulation and experimental validation, demonstrating their capability to devise optimal battery management strategies. These strategies effectively adapt to variations in battery state of health (SOH) and state of charge (SOC) relative error, combat battery voltage aging, and adhere to complex operational constraints, including charging/discharging schedules. The results underscore the potential of RL-based hybrid models to enhance BMSs in EVs, offering tangible contributions towards more sustainable and reliable electric transportation systems.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electrochemical Conversion and Energy Storage System)
Open AccessArticle
Evaluating Electrification of Fossil-Fuel-Fired Boilers for Decarbonization Using Discrete-Event Simulation
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Nahian Ismail Chowdhury, Bhaskaran Gopalakrishnan, Nishan Adhikari, Hailin Li and Zhichao Liu
Energies 2024, 17(12), 2882; https://doi.org/10.3390/en17122882 (registering DOI) - 12 Jun 2024
Abstract
Decarbonizing fossil-fuel usage is crucial in mitigating the impacts of climate change. The burning of fossil fuels in boilers during industrial process heating is one of the major sources of CO2 in the industry. Electrification is a promising solution for decarbonizing these
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Decarbonizing fossil-fuel usage is crucial in mitigating the impacts of climate change. The burning of fossil fuels in boilers during industrial process heating is one of the major sources of CO2 in the industry. Electrification is a promising solution for decarbonizing these boilers, as it enables renewable energy sources to generate electricity, which can then be used to power the electric boilers. This research develops a user-driven simulation model with realistic data and potential temperature data for a location to estimate boilers’ current energy and fuel usage and determine the equivalent electrical boiler capacity and energy usage. A simulation model is developed using the Visual Basic Application (VBA)® and takes factors such as current boiler capacity, steam temperature and pressure, condensate, makeup water, blowdown, surface area, and flue gas information as input. Random numbers generate the hourly temperature variation for a year for discrete-event Monte Carlo Simulation. The simulation generates the hourly firing factor, energy usage, fuel usage, and CO2 emissions of boilers for a whole year, and the result compares fossil-fuel and electrical boilers. The simulated data are validated using real system data, and sensitivity analysis of the model is performed by varying the input data.
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(This article belongs to the Collection Energy Transition towards Carbon Neutrality)
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Open AccessReview
Use of Biostimulants in Energy Crops as a New Approach for the Improvement of Performance Sequestration CO2
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Andrzej Rostocki, Dorota Wieczorek, Paulina Pipiak and Katarzyna Ławińska
Energies 2024, 17(12), 2881; https://doi.org/10.3390/en17122881 - 12 Jun 2024
Abstract
This review presents a recent study on improving energy crops (ECs) in the EU and discusses the potential use of biostimulants to enhance CO2 sequestration processes in these plants. The novelty of this study lies in demonstrating alternative directions for improving productivity
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This review presents a recent study on improving energy crops (ECs) in the EU and discusses the potential use of biostimulants to enhance CO2 sequestration processes in these plants. The novelty of this study lies in demonstrating alternative directions for improving productivity and increasing plant yield without relying on introducing new hybrids (GM) or using advanced agrotechnology. There is a great deal of discussion about using energy crops for direct combustion or biogas production. However, there is a paucity of information regarding the use of biostimulants and their role in increasing the yield of energy crops, particularly in terms of CO2 compensation. In CO2 sequestration, increasing the intensity of the photosynthetic process is considered crucial for the more efficient growth of energy crops. Traditionally, fertilization aimed at improving photosynthesis results in a large amount of alkaline elements, which can cause negative effects in boilers. This paper describes the use of amino acid biostimulants extracted from industrial waste, either chemically or biotechnologically, and their different forms of application. It addresses the current challenges and benefits of using biostimulants in energy crops to increase photosynthesis without the use of genetic engineering tools in plants.
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(This article belongs to the Section B: Energy and Environment)
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Open AccessCorrection
Correction: Kim et al. Zero-Sequence Voltage Injection Method for DC Capacitor Voltage Balancing of Wye-Connected CHB Converter under Unbalanced Grid and Load Conditions. Energies 2021, 14, 1019
by
Jae-Myeong Kim, Geum-Seop Song and Jae-Jung Jung
Energies 2024, 17(12), 2880; https://doi.org/10.3390/en17122880 - 12 Jun 2024
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Open AccessCorrection
Correction: Haseeb et al. Impact of Economic Growth, Environmental Pollution, and Energy Consumption on Health Expenditure and R&D Expenditure of ASEAN Countries. Energies 2019, 12, 3598
by
Muhammad Haseeb, Sebastian Kot, Hafezali Iqbal Hussain and Kittisak Jermsittiparsert
Energies 2024, 17(12), 2879; https://doi.org/10.3390/en17122879 - 12 Jun 2024
Abstract
To allow the original publication to be better understood [...]
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Open AccessArticle
Long-Term Forecasting: A MAED Application for Sierra Leone’s Electricity Demand (2023–2050)
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Neve Fields, William Collier, Fynn Kiley, David Caulker, William Blyth, Mark Howells and Ed Brown
Energies 2024, 17(12), 2878; https://doi.org/10.3390/en17122878 - 12 Jun 2024
Abstract
Sierra Leone is an electricity-poor country with one of the lowest electricity consumption per capita rates across sub-Saharan Africa. Yet, with ambitious targets to transform and stimulate its economy in the coming decades, energy demand forecasting becomes an integral component of successful energy
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Sierra Leone is an electricity-poor country with one of the lowest electricity consumption per capita rates across sub-Saharan Africa. Yet, with ambitious targets to transform and stimulate its economy in the coming decades, energy demand forecasting becomes an integral component of successful energy planning. Through applying the MAED-D (version 2.0.0) demand software, this research study aims to generate Sierra Leone’s electricity demand forecasts from 2023 to 2050. Three novel scenarios (baseline-, high-, and low-demand) are developed based on socio-economic and technical parameters. The baseline scenario considers the current electricity sector as business-as-usual; the high-demand scenario examines an ambitious development future with increased economic diversification and mechanisation, and the low-demand scenario examines more reserved future development. The modelled scenario results project an increase in electricity demand ranging from 7.32 PJ and 12.23 PJ to 5.53 PJ for the baseline-, high-, and low-demand scenarios, respectively, by 2050. This paper provides a base set of best-available data needed to produce an electricity demand model for Sierra Leone which can be used as a capacity-building tool for in-country energy planning alongside further integration into data modelling pipelines.
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(This article belongs to the Section A: Sustainable Energy)
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Open AccessArticle
Geochemical Characteristics of Mature to High-Maturity Shale Resources, Occurrence State of Shale Oil, and Sweet Spot Evaluation in the Qingshankou Formation, Gulong Sag, Songliao Basin
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Bo Gao, Zihui Feng, Jinglan Luo, Hongmei Shao, Yubin Bai, Jiping Wang, Yuxuan Zhang, Yongchao Wang and Min Yan
Energies 2024, 17(12), 2877; https://doi.org/10.3390/en17122877 - 12 Jun 2024
Abstract
The exploration of continental shale oil in China has made a breakthrough in many basins, but the pure shale type has only been found in the Qingshankou Formation, Gulong Sag, Songliao Basin, and the evaluation of shale oil occurrence and sweet spot faces
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The exploration of continental shale oil in China has made a breakthrough in many basins, but the pure shale type has only been found in the Qingshankou Formation, Gulong Sag, Songliao Basin, and the evaluation of shale oil occurrence and sweet spot faces great challenges. Using information about the total organic carbon (TOC), Rock-Eval pyrolysis, vitrinite reflectance (Ro), kerogen elemental composition, carbon isotopes, gas chromatography (GC), bitumen extraction, and component separation, this paper systematically studies the organic geochemical characteristics and shale oil occurrence at the Qingshankou Formation. The G1 well, which was cored through the entire section of the Qingshankou Formation in the Gulong Sag, was the object of this study. On this basis, the favorable sweet spots for shale oil exploration are predicted. It is concluded that the shale of the Qingshankou Formation has high organic heterogeneity in terms of organic matter features. The TOC content of the source rocks in the Qingshankou Formation is enhanced with the increase in the burial depth, and the corresponding organic matter types gradually changed from Ⅱ2 and Ⅱ1 types to the Ⅰ type. The distribution of Ro ranges from 1.09% to 1.67%, and it is the mature to high-mature evolution stage that generates a large amount of normal crude oil and gas condensate. The high-quality source rocks of good to excellent grade are mainly distributed in the Qing 1 member and the lower part of the Qing 2 member. After the recovery of light hydrocarbons and the correction of pyrolytic heavy soluble hydrocarbons, it is concluded that the occurrence state of shale oil in the Qingshankou Formation is mainly the free-state form, with an average value of 6.9 mg/g, and there is four times as much free oil as adsorbed oil. The oil saturation index (OSI), mobile hydrocarbon content, Ro, and TOC were selected to establish the geochemical evaluation criteria for shale oil sweet spots in the Qingshankou Formation. The evaluation results show that interval 3 and interval 5 of the Qingshankou Formation in the G1 well are the most favorable sections for shale oil exploration.
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(This article belongs to the Section H: Geo-Energy)
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Efficient Operationalization of Flexibility Procurement: Market Design Analysis and Process Definition
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Sarah Fanta, Ksenia Tolstrup, Markus Riegler, Lukas Obernosterer and Christina Wirrer
Energies 2024, 17(12), 2876; https://doi.org/10.3390/en17122876 - 12 Jun 2024
Abstract
Flexibility provision for ancillary services and electricity markets has been widely seen as crucial for the future of highly interconnected energy systems with high shares of renewables. Yet, little research has so far addressed (1) how its procurement could be best operationalized and
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Flexibility provision for ancillary services and electricity markets has been widely seen as crucial for the future of highly interconnected energy systems with high shares of renewables. Yet, little research has so far addressed (1) how its procurement could be best operationalized and (2) how limited flexible resources can be used more efficiently given the growing system needs. This paper focuses on flexibility services for transmission operators, specifically balancing and redispatch, as well as the intraday market within the context of the European electricity market. To analyze possible services and/or market combinations, we compare three modes of flexibility procurement: (a) sequential, (b) parallel and (c) combined. We evaluate the different modes of procurement options based on eight criteria. We further investigate how the procurement of flexibility, including small-scale technical units, could be organized via a flexibility platform given the most promising implementation setup, and detail the process for “flexibility service provider <> flexibility platform <> market interaction”, taking the multi-use-case logic into account.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Approaches and Valuation in Electricity Markets)
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The Dynamics of Energy-Related Carbon Emissions and Their Influencing Factors in the Yangtze River Delta, China
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Xiang’er Li, Jiajun Gong, Xuan Ni, Zhiyi Zheng, Qingshan Zhao and Yi’na Hu
Energies 2024, 17(12), 2875; https://doi.org/10.3390/en17122875 - 12 Jun 2024
Abstract
Chinese cities are pursuing an energy transition to decouple energy-related carbon emissions (ERCEs) from economic growth. Despite numerous studies focusing on the factors influencing carbon emissions, few have quantitatively analyzed their respective contribution rates, thus leaving a gap in effectively guiding policies. This
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Chinese cities are pursuing an energy transition to decouple energy-related carbon emissions (ERCEs) from economic growth. Despite numerous studies focusing on the factors influencing carbon emissions, few have quantitatively analyzed their respective contribution rates, thus leaving a gap in effectively guiding policies. This study took 16 cities in the Yangtze River Delta (YRD) as the study area. The decoupling between ERCEs and economic growth was analyzed during 2000–2020, and the contribution rates of different factors were explored. The results showed that the total ERCEs increased from 413.40 million to 1265.86 million tons during 2000–2020, increasing by over three times. Coal and oil were the dominant energy sources in most cities, but natural gas consumption increased from 0.15% to 5.96%. Moreover, 14 cities showed a decoupling status, indicating a certain win–win situation between economic growth and ERCE reduction. Economic growth greatly increased ERCEs, with its contribution rate ranging from 114.65% to 493.27% during 2000–2020. On the contrary, energy structure and energy intensity both contributed to reducing ERCEs in most cities, and their maximum contribution rates reached −32.29% and −449.13%, respectively, which were the main forces for the win–win situation. Finally, carbon reduction proposals are put forward, which provide theoretical support for achieving the “Double Carbon” goal in the YRD.
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(This article belongs to the Section B: Energy and Environment)
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Navigating through the Storm—The Challenges of the Energy Transition in the European Union
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Mirela Panait, Ștefan Iacob, Cătălin Voica, Viorela Iacovoiu, Daniela Iov, Carmen Mincă and Cristian Teodorescu
Energies 2024, 17(12), 2874; https://doi.org/10.3390/en17122874 - 12 Jun 2024
Abstract
As civilization and technology have developed, there have been multiple energy transitions that have pushed various resources like coal, wood, oil, and gas to the forefront of the energy mix. Due to a variety of geopolitical initiatives, there have been progressively more restrictions
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As civilization and technology have developed, there have been multiple energy transitions that have pushed various resources like coal, wood, oil, and gas to the forefront of the energy mix. Due to a variety of geopolitical initiatives, there have been progressively more restrictions on the energy sector in recent years. One of the main concerns of researchers is the widespread use of renewable energy and the replacement of fossil resources. The utilization of non-renewable energy sources results in a detrimental increase in greenhouse gas emissions. One of the most crucial strategies for lowering energy consumption and enhancing the energy system’s sustainability is to increase energy efficiency. Numerous studies note that energy transition has become necessary in the modern day. Using the analysis of the main components as an extraction method, hierarchical cluster analysis, this study focuses on the situation of the states of the European Union in their race for energy transition, taking into account the main challenges generated by geopolitical tensions and the energy poverty spectrum for the population. The conclusions of the study call for a reconfiguration of the energy mix based on renewable energy. Increasing the share of renewable energy is a goal pursued by EU countries, but energy policies must be considered in a broader context that includes the social aspects of the energy transition. So, just transition is a new concept that reshapes the actions of public authorities on the path to a low-carbon economy. Just transition is a necessity that puts the consumer at the center of attention so that the negative externalities generated by the move away from fossil fuels are minimized in terms of social impact.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue Carbon Neutrality through Green Innovations—the Role of the Renewable Energy: 3rd Edition)
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Electrical Vehicle Smart Charging Using the Open Charge Point Interface (OCPI) Protocol
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Sylvain Guillemin, Romain Choulet, Gregory Guyot and Sothun Hing
Energies 2024, 17(12), 2873; https://doi.org/10.3390/en17122873 - 12 Jun 2024
Abstract
This paper proposes a new approach to the design of smart charging systems. It aims to separate the role of the Smart Charging Service Provider (SCSP) from the role of the Charge Point Operator (CPO) to provide real flexibility and efficiency of mass
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This paper proposes a new approach to the design of smart charging systems. It aims to separate the role of the Smart Charging Service Provider (SCSP) from the role of the Charge Point Operator (CPO) to provide real flexibility and efficiency of mass deployment. As interoperability is required for this purpose, the challenge is to use standard equipment and protocols in the design of the smart charging Energy Management System (EMS). The use of an Open Charge Point Interface (OCPI) is crucial for an interface between the EMS and the Charge Point Operator. The smart charging EMS developed has been implemented and successfully tested with two CPOs, with different use cases: (1) EV charging infrastructure at office buildings, and (2) EV charging infrastructure installed at a public car park facility.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Solutions for the Efficient Integration of Electric Vehicles in Electricity Grids)
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Open AccessArticle
Analysis of Dynamic Parameters of the Switching-On Process of Electromagnetic Relays Powered by Harmonic Polluted Voltage Source
by
Dariusz Smugala
Energies 2024, 17(12), 2872; https://doi.org/10.3390/en17122872 - 12 Jun 2024
Abstract
The article incorporates an analysis of the switching-on process of alternating current (AC), low-voltage (LV), and electromagnetic (EM) relays energized by harmonically polluted voltage sources. In the undertaken research, the dynamic parameters of relays actuated by electromagnetic drive were examined for shape and
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The article incorporates an analysis of the switching-on process of alternating current (AC), low-voltage (LV), and electromagnetic (EM) relays energized by harmonically polluted voltage sources. In the undertaken research, the dynamic parameters of relays actuated by electromagnetic drive were examined for shape and supply voltage waveform distortion levels as described by different THD factor values. During the research, diverse supplying voltages were delivered to drive electromagnet coils at a variety of phases so as to reflect the stochastic nature of the energizing procedure. The performed analysis allowed for determining the most influential and decisive factors dictating the basic parameter values of the switching-on process. As an outcome, time-related parameters of relay moving armature movement were obtained, and the frequency of disorder occurrences during the switching-on was examined. For experimentation needs, an experiment stand was developed, and dedicated software for measurement results analysis was elaborated. Based on the study results, EM relay switching-on operation reliability was evaluated in view of electric energy quality.
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(This article belongs to the Section F: Electrical Engineering)
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Open AccessArticle
Effects of Nanocoating on the Performance of Photovoltaic Solar Panels in Al Seeb, Oman
by
Girma T. Chala, Shaharin A. Sulaiman, Xuecheng Chen and Salim S. Al Shamsi
Energies 2024, 17(12), 2871; https://doi.org/10.3390/en17122871 - 12 Jun 2024
Abstract
Solar photovoltaic (PV) panels are projected to become the largest contributor of clean electricity generation worldwide. Maintenance and cleaning strategies are crucial for optimizing solar PV operations, ensuring a satisfactory economic return of investment. Nanocoating may have potential for optimizing PV operations; however,
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Solar photovoltaic (PV) panels are projected to become the largest contributor of clean electricity generation worldwide. Maintenance and cleaning strategies are crucial for optimizing solar PV operations, ensuring a satisfactory economic return of investment. Nanocoating may have potential for optimizing PV operations; however, there is insufficient scientific evidence that supports this idea. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the effectiveness of nanocoating on the performance of solar photovoltaic (PV) panels installed in Al Seeb, Oman. A further study was also carried out to observe the influence of coating layers on the performance of PV panels. One SiO2 nanocoated solar panel, another regularly cleaned PV panel, and a reference uncleaned panel were used to carry out the study. The site of the study was treeless and sandy, with a hot and dry climate. A data logger was connected to the solar PV panel and glass panel to record the resulting voltage, current, temperature, and solar radiation. It was observed that nanocoated PV panels outperformed both regular PV panels and uncleaned PV panels. Nanocoated PV panels demonstrated an average efficiency of 21.6%, showing a 31.7% improvement over uncleaned panels and a 9.6% improvement over regularly cleaned panels. Although nanocoating displayed high efficiency, regular cleaning also contributes positively. Furthermore, even though nanocoated PV panels outperformed the other two panels, it is important to note that the performance difference between the regular cleaned PV panels and the nanocoated PV panels was small. This indicates that regular cleaning strategies and nanocoating can further contribute to maintaining a more efficient solar PV system. Coating in many layers was also observed to influence the performance of PV panels insignificantly, mainly the fourth layer coating appeared to have formed sufficient mass to retain heat.
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(This article belongs to the Section A2: Solar Energy and Photovoltaic Systems)
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