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Antioxidants
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Reactive Sulfur Species in Biology and Medicine
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Reactive Sulfur Species in Biology and Medicine

A special issue of Antioxidants (ISSN 2076-3921). This special issue belongs to the section "ROS, RNS and RSS".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 May 2023) | Viewed by 25536

Printed Edition Available!
A printed edition of this Special Issue is available here.

Special Issue Editors

Prof. Dr. John P. Toscano

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Guest Editor
Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
Interests: hydropersulfides; hydrogen sulfide; nitroxyl; azanone; nitric oxide
Dr. Vinayak S. Khodade

E-Mail Website
Co-Guest Editor
Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 N. Charles St., Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
Interests: hydrogen sulfide; hydropersulfide; polysulfide; redox signaling; cardioprotection; pharmacology; drug discovery

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) has emerged as an important cell-signaling molecule capable of regulating diverse physiological processes. However, the exact mechanisms of H2S signaling remain ill-defined. Emerging evidence shows that many biological effects initially ascribed to H2S may instead be due to other reactive sulfur species (RSS), including hydropersulfide (RSSH) and other higher order polysulfur species (RSSnH, RSSnR, HSnH, n >1). Importantly, these RSS are highly prevalent in biological systems, and emerging evidence shows that they likely have critical roles in several (patho)physiological processes. RSS have intriguing biochemical properties, such as the ability to modify protein cysteine residues and efficiently scavenge reactive oxygen species and electrophiles. Moreover, RSS donors have begun to demonstrate therapeutic potential in treating a wide range of disorders including cancer, neurological disorders, and cardiovascular disease. Nonetheless, the chemistry of RSS is complicated due to their reactive nature, and their accurate measurement in biological systems remains a challenge.

This Special Issue of Antioxidants will focus on studies that highlight recent advances in RSS chemical biology, including original research articles and reviews aimed at understanding the molecular mechanisms and physiological roles of RSS, methods that unambiguously measure the concentration and distribution of RSS in biological systems, and potential therapeutic applications of RSS donors.

We look forward to your contributions.

Prof. Dr. John P. Toscano
Dr. Vinayak S. Khodade
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Antioxidants is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2900 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • hydrogen sulfide
  • hydropersulfide
  • polysulfide
  • reactive sulfur species

Published Papers (12 papers)

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Editorial

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5 pages, 192 KiB  
Editorial
Reactive Sulfur Species in Biology and Medicine
by Vinayak S. Khodade and John P. Toscano
Antioxidants 2023, 12(9), 1759; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox12091759 - 13 Sep 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 836
Abstract
Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) has emerged as a third small-molecule bioactive signaling agent, along with nitric oxide (NO) and carbon monoxide (CO) [...] Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Reactive Sulfur Species in Biology and Medicine)

Research

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13 pages, 3356 KiB  
Article
Protection by Means of Perinatal Oral Sodium Thiosulfate Administration against Offspring Hypertension in a Rat Model of Maternal Chronic Kidney Disease
by You-Lin Tain, Chih-Yao Hou, Guo-Ping Chang-Chien, Sufan Lin and Chien-Ning Hsu
Antioxidants 2023, 12(7), 1344; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox12071344 - 26 Jun 2023
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1202
Abstract
Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) and related reactive sulfur species are implicated in chronic kidney disease (CKD) and hypertension. Offspring born to CKD-afflicted mothers could develop hypertension coinciding with disrupted H2S and nitric oxide (NO) signaling pathways as well as gut [...] Read more.
Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) and related reactive sulfur species are implicated in chronic kidney disease (CKD) and hypertension. Offspring born to CKD-afflicted mothers could develop hypertension coinciding with disrupted H2S and nitric oxide (NO) signaling pathways as well as gut microbiota. Thiosulfate, a precursor of H2S and an antioxidant, has shown anti-hypertensive effects. This study aimed to investigate the protective effects of sodium thiosulfate (STS) in a rat model of maternal CKD-induced hypertension. Before mating, CKD was induced through feeding 0.5% adenine chow for 3 weeks. Mother rats were given a vehicle or STS at a dosage of 2 g/kg/day in drinking water throughout gestation and lactation. Perinatal STS treatment protected 12-week-old offspring from maternal CKD-primed hypertension. The beneficial effects of STS could partially be explained by the enhancement of both H2S and NO signaling pathways and alterations in gut microbiota. Not only increasing beneficial microbes but maternal STS treatment also mediates several hypertension-associated intestinal bacteria. In conclusion, perinatal treatment with STS improves maternal CKD-primed offspring hypertension, suggesting that early-life RSS-targeting interventions have potential preventive and therapeutic benefits, awaiting future translational research. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Reactive Sulfur Species in Biology and Medicine)
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15 pages, 1290 KiB  
Article
Identifying Redox-Sensitive Cysteine Residues in Mitochondria
by Eleni A. Kisty, Emma C. Saart and Eranthie Weerapana
Antioxidants 2023, 12(5), 992; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox12050992 - 25 Apr 2023
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1674
Abstract
The mitochondrion is the primary energy generator of a cell and is a central player in cellular redox regulation. Mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (mtROS) are the natural byproducts of cellular respiration that are critical for the redox signaling events that regulate a cell’s [...] Read more.
The mitochondrion is the primary energy generator of a cell and is a central player in cellular redox regulation. Mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (mtROS) are the natural byproducts of cellular respiration that are critical for the redox signaling events that regulate a cell’s metabolism. These redox signaling pathways primarily rely on the reversible oxidation of the cysteine residues on mitochondrial proteins. Several key sites of this cysteine oxidation on mitochondrial proteins have been identified and shown to modulate downstream signaling pathways. To further our understanding of mitochondrial cysteine oxidation and to identify uncharacterized redox-sensitive cysteines, we coupled mitochondrial enrichment with redox proteomics. Briefly, differential centrifugation methods were used to enrich for mitochondria. These purified mitochondria were subjected to both exogenous and endogenous ROS treatments and analyzed by two redox proteomics methods. A competitive cysteine-reactive profiling strategy, termed isoTOP-ABPP, enabled the ranking of the cysteines by their redox sensitivity, due to a loss of reactivity induced by cysteine oxidation. A modified OxICAT method enabled a quantification of the percentage of reversible cysteine oxidation. Initially, we assessed the cysteine oxidation upon treatment with a range of exogenous hydrogen peroxide concentrations, which allowed us to differentiate the mitochondrial cysteines by their susceptibility to oxidation. We then analyzed the cysteine oxidation upon inducing reactive oxygen species generation via the inhibition of the electron transport chain. Together, these methods identified the mitochondrial cysteines that were sensitive to endogenous and exogenous ROS, including several previously known redox-regulated cysteines and uncharacterized cysteines on diverse mitochondrial proteins. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Reactive Sulfur Species in Biology and Medicine)
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13 pages, 2689 KiB  
Article
Synthesis of Sulfides and Persulfides Is Not Impeded by Disruption of Three Canonical Enzymes in Sulfur Metabolism
by Qamarul Hafiz Zainol Abidin, Tomoaki Ida, Masanobu Morita, Tetsuro Matsunaga, Akira Nishimura, Minkyung Jung, Naim Hassan, Tsuyoshi Takata, Isao Ishii, Warren Kruger, Rui Wang, Hozumi Motohashi, Masato Tsutsui and Takaaki Akaike
Antioxidants 2023, 12(4), 868; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox12040868 - 03 Apr 2023
Cited by 12 | Viewed by 2352
Abstract
Reactive sulfur species, or persulfides and polysulfides, such as cysteine hydropersulfide and glutathione persulfide, are endogenously produced in abundance in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes, including mammals. Various forms of reactive persulfides occur in both low-molecular-weight and protein-bound thiols. The chemical properties and great [...] Read more.
Reactive sulfur species, or persulfides and polysulfides, such as cysteine hydropersulfide and glutathione persulfide, are endogenously produced in abundance in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes, including mammals. Various forms of reactive persulfides occur in both low-molecular-weight and protein-bound thiols. The chemical properties and great supply of these molecular species suggest a pivotal role for reactive persulfides/polysulfides in different cellular regulatory processes (e.g., energy metabolism and redox signaling). We demonstrated earlier that cysteinyl-tRNA synthetase (CARS) is a new cysteine persulfide synthase (CPERS) and is responsible for the in vivo production of most reactive persulfides (polysulfides). Some researchers continue to suggest that 3-mercaptopyruvate sulfurtransferase (3-MST), cystathionine β-synthase (CBS), and cystathionine γ-lyase (CSE) may also produce hydrogen sulfide and persulfides that may be generated during the transfer of sulfur from 3-mercaptopyruvate to the cysteine residues of 3-MST or direct synthesis from cysteine by CBS/CSE, respectively. We thus used integrated sulfur metabolome analysis, which we recently developed, with 3-MST knockout (KO) mice and CBS/CSE/3-MST triple-KO mice, to elucidate the possible contribution of 3-MST, CBS, and CSE to the production of reactive persulfides in vivo. We therefore quantified various sulfide metabolites in organs derived from these mutant mice and their wild-type littermates via this sulfur metabolome, which clearly revealed no significant difference between mutant mice and wild-type mice in terms of reactive persulfide production. This result indicates that 3-MST, CBS, and CSE are not major sources of endogenous reactive persulfide production; rather, CARS/CPERS is the principal enzyme that is actually involved in and even primarily responsible for the biosynthesis of reactive persulfides and polysulfides in vivo in mammals. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Reactive Sulfur Species in Biology and Medicine)
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15 pages, 2354 KiB  
Article
Antiproliferative and Proapoptotic Effects of Erucin, a Diet-Derived H2S Donor, on Human Melanoma Cells
by Daniela Claudia Maresca, Lia Conte, Benedetta Romano, Angela Ianaro and Giuseppe Ercolano
Antioxidants 2023, 12(1), 41; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox12010041 - 26 Dec 2022
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2007
Abstract
Melanoma is the most dangerous form of skin cancer and is characterized by chemotherapy resistance and recurrence despite the new promising therapeutic approaches. In the last years, erucin (ERU), the major isothiocyanate present in Eruca sativa, commonly known as rocket salads, has [...] Read more.
Melanoma is the most dangerous form of skin cancer and is characterized by chemotherapy resistance and recurrence despite the new promising therapeutic approaches. In the last years, erucin (ERU), the major isothiocyanate present in Eruca sativa, commonly known as rocket salads, has demonstrated great efficacy as an anticancer agent in different in vitro and in vivo models. More recently, the chemopreventive effects of ERU have been associated with its property of being a H2S donor in human pancreatic adenocarcinoma. Here, we investigated the effects of ERU in modulating proliferation and inducing human melanoma cell death by using multiple in vitro approaches. ERU significantly reduced the proliferation of different human melanoma cell lines. A flow cytometry analysis with annexin V/PI demonstrated that ERU was able to induce apoptosis and cell cycle arrest in A375 melanoma cells. The proapoptotic effect of ERU was associated with the modulation of the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT)-related cadherins and transcription factors. Moreover, ERU thwarted the migration, invasiveness and clonogenic abilities of A375 melanoma cells. These effects were associated with melanogenesis impairment and mitochondrial fitness modulation. Therefore, we demonstrated that ERU plays an important role in inhibiting the progression of melanoma and could represent a novel add-on therapy for the treatment of human melanoma. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Reactive Sulfur Species in Biology and Medicine)
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19 pages, 5805 KiB  
Article
Oral Administration of Glutathione Trisulfide Increases Reactive Sulfur Levels in Dorsal Root Ganglion and Ameliorates Paclitaxel-Induced Peripheral Neuropathy in Mice
by Mariko Ezaka, Eizo Marutani, Yusuke Miyazaki, Eiki Kanemaru, Martin K. Selig, Sophie L. Boerboom, Katrina F. Ostrom, Anat Stemmer-Rachamimov, Donald B. Bloch, Gary J. Brenner, Etsuo Ohshima and Fumito Ichinose
Antioxidants 2022, 11(11), 2122; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox11112122 - 27 Oct 2022
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 1842
Abstract
Peripheral neuropathy is a dose-limiting side effect of chemotherapy with paclitaxel. Paclitaxel-induced peripheral neuropathy (PIPN) is typically characterized by a predominantly sensory neuropathy presenting with allodynia, hyperalgesia and spontaneous pain. Oxidative mitochondrial damage in peripheral sensory neurons is implicated in the pathogenesis of [...] Read more.
Peripheral neuropathy is a dose-limiting side effect of chemotherapy with paclitaxel. Paclitaxel-induced peripheral neuropathy (PIPN) is typically characterized by a predominantly sensory neuropathy presenting with allodynia, hyperalgesia and spontaneous pain. Oxidative mitochondrial damage in peripheral sensory neurons is implicated in the pathogenesis of PIPN. Reactive sulfur species, including persulfides (RSSH) and polysulfides (RSnH), are strong nucleophilic and electrophilic compounds that exert antioxidant effects and protect mitochondria. Here, we examined the potential neuroprotective effects of glutathione trisulfide (GSSSG) in a mouse model of PIPN. Intraperitoneal administration of paclitaxel at 4 mg/kg/day for 4 days induced mechanical allodynia and thermal hyperalgesia in mice. Oral administration of GSSSG at 50 mg/kg/day for 28 days ameliorated mechanical allodynia, but not thermal hyperalgesia. Two hours after oral administration, 34S-labeled GSSSG was detected in lumber dorsal root ganglia (DRG) and in the lumber spinal cord. In mice treated with paclitaxel, GSSSG upregulated expression of genes encoding antioxidant proteins in lumber DRG, prevented loss of unmyelinated axons and inhibited degeneration of mitochondria in the sciatic nerve. In cultured primary neurons from cortex and DRG, GSSSG mitigated paclitaxel-induced superoxide production, loss of axonal mitochondria, and axonal degeneration. These results indicate that oral administration of GSSSG mitigates PIPN by preventing axonal degeneration and mitochondria damage in peripheral sensory nerves. The findings suggest that administration of GSSSG may be an approach to the treatment or prevention of PIPN and other peripheral neuropathies. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Reactive Sulfur Species in Biology and Medicine)
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23 pages, 3700 KiB  
Article
Metabolic and Structural Insights into Hydrogen Sulfide Mis-Regulation in Enterococcus faecalis
by Brenna J. C. Walsh, Sofia Soares Costa, Katherine A. Edmonds, Jonathan C. Trinidad, Federico M. Issoglio, José A. Brito and David P. Giedroc
Antioxidants 2022, 11(8), 1607; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox11081607 - 19 Aug 2022
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2902
Abstract
Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is implicated as a cytoprotective agent that bacteria employ in response to host-induced stressors, such as oxidative stress and antibiotics. The physiological benefits often attributed to H2S, however, are likely a result of downstream, more oxidized [...] Read more.
Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is implicated as a cytoprotective agent that bacteria employ in response to host-induced stressors, such as oxidative stress and antibiotics. The physiological benefits often attributed to H2S, however, are likely a result of downstream, more oxidized forms of sulfur, collectively termed reactive sulfur species (RSS) and including the organic persulfide (RSSH). Here, we investigated the metabolic response of the commensal gut microorganism Enterococcus faecalis to exogenous Na2S as a proxy for H2S/RSS toxicity. We found that exogenous sulfide increases protein abundance for enzymes responsible for the biosynthesis of coenzyme A (CoA). Proteome S-sulfuration (persulfidation), a posttranslational modification implicated in H2S signal transduction, is also widespread in this organism and is significantly elevated by exogenous sulfide in CstR, the RSS sensor, coenzyme A persulfide (CoASSH) reductase (CoAPR) and enzymes associated with de novo fatty acid biosynthesis and acetyl-CoA synthesis. Exogenous sulfide significantly impacts the speciation of fatty acids as well as cellular concentrations of acetyl-CoA, suggesting that protein persulfidation may impact flux through these pathways. Indeed, CoASSH is an inhibitor of E. faecalis phosphotransacetylase (Pta), suggesting that an important metabolic consequence of increased levels of H2S/RSS may be over-persulfidation of this key metabolite, which, in turn, inhibits CoA and acyl-CoA-utilizing enzymes. Our 2.05 Å crystallographic structure of CoA-bound CoAPR provides new structural insights into CoASSH clearance in E. faecalis. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Reactive Sulfur Species in Biology and Medicine)
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Review

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19 pages, 1316 KiB  
Review
Protective Roles of Hydrogen Sulfide in Alzheimer’s Disease and Traumatic Brain Injury
by Bindu D. Paul and Andrew A. Pieper
Antioxidants 2023, 12(5), 1095; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox12051095 - 13 May 2023
Cited by 12 | Viewed by 3804
Abstract
The gaseous signaling molecule hydrogen sulfide (H2S) critically modulates a plethora of physiological processes across evolutionary boundaries. These include responses to stress and other neuromodulatory effects that are typically dysregulated in aging, disease, and injury. H2S has a particularly [...] Read more.
The gaseous signaling molecule hydrogen sulfide (H2S) critically modulates a plethora of physiological processes across evolutionary boundaries. These include responses to stress and other neuromodulatory effects that are typically dysregulated in aging, disease, and injury. H2S has a particularly prominent role in modulating neuronal health and survival under both normal and pathologic conditions. Although toxic and even fatal at very high concentrations, emerging evidence has also revealed a pronounced neuroprotective role for lower doses of endogenously generated or exogenously administered H2S. Unlike traditional neurotransmitters, H2S is a gas and, therefore, is unable to be stored in vesicles for targeted delivery. Instead, it exerts its physiologic effects through the persulfidation/sulfhydration of target proteins on reactive cysteine residues. Here, we review the latest discoveries on the neuroprotective roles of H2S in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and traumatic brain injury, which is one the greatest risk factors for AD. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Reactive Sulfur Species in Biology and Medicine)
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25 pages, 9616 KiB  
Review
H2S Donors with Cytoprotective Effects in Models of MI/R Injury and Chemotherapy-Induced Cardiotoxicity
by Qiwei Hu and John C. Lukesh III
Antioxidants 2023, 12(3), 650; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox12030650 - 05 Mar 2023
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 1975
Abstract
Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is an endogenous signaling molecule that greatly influences several important (patho)physiological processes related to cardiovascular health and disease, including vasodilation, angiogenesis, inflammation, and cellular redox homeostasis. Consequently, H2S supplementation is an emerging area of interest, especially [...] Read more.
Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is an endogenous signaling molecule that greatly influences several important (patho)physiological processes related to cardiovascular health and disease, including vasodilation, angiogenesis, inflammation, and cellular redox homeostasis. Consequently, H2S supplementation is an emerging area of interest, especially for the treatment of cardiovascular-related diseases. To fully unlock the medicinal properties of hydrogen sulfide, however, the development and refinement of H2S releasing compounds (or donors) are required to augment its bioavailability and to better mimic its natural enzymatic production. Categorizing donors by the biological stimulus that triggers their H2S release, this review highlights the fundamental chemistry and releasing mechanisms of a range of H2S donors that have exhibited promising protective effects in models of myocardial ischemia-reperfusion (MI/R) injury and cancer chemotherapy-induced cardiotoxicity, specifically. Thus, in addition to serving as important investigative tools that further advance our knowledge and understanding of H2S chemical biology, the compounds highlighted in this review have the potential to serve as vital therapeutic agents for the treatment (or prevention) of various cardiomyopathies. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Reactive Sulfur Species in Biology and Medicine)
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15 pages, 2031 KiB  
Review
Organelle-Targeted Fluorescent Probes for Sulfane Sulfur Species
by Biswajit Roy, Meg Shieh, Geat Ramush and Ming Xian
Antioxidants 2023, 12(3), 590; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox12030590 - 27 Feb 2023
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2290
Abstract
Sulfane sulfurs, which include hydropersulfides (RSSH), hydrogen polysulfides (H2Sn, n > 1), and polysulfides (RSnR, n > 2), play important roles in cellular redox biology and are closely linked to hydrogen sulfide (H2S) signaling. While [...] Read more.
Sulfane sulfurs, which include hydropersulfides (RSSH), hydrogen polysulfides (H2Sn, n > 1), and polysulfides (RSnR, n > 2), play important roles in cellular redox biology and are closely linked to hydrogen sulfide (H2S) signaling. While most studies on sulfane sulfur detection have focused on sulfane sulfurs in the whole cell, increasing the recognition of the effects of reactive sulfur species on the functions of various subcellular organelles has emerged. This has driven a need for organelle-targeted detection methods. However, the detection of sulfane sulfurs, particularly of RSSH and H2Sn, in biological systems is still a challenge due to their low endogenous concentrations and instabilities. In this review, we summarize the development and design of organelle-targeted fluorescent sulfane sulfur probes, examine their organelle-targeting strategies and choices of fluorophores (e.g., ratiometric, near-infrared, etc.), and discuss their mechanisms and ability to detect endogenous and exogenous sulfane sulfur species. We also present the advantages and limitations of the probes and propose directions for future work on this topic. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Reactive Sulfur Species in Biology and Medicine)
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17 pages, 2328 KiB  
Review
Recent Development of the Molecular and Cellular Mechanisms of Hydrogen Sulfide Gasotransmitter
by Jianyun Liu, Fikir M. Mesfin, Chelsea E. Hunter, Kenneth R. Olson, W. Christopher Shelley, John P. Brokaw, Krishna Manohar and Troy A. Markel
Antioxidants 2022, 11(9), 1788; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox11091788 - 10 Sep 2022
Cited by 23 | Viewed by 2213
Abstract
Hydrogen sulfide has been recently identified as the third biological gasotransmitter, along with the more well studied nitric oxide (NO) and carbon monoxide (CO). Intensive studies on its potential as a therapeutic agent for cardiovascular, inflammatory, infectious and neuropathological diseases have been undertaken. [...] Read more.
Hydrogen sulfide has been recently identified as the third biological gasotransmitter, along with the more well studied nitric oxide (NO) and carbon monoxide (CO). Intensive studies on its potential as a therapeutic agent for cardiovascular, inflammatory, infectious and neuropathological diseases have been undertaken. Here we review the possible direct targets of H2S in mammals. H2S directly interacts with reactive oxygen/nitrogen species and is involved in redox signaling. H2S also reacts with hemeproteins and modulates metal-containing complexes. Once being oxidized, H2S can persulfidate proteins by adding -SSH to the amino acid cysteine. These direct modifications by H2S have significant impact on cell structure and many cellular functions, such as tight junctions, autophagy, apoptosis, vesicle trafficking, cell signaling, epigenetics and inflammasomes. Therefore, we conclude that H2S is involved in many important cellular and physiological processes. Compounds that donate H2S to biological systems can be developed as therapeutics for different diseases. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Reactive Sulfur Species in Biology and Medicine)
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Other

10 pages, 279 KiB  
Perspective
The Reactive Species Interactome in Red Blood Cells: Oxidants, Antioxidants, and Molecular Targets
by Miriam M. Cortese-Krott
Antioxidants 2023, 12(9), 1736; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox12091736 - 07 Sep 2023
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1021
Abstract
Beyond their established role as oxygen carriers, red blood cells have recently been found to contribute to systemic NO and sulfide metabolism and act as potent circulating antioxidant cells. Emerging evidence indicates that reactive species derived from the metabolism of O2, [...] Read more.
Beyond their established role as oxygen carriers, red blood cells have recently been found to contribute to systemic NO and sulfide metabolism and act as potent circulating antioxidant cells. Emerging evidence indicates that reactive species derived from the metabolism of O2, NO, and H2S can interact with each other, potentially influencing common biological targets. These interactions have been encompassed in the concept of the reactive species interactome. This review explores the potential application of the concept of reactive species interactome to understand the redox physiology of RBCs. It specifically examines how reactive species are generated and detoxified, their interactions with each other, and their targets. Hemoglobin is a key player in the reactive species interactome within RBCs, given its abundance and fundamental role in O2/CO2 exchange, NO transport/metabolism, and sulfur species binding/production. Future research should focus on understanding how modulation of the reactive species interactome may regulate RBC biology, physiology, and their systemic effects. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Reactive Sulfur Species in Biology and Medicine)
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