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Antioxidants
Special Issues
Natural and Modified Polysaccharides: Potential Antioxidants and Applications
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Natural and Modified Polysaccharides: Potential Antioxidants and Applications

A special issue of Antioxidants (ISSN 2076-3921). This special issue belongs to the section "Natural and Synthetic Antioxidants".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 December 2022) | Viewed by 11051

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Ren-You Gan

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Guest Editor
Singapore Institute of Food and Biotechnology Innovation (SIFBI), Agency for Science Technology and Research (A*STAR), 30 Medical Drive, Singapore 117609, Singapore
Interests: phytochemicals; probiotics; prebiotics; gut microbiota; nutrition; functional food
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Hong Gao

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Guest Editor
College of Biomass Science and Engineering and Healthy Food Evaluation Research Center, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
Interests: polysaccharides; extraction, isolation, and identification of redox-active natural products; evaluation of antioxidant capacity in vitro and in vivo; elucidation of antioxidant mechanisms; industrial uses of antioxidants; functional foods
Prof. Dr. Dingtao Wu

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Guest Editor
Key Laboratory of Coarse Cereal Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Sichuan Province Engineering Technology Research Center of Coarse Cereal Industrialization, School of Food and Biological Engineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, China
Interests: dietary fiber; structural characterization; chemical modification; quality evaluation; metabolic disorders; gut microbiota
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Hongyan Liu

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Guest Editor
Research Center for Plants and Human Health, Institute of Urban Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, National Agricultural Science and Technology Center, Chengdu 610213, China
Interests: food authentication; polyphenol; MS-based metabolomics; functional food; chemometrics
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Bioactive molecules, including polyphenols and flavonoids, are the focus of most research on natural antioxidants. However, polysaccharides, another main class of bioactive ingredients that are widespread in almost all living organisms, have been neglected. With the development of the research and application of various separation and purification techniques, the complex structure and various biological activities of polysaccharides have been recognized. Water-soluble polysaccharides are regarded as powerful natural antioxidants, and have excellent biological activities (e.g., antioxidant, anti-aging, anti-inflammatory, anti-tumor, and immunity enhancement). In addition, chemical modifications (sulfation, carboxymethylation, phosphorylation, etc.) can significantly enhance the biological properties of polysaccharides. Based on the encouraging research that has been carried out, a great deal of effort has been focused on discovering natural and modified polysaccharides for the development of functional foods and dietary supplements.

The biological properties of polysaccharides mainly depend on their chemical composition, uronic acid content, molecular weight, monosaccharide composition, and type of glycosidic bonds. However, the precise mechanisms of action, efficacy, and structure–activity relationship of natural polysaccharides as antioxidants are still not fully understood. Understanding these basic scientific questions can help develop natural polysaccharide-based functional foods, such as dietary supplements, to regulate adverse physiological states of the human body.

In this Special Issue, we invite authors to submit original research articles, perspectives, and review articles that focus on, but are not limited to, the following topics:

(1) The isolation, separation, and purification of natural polysaccharides with high antioxidant activity from natural resources including plants, fungi, animals, etc.;

(2) The characterization of the chemical composition and structural properties of polysaccharides;

(3) Modified polysaccharides with antioxidant activity;

(4) The structure–antioxidant activity relationship of polysaccharides;

(5) In vitro and in vivo evaluation of the antioxidant properties of polysaccharides and related molecular mechanisms;

(6) The potential applications of polysaccharides, especially in the food, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic industries.

Dr. Ren-You Gan
Dr. Hong Gao
Dr. Dingtao Wu
Dr. Hongyan Liu
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Antioxidants is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2900 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • natural polysaccharides
  • chemical modifications
  • antioxidant activity
  • structure-activity relationship
  • in vivo and in vitro studies
  • application

Published Papers (6 papers)

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Research

21 pages, 39602 KiB  
Article
Sulfated Undaria pinnatifida Polysaccharide Promotes Endocytosis of Nano-Calcium Oxalate Dihydrate by Repairing Subcellular Organelles in HK-2 Cells
by Xue-Wu Chen, Yu-Yun Zheng and Jian-Ming Ouyang
Antioxidants 2023, 12(5), 1015; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox12051015 - 28 Apr 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1556
Abstract
The clinical manifestation of primary hyperoxaluria includes hyperoxaluria and recurrent urinary calculi. In this study, an oxidative damage model was constructed based on oxalate damage to the human renal proximal tubular epithelial cells (HK-2), and a comparative study was carried out on four [...] Read more.
The clinical manifestation of primary hyperoxaluria includes hyperoxaluria and recurrent urinary calculi. In this study, an oxidative damage model was constructed based on oxalate damage to the human renal proximal tubular epithelial cells (HK-2), and a comparative study was carried out on four different sulfated levels of Undaria pinnatifida polysaccharides (UPP0, UPP1, UPP2, and UPP3 with sulfate group [–OSO3−] contents of 1.59%, 6.03%, 20.83%, and 36.39%, respectively) on the repair of oxidatively damaged HK-2 cells. The results showed that after repair by UPPs, cell viability was enhanced, healing ability was improved, the intracellular superoxide dismutase level and mitochondrial membrane potential were increased, malondialdehyde, reactive oxygen species, and intracellular Ca2+ levels were reduced, cellular autophagy was reduced; lysosomal integrity was improved, and cytoskeleton and cell morphology were restored. The ability of repaired cells to endocytose nano-calcium oxalate dihydrate crystals (nano−COD) was enhanced. The activity of UPPs was closely related to their –OSO3− content. A too high or too low –OSO3− content was not conducive to polysaccharide activity, and only UPP2 exhibited the best cell repair ability and strongest ability to promote the cell endocytosis of crystals. UPP2 may be used as a potential agent to inhibit CaOx crystal deposition caused by high oxalate concentration. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Natural and Modified Polysaccharides: Potential Antioxidants and Applications)
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15 pages, 2031 KiB  
Article
Physicochemical Properties and In Vivo Hepatoprotective Effect of Polysaccharides from Grape Pomace
by Wenjun Miao, Rong Huang, Xiaoli Huang, Fei Gao, Xiangpeng Leng and Qiu Li
Antioxidants 2023, 12(2), 394; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox12020394 - 06 Feb 2023
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1424
Abstract
Here, the polysaccharides from grape pomace, a by-product in the wine industry, were characterized and evaluated in vitro and in vivo. The polysaccharides were extracted and studied using spectroscopic and chemical methods. The results revealed that GPPs are rich in arabinose, galactose and [...] Read more.
Here, the polysaccharides from grape pomace, a by-product in the wine industry, were characterized and evaluated in vitro and in vivo. The polysaccharides were extracted and studied using spectroscopic and chemical methods. The results revealed that GPPs are rich in arabinose, galactose and glucuronic acid and are heteropolysaccharides without protein and nucleic acid, containing α-glycoside bonds with irregular clusters on the surface. In vitro antioxidant activity assays indicated that GPPs have concentration-dependent antioxidant activity. In vivo, GPPs markedly decreased the levels of TNF-a, IL-6, ALT, AST and MDA in serum and liver tissues and restored the levels of SOD, CAT and GSH. Additionally, further histopathological examination confirmed that GPPs could mitigate the injury of liver induced by CCl4. Our results demonstrate that GPPs had antioxidant and hepatoprotective effects, and they are expected to be a potential ingredient for functional foods or hepatoprotective drugs. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Natural and Modified Polysaccharides: Potential Antioxidants and Applications)
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13 pages, 2654 KiB  
Article
Characterization of Dextran Biosynthesized by Glucansucrase from Leuconostoc pseudomesenteroides and Their Potential Biotechnological Applications
by Renpeng Du, Liansheng Yu, Meng Sun, Guangbin Ye, Yi Yang, Bosen Zhou, Zhigang Qian, Hongzhi Ling and Jingping Ge
Antioxidants 2023, 12(2), 275; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox12020275 - 26 Jan 2023
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1558
Abstract
Glucansucrase was purified from Leuconostoc pseudomesenteroides. The glucansucrase exhibited maximum activity at pH 5.5 and 30 °C. Ca2+ significantly promoted enzyme activity. An exopolysaccharide (EPS) was synthesized by this glucansucrase in vitro and purified. The molecular weight of the EPS was [...] Read more.
Glucansucrase was purified from Leuconostoc pseudomesenteroides. The glucansucrase exhibited maximum activity at pH 5.5 and 30 °C. Ca2+ significantly promoted enzyme activity. An exopolysaccharide (EPS) was synthesized by this glucansucrase in vitro and purified. The molecular weight of the EPS was 3.083 × 106 Da. Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy showed that the main structure of glucan was 97.3% α-(1→6)-linked D-glucopyranose units, and α-(1→3) branched chain accounted for 2.7%. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) observation of dextran showed that its surface was smooth and flaky. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) of dextran revealed a chain-like microstructure with many irregular protuberances in aqueous solution. The results showed that dextran had good thermal stability, water holding capacity, water solubility and emulsifying ability (EA), as well as good antioxidant activity; thus it has broad prospects for development in the fields of food, biomedicine, and medicine. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Natural and Modified Polysaccharides: Potential Antioxidants and Applications)
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19 pages, 3488 KiB  
Article
Effects of Carboxymethyl Modification on the Acidic Polysaccharides from Calocybe indica: Physicochemical Properties, Antioxidant, Antitumor and Anticoagulant Activities
by Ambika Nataraj, Sudha Govindan, Archana Rajendran, Prasanna Ramani, Krishnamoorthy Akkana Subbaiah, Paulo E. S. Munekata, Mirian Pateiro and José M. Lorenzo
Antioxidants 2023, 12(1), 105; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox12010105 - 31 Dec 2022
Cited by 11 | Viewed by 1939
Abstract
An acidic polysaccharide fraction was obtained from Calocybe indica (CIP3a) after subjecting it to hot water extraction followed by purification through DEAE-cellulose 52 and Sepaharose 6B column chromatography. The CIP3a was further modified using chloroacetic acid to yield carboxymethylated derivatives (CMCIP3a). The modified [...] Read more.
An acidic polysaccharide fraction was obtained from Calocybe indica (CIP3a) after subjecting it to hot water extraction followed by purification through DEAE-cellulose 52 and Sepaharose 6B column chromatography. The CIP3a was further modified using chloroacetic acid to yield carboxymethylated derivatives (CMCIP3a). The modified polysaccharide was characterized using various spectroscopic methods. In addition, further antioxidant, antitumor and anticoagulant activities were also investigated. The polysaccharides CIP3a and CMCIP3a were heterogeneous in nature and composed of various molar percentages of glucose, arabinose and mannose with molecular weights of 1.456 × 103 and 4.023 × 103 Da, respectively. The NMR and FT-IR data demonstrated that the carboxymethylation on the polysaccharide was successful. In comparison to CIP3a polysaccharides, the modified derivatives had lower sugar and protein contents, and higher levels of uronic acid. The in vitro antioxidant activity showed that CMCIP3a with higher molecular weight displayed an elevated ability in scavenging the DPPH radical, ABTS, superoxide, hydroxyl radical, ferric reducing power, cupric reducing power and erythrocyte hemolysis inhibition with an EC50 value of 2.49, 2.66, 4.10, 1.60, 3.48, 1.41 and 2.30 mg/mL, respectively. The MTT assay results revealed that CMCIP3a displayed a dose-dependent inhibition on five cancer cells (HT29, PC3, HeLa, Jurkat and HepG-2) in the range of 10–320 μg/mL. The APTT, PT and TT were significantly extended by CMCIP3a in relation to dosage, indicating that the anticoagulant effect of CIP was both extrinsic and intrinsic, along with a common coagulation pathway. These findings demonstrated that carboxymethylation might effectively improve the biological potential of the derivatives and offer a theoretical framework for the creation of novel natural antioxidants, low-toxicity antitumor and antithrombotic drugs. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Natural and Modified Polysaccharides: Potential Antioxidants and Applications)
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16 pages, 2400 KiB  
Article
Preparation and Characterization of Ginger Peel Polysaccharide–Zn (II) Complexes and Evaluation of Anti-Inflammatory Activity
by Wenwen Li, Zhichang Qiu, Yue Ma, Bin Zhang, Lingyu Li, Qiulin Li, Qiuxia He and Zhenjia Zheng
Antioxidants 2022, 11(12), 2331; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox11122331 - 25 Nov 2022
Cited by 9 | Viewed by 1578
Abstract
The present study aimed to explore the improvement of the bioactivity of ginger peel polysaccharides (GPs) by the modification of zinc after structural characterization. The obtained GP–Zn (II) complexes consisted dominantly of glucose and galactose in a mass proportion of 95.10:2.10, with a [...] Read more.
The present study aimed to explore the improvement of the bioactivity of ginger peel polysaccharides (GPs) by the modification of zinc after structural characterization. The obtained GP–Zn (II) complexes consisted dominantly of glucose and galactose in a mass proportion of 95.10:2.10, with a molecular weight of 4.90 × 105 Da and a Zn content of 21.17 mg/g. The chelation of GPs and Zn (II) was mainly involved in the O–H of hydroxyl groups, and this interaction reduced the crystallinity and decreased the asymmetry of GPs, with a slight effect on the thermal stability. The administration of GPs and their Zn (II) complexes effectively alleviated CuSO4-induced inflammatory response in zebrafish (Tg: zlyz-EGFP) via down-regulating the mRNA expression levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, IL-12 and TNF-α) and upregulating the expression of anti-inflammatory cytokine (IL-10). Furthermore, the modification of Zn (II) enhanced the inflammation-inhibiting effect of polysaccharides. Therefore, GP–Zn (II) complexes could be applied as a candidate anti-inflammatory agent for the treatment of chronic inflammation-related diseases. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Natural and Modified Polysaccharides: Potential Antioxidants and Applications)
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20 pages, 5342 KiB  
Article
Microwave-Assisted Deep Eutectic Solvent Extraction, Structural Characteristics, and Biological Functions of Polysaccharides from Sweet Tea (Lithocarpus litseifolius) Leaves
by Ding-Tao Wu, Meng-Xi Fu, Huan Guo, Yi-Chen Hu, Xiao-Qin Zheng, Ren-You Gan and Liang Zou
Antioxidants 2022, 11(8), 1578; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox11081578 - 15 Aug 2022
Cited by 22 | Viewed by 2144
Abstract
The leaf of sweet tea (Lithocarpus litseifolius) is widely used as an edible and medicinal plant in China, which is rich in bioactive polysaccharides. In order to explore and promote the application of sweet tea polysaccharides in the functional food industry, [...] Read more.
The leaf of sweet tea (Lithocarpus litseifolius) is widely used as an edible and medicinal plant in China, which is rich in bioactive polysaccharides. In order to explore and promote the application of sweet tea polysaccharides in the functional food industry, the microwave-assisted deep eutectic solvent extraction (MDAE) of polysaccharides from sweet tea leaves was optimized, and the structural properties and biological functions of sweet tea polysaccharides prepared by MDAE (P-DM) were investigated and compared with that of hot water extraction (P-W). The maximum yield (4.16% ± 0.09%, w/w) of P-DM was obtained under the optimal extraction conditions (extraction time of 11.0 min, extraction power of 576.0 W, water content in deep eutectic solvent of 21.0%, and liquid–solid ratio of 29.0 mL/g). Additionally, P-DM and P-W possessed similar constituent monosaccharides and glycosidic bonds, and the homogalacturonan (HG) and arabinogalactan (AG) might exist in both P-DM and P-W. Notably, the lower molecular weight, higher content of total uronic acids, and higher content of conjugated polyphenols were observed in P-DW compared to P-W, which might contribute to its much stronger in vitro antioxidant, anti-diabetic, antiglycation, and prebiotic effects. Besides, both P-DW and P-W exhibited remarkable in vitro immunostimulatory effects. The findings from the present study indicate that the MDAE has good potential to be used for efficient extraction of bioactive polysaccharides from sweet tea leaves and P-DM can be developed as functional food ingredients in the food industry. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Natural and Modified Polysaccharides: Potential Antioxidants and Applications)
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