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Biosensors
Special Issues
Bio–Nano-Interfaces for Engineering and Biomedical Applications
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Bio–Nano-Interfaces for Engineering and Biomedical Applications

A special issue of Biosensors (ISSN 2079-6374). This special issue belongs to the section "Nano- and Micro-Technologies in Biosensors".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 January 2022) | Viewed by 20750

Special Issue Editors

Prof. Dr. Cerasela Zoica Dinu

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 20506, USA
Interests: bionanotechnology; biocatalysts; nanomaterials; biosensors
Prof. Dr. Margaret F. Bennewitz

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
Interests: neutrophil extracellular traps; breast cancer; nanoparticles; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; fluorescence imaging; cancer detection; Theranostics; iron oxide; manganese oxide

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

We are pleased to announce a Special Issue in Biosensors titled “Bio–Nano-Interfaces for Engineering and Biomedical Applications”.

Implementing biological function to non-biological materials has led to bio–nano-interfaces that integrate advancements in various interdisciplinary areas and find de novo applications in science, engineering, and medicine. Further, exploiting nanoscale phenomena and properties has enabled the development of controlled, functional “smart systems” where interactions from the atomic to nanoscale can be manipulated for functional materials and device formation.

This Special Issue will provide an overview of the state of the art of bio–nano-interface formation and integration, while highlighting key results in their synthesis, modeling, and design. Moreover, this Special Issue will draw attention to the implementation of bio–nano-interfaces in practical applications ranging from biosensors to catalysis, and from nanoelectronics to the development of medical technologies. Lastly, critical knowledge gaps will be delineated regarding user-controlled manipulation of bio–nano-interfaces and their potential logistical burden upon implementation in consumer or environmental applications.

Prof. Dr. Cerasela Zoica Dinu
Prof. Dr. Margaret F. Bennewitz
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Biosensors is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2700 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • bio–nano-interfaces
  • nanomaterials
  • nanosystems
  • engineering applications
  • biomedical application
  • user control
  • sensing
  • hybrid interfaces

Published Papers (6 papers)

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Research

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25 pages, 2472 KiB  
Article
PEGylation of Metal Oxide Nanoparticles Modulates Neutrophil Extracellular Trap Formation
by Hunter T. Snoderly, Kasey A. Freshwater, Celia Martinez de la Torre, Dhruvi M. Panchal, Jenna N. Vito and Margaret F. Bennewitz
Biosensors 2022, 12(2), 123; https://doi.org/10.3390/bios12020123 - 16 Feb 2022
Cited by 10 | Viewed by 3391
Abstract
Novel metal oxide nanoparticle (NP) contrast agents may offer safety and functionality advantages over conventional gadolinium-based contrast agents (GBCAs) for cancer diagnosis by magnetic resonance imaging. However, little is known about the behavior of metal oxide NPs, or of their effect, upon coming [...] Read more.
Novel metal oxide nanoparticle (NP) contrast agents may offer safety and functionality advantages over conventional gadolinium-based contrast agents (GBCAs) for cancer diagnosis by magnetic resonance imaging. However, little is known about the behavior of metal oxide NPs, or of their effect, upon coming into contact with the innate immune system. As neutrophils are the body’s first line of defense, we sought to understand how manganese oxide and iron oxide NPs impact leukocyte functionality. Specifically, we evaluated whether contrast agents caused neutrophils to release web-like fibers of DNA known as neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs), which are known to enhance metastasis and thrombosis in cancer patients. Murine neutrophils were treated with GBCA, bare manganese oxide or iron oxide NPs, or poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA)-coated metal oxide NPs with different incorporated levels of poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG). Manganese oxide NPs elicited the highest NETosis rates and had enhanced neutrophil uptake properties compared to iron oxide NPs. Interestingly, NPs with low levels of PEGylation produced more NETs than those with higher PEGylation. Despite generating a low rate of NETosis, GBCA altered neutrophil cytokine expression more than NP treatments. This study is the first to investigate whether manganese oxide NPs and GBCAs modulate NETosis and reveals that contrast agents may have unintended off-target effects which warrant further investigation. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bio–Nano-Interfaces for Engineering and Biomedical Applications)
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13 pages, 20846 KiB  
Article
Electrically Controlled Neurochemical Delivery from Microelectrodes for Focal and Transient Modulation of Cellular Behavior
by Chao Tan, Neetu Kushwah and Xinyan Tracy Cui
Biosensors 2021, 11(9), 348; https://doi.org/10.3390/bios11090348 - 20 Sep 2021
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 3078
Abstract
Electrically controlled drug delivery of neurochemicals and biomolecules from conducting polymer microelectrode coatings hold great potentials in dissecting neural circuit or treating neurological disorders with high spatial and temporal resolution. The direct doping of a drug into a conducting polymer often results in [...] Read more.
Electrically controlled drug delivery of neurochemicals and biomolecules from conducting polymer microelectrode coatings hold great potentials in dissecting neural circuit or treating neurological disorders with high spatial and temporal resolution. The direct doping of a drug into a conducting polymer often results in low loading capacity, and the type of molecule that can be released is limited. Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) doped with sulfonated silica nanoparticles (SNP) has been developed as a more versatile platform for drug delivery. In this work, we demonstrate that neurochemicals with different surface charge, e.g., glutamate (GLU), gamma-Aminobutyric acid (GABA), dopamine (DA), 6,7-Dinitroquinoxaline- 2,3-dione (DNQX) and bicuculline, can be, respectively, incorporated into the SNP and electrically triggered to release repeatedly. The drug loaded SNPs were incorporated in PEDOT via electrochemical deposition on platinum microelectrodes. After PEDOT/SNP(drug) coating, the charge storage capacity (CSC) increased 10-fold to 55 ± 3 mC/cm2, and the impedance at 1 kHz was also reduced approximately 6-fold. With the aid of a porous SNP, the loading capacity and number of releases of GLU was increased >4-fold and 66-fold, respectively, in comparison to the direct doping of PEDOT with GLU (PEDOT/GLU). The focal release of GLU and GABA from a PEDOT/SNP (drug) coated microelectrode were tested in cultured neurons using Ca imaging. The change in fluo-4 fluorescence intensity after electrically triggered GLU (+6.7 ± 2.9%) or GABA (−6.8 ± 1.6%) release indicated the successful modulation of neural activities by neurotransmitter release. In addition to activating neural activities, glutamate can also act on endothelial cells to stimulate nitric oxide (NO) release. A dual functional device with two adjacent sensing and releasing electrodes was constructed and we tested this mechanism in endothelial cell cultures. In endothelial cells, approximately 7.6 ± 0.6 nM NO was detected in the vicinity of the NO sensor within 6.2 ± 0.5 s of GLU release. The rise time of NO signal, T0–100, was 14.5 ± 2.2 s. In summary, our work has demonstrated (1) a platform that is capable of loading and releasing drugs with different charges; (2) proof of concept demonstrations of how focal release of drugs can be used as a pharmacological manipulation to study neural circuitry or NO’s effect on endothelial cells. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bio–Nano-Interfaces for Engineering and Biomedical Applications)
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10 pages, 1936 KiB  
Article
Bioengineering of Genetically Encoded Gene Promoter Repressed by the Flavonoid Apigenin for Constructing Intracellular Sensor for Molecular Events
by Nicole M. Desmet, Kalyani Dhusia, Wenjie Qi, Andrea I. Doseff, Sudin Bhattacharya and Assaf A. Gilad
Biosensors 2021, 11(5), 137; https://doi.org/10.3390/bios11050137 - 28 Apr 2021
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 3080
Abstract
In recent years, Synthetic Biology has emerged as a new discipline where functions that were traditionally performed by electronic devices are replaced by “cellular devices”; genetically encoded circuits constructed of DNA that are built from biological parts (aka bio-parts). The cellular devices can [...] Read more.
In recent years, Synthetic Biology has emerged as a new discipline where functions that were traditionally performed by electronic devices are replaced by “cellular devices”; genetically encoded circuits constructed of DNA that are built from biological parts (aka bio-parts). The cellular devices can be used for sensing and responding to natural and artificial signals. However, a major challenge in the field is that the crosstalk between many cellular signaling pathways use the same signaling endogenous molecules that can result in undesired activation. To overcome this problem, we utilized a specific promoter that can activate genes with a natural, non-toxic ligand at a highly-induced transcription level with low background or undesirable off-target expression. Here we used the orphan aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR), a ligand-activated transcription factor that upon activation binds to specific AHR response elements (AHRE) of the Cytochrome P450, family 1, subfamily A, polypeptide 1 (CYP1A1) promoter. Flavonoids have been identified as AHR ligands. Data presented here show the successful creation of a synthetic gene “off” switch that can be monitored directly using an optical reporter gene. This is the first step towards bioengineering of a synthetic, nanoscale bio-part for constructing a sensor for molecular events. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bio–Nano-Interfaces for Engineering and Biomedical Applications)
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11 pages, 1683 KiB  
Article
A Carbon-Based Antifouling Nano-Biosensing Interface for Label-Free POCT of HbA1c
by Zhenhua Li, Jianyong Li, Yanzhi Dou, Lihua Wang and Shiping Song
Biosensors 2021, 11(4), 118; https://doi.org/10.3390/bios11040118 - 12 Apr 2021
Cited by 11 | Viewed by 3518
Abstract
Electrochemical biosensing relies on electron transport on electrode surfaces. However, electrode inactivation and biofouling caused by a complex biological sample severely decrease the efficiency of electron transfer and the specificity of biosensing. Here, we designed a three-dimensional antifouling nano-biosensing interface to improve the [...] Read more.
Electrochemical biosensing relies on electron transport on electrode surfaces. However, electrode inactivation and biofouling caused by a complex biological sample severely decrease the efficiency of electron transfer and the specificity of biosensing. Here, we designed a three-dimensional antifouling nano-biosensing interface to improve the efficiency of electron transfer by a layer of bovine serum albumin (BSA) and multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) cross-linked with glutaraldehyde (GA). The electrochemical properties of the BSA/MWCNTs/GA layer were investigated using both cyclic voltammetry and electrochemical impedance to demonstrate its high-efficiency antifouling nano-biosensing interface. The BSA/MWCNTs/GA layer kept 92% of the original signal in 1% BSA and 88% of that in unprocessed human serum after a 1-month exposure, respectively. Importantly, we functionalized the BSA/MWCNTs/GA layer with HbA1c antibody (anti-HbA1c) and 3-aminophenylboronic acid (APBA) for sensitive detection of glycated hemoglobin A (HbA1c). The label-free direct electrocatalytic oxidation of HbA1c was investigated by cyclic voltammetry (CV). The linear dynamic range of 2 to 15% of blood glycated hemoglobin A (HbA1c) in non-glycated hemoglobin (HbAo) was determined. The detection limit was 0.4%. This high degree of differentiation would facilitate a label-free POCT detection of HbA1c. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bio–Nano-Interfaces for Engineering and Biomedical Applications)
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Review

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21 pages, 3845 KiB  
Review
Hyaluronic Acid Allows Enzyme Immobilization for Applications in Biomedicine
by Jackie Arnold, Jordan Chapman, Myra Arnold and Cerasela Zoica Dinu
Biosensors 2022, 12(1), 28; https://doi.org/10.3390/bios12010028 - 07 Jan 2022
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 3436
Abstract
Enzymes are proteins that control the efficiency and effectiveness of biological reactions and systems, as well as of engineered biomimetic processes. This review highlights current applications of a diverse range of enzymes for biofuel production, plastics, and chemical waste management, as well as [...] Read more.
Enzymes are proteins that control the efficiency and effectiveness of biological reactions and systems, as well as of engineered biomimetic processes. This review highlights current applications of a diverse range of enzymes for biofuel production, plastics, and chemical waste management, as well as for detergent, textile, and food production and preservation industries respectively. Challenges regarding the transposition of enzymes from their natural purpose and environment into synthetic practice are discussed. For example, temperature and pH-induced enzyme fragilities, short shelf life, low-cost efficiency, poor user-controllability, and subsequently insufficient catalytic activity were shown to decrease pertinence and profitability in large-scale production considerations. Enzyme immobilization was shown to improve and expand upon enzyme usage within a profit and impact-oriented commercial world and through enzyme-material and interfaces integration. With particular focus on the growing biomedical market, examples of enzyme immobilization within or onto hyaluronic acid (HA)-based complexes are discussed as a definable way to improve upon and/or make possible the next generation of medical undertakings. As a polysaccharide formed in every living organism, HA has proven beneficial in biomedicine for its high biocompatibility and controllable biodegradability, viscoelasticity, and hydrophilicity. Complexes developed with this molecule have been utilized to selectively deliver drugs to a desired location and at a desired rate, improve the efficiency of tissue regeneration, and serve as a viable platform for biologically accepted sensors. In similar realms of enzyme immobilization, HA’s ease in crosslinking allows the molecule to user-controllably enhance the design of a given platform in terms of both chemical and physical characteristics to thus best support successful and sustained enzyme usage. Such examples do not only demonstrate the potential of enzyme-based applications but further, emphasize future market trends and accountability. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bio–Nano-Interfaces for Engineering and Biomedical Applications)
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27 pages, 1930 KiB  
Review
Advances in Nanotechnology-Based Biosensing of Immunoregulatory Cytokines
by Warangkana Lohcharoenkal, Zareen Abbas and Yon Rojanasakul
Biosensors 2021, 11(10), 364; https://doi.org/10.3390/bios11100364 - 30 Sep 2021
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2531
Abstract
Cytokines are a large group of small proteins secreted by immune and non-immune cells in response to external stimuli. Much attention has been given to the application of cytokines’ detection in early disease diagnosis/monitoring and therapeutic response assessment. To date, a wide range [...] Read more.
Cytokines are a large group of small proteins secreted by immune and non-immune cells in response to external stimuli. Much attention has been given to the application of cytokines’ detection in early disease diagnosis/monitoring and therapeutic response assessment. To date, a wide range of assays are available for cytokines detection. However, in specific applications, multiplexed or continuous measurements of cytokines with wearable biosensing devices are highly desirable. For such efforts, various nanomaterials have been extensively investigated due to their extraordinary properties, such as high surface area and controllable particle size and shape, which leads to their tunable optical emission, electrical, and magnetic properties. Different types of nanomaterials such as noble metal, metal oxide, and carbon nanoparticles have been explored for various biosensing applications. Advances in nanomaterial synthesis and device development have led to significant progress in pushing the limit of cytokine detection. This article reviews currently used methods for cytokines detection and new nanotechnology-based biosensors for ultrasensitive cytokine detection. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bio–Nano-Interfaces for Engineering and Biomedical Applications)
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