Polymers

15 pages, 49403 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Characterization of Electrical Heating Textile Coated by Graphene Nanoplatelets/PVDF-HFP Composite with Various High Graphene Nanoplatelet Contents

by Hyelim Kim and Sunhee Lee

Polymers 2019, 11(5), 928; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym11050928 - 27 May 2019

Cited by 19 | Viewed by 5142

Abstract

We prepared a horseshoe-pattern type electrical heating textile that was coated with high graphene nanoplatelet (GNP) content (32 wt% to 64 wt%) of graphene nanoplatelet/poly(vinylidene fluoride-co-hexafluoropropylene) (PVDF-HFP) composite. Silver-coated conductive yarn is used as electrode in the sample to improve its [...] Read more.

We prepared a horseshoe-pattern type electrical heating textile that was coated with high graphene nanoplatelet (GNP) content (32 wt% to 64 wt%) of graphene nanoplatelet/poly(vinylidene fluoride-co-hexafluoropropylene) (PVDF-HFP) composite. Silver-coated conductive yarn is used as electrode in the sample to improve its flexibility and applicability as wearable textile. These graphene nanoplatelet/PVDF-HFP coated samples with various high-contents of graphene were characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), X-ray diffraction (XRD), sheet resistance analysis, and electrical heating performance analysis. Graphene nanoplatelet/PVDF-HFP coated cotton fabric improved the crystallinity and thermal stability with increasing thw high-content of GNP. With an increasing of the high-content of graphene nanoplatelet in the PVDF-HFP composite solution, the sheet resistance of samples tended to gradually decrease. That of, 64 wt% graphene nanoplatelet/PVDF-HFP composite coated sample (64 GR/cotton) was 44 Ω/sq. The electrical heating performance of graphene nanoplatelet/PVDF-HFP composite coated cotton fabric was improved with increasing the high-content of graphene nanoplatelet. When 5 V was applied to 64 GR/cotton, its surface temperature has been indicated to be about 48 °C and it could be used at a low voltage (<10 V). Thus, a horseshoe-pattern type electrical heating textile that is coated by high content of graphene nanoplatelet/PVDF-HFP composite solution sewn with silver-coated conductive yarn is expected to be applied to glove, shoes, jacket, and so on to improve its wearability and applicability. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Innovative Functional Textiles)

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19 pages, 2026 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Compositional and Temperature Effects on the Rheological Properties of Polyelectrolyte–Surfactant Hydrogels

by Jiří Smilek, Sabína Jarábková, Tomáš Velcer and Miloslav Pekař

Polymers 2019, 11(5), 927; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym11050927 - 27 May 2019

Cited by 20 | Viewed by 3568

Abstract

The rheological properties of hydrogels prepared by physical interactions between oppositely charged polyelectrolyte and surfactant in micellar form were studied. Specifically, hyaluronan was employed as a negatively charged polyelectrolyte and Septonex (carbethopendecinium bromide) as a cationic surfactant. Amino-modified dextran was used as a [...] Read more.

The rheological properties of hydrogels prepared by physical interactions between oppositely charged polyelectrolyte and surfactant in micellar form were studied. Specifically, hyaluronan was employed as a negatively charged polyelectrolyte and Septonex (carbethopendecinium bromide) as a cationic surfactant. Amino-modified dextran was used as a positively charged polyelectrolyte interacting with sodium dodecylsulphate as an anionic surfactant. The effects of the preparation method, surfactant concentration, ionic strength (the concentration of NaCl background electrolyte), pH (buffers), multivalent cations, and elevated temperature on the properties were investigated. The formation of gels required an optimum ionic strength (set by the NaCl solution), ranging from 0.15–0.3 M regardless of the type of hydrogel system and surfactant concentration. The other compositional effects and the effect of temperature were dependent on the polyelectrolyte type or its molecular weight. General differences between the behaviour of hyaluronan-based and cationized dextran-based materials were attributed to differences in the chain conformations of the two biopolymers and in the accessibility of their charged groups. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Polymer Biointerfaces)

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12 pages, 522 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of Intrinsic Properties on Fracture Nucleation and Propagation in Swelling Hydrogels

by Jingqian Ding, Ernst W. Remij, Joris J. C. Remmers and Jacques M. Huyghe

Polymers 2019, 11(5), 926; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym11050926 - 27 May 2019

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 3392

Abstract

In numerous industrial applications, the microstructure of materials is critical for performance. However, finite element models tend to average out the microstructure. Hence, finite element simulations are often unsuitable for optimisation of the microstructure. The present paper presents a modelling technique that addresses [...] Read more.

In numerous industrial applications, the microstructure of materials is critical for performance. However, finite element models tend to average out the microstructure. Hence, finite element simulations are often unsuitable for optimisation of the microstructure. The present paper presents a modelling technique that addresses this limitation for superabsorbent polymers with a partially cross-linked surface layer. These are widely used in the industry for a variety of functions. Different designs of the cross-linked layer have different material properties, influencing the performance of the hydrogel. In this work, the effects of intrinsic properties on the fracture nucleation and propagation in cross-linked hydrogels are studied. The numerical implementation for crack propagation and nucleation is based on the framework of the extended finite element method and the enhanced local pressure model to capture the pressure difference and fluid flow between the crack and the hydrogel, and coupled with the cohesive method to achieve crack propagation without re-meshing. Two groups of numerical examples are given: (1) effects on crack propagation, and (2) effects on crack nucleation. Within each example, we studied the effects of the stiffness (shear modulus) and ultimate strength of the material separately. Simulations demonstrate that the crack behaviour is influenced by the intrinsic properties of the hydrogel, which gives numerical support for the structural design of the cross-linked hydrogel. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Finite Element Methods in Smart Materials and Polymers)

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11 pages, 949 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Cost Estimation of Polymeric Adsorbents

by Despina A. Gkika, Efstathios V. Liakos, Nick Vordos, Christina Kontogoulidou, Lykourgos Magafas, Dimitrios N. Bikiaris, Dimitrios V. Bandekas, Athanasios C. Mitropoulos and George Z. Kyzas

Polymers 2019, 11(5), 925; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym11050925 - 27 May 2019

Cited by 32 | Viewed by 4486

Abstract

One of the most promising techniques of recent research is adsorption. This technique attracts great attention in environmental technology, especially in the decontamination of water and wastewaters. A “hidden” point of the above is the cost of adsorbents. As can be easily observed [...] Read more.

One of the most promising techniques of recent research is adsorption. This technique attracts great attention in environmental technology, especially in the decontamination of water and wastewaters. A “hidden” point of the above is the cost of adsorbents. As can be easily observed in the literature, there is not any mention about the synthesis cost of adsorbents. What are the basic criteria with which an industry can select an adsorbent? What is the synthesis (recipe) cost? What is the energy demand to synthesize an efficient material? All of these are questions which have not been answered, until now. The reason for this is that the estimation of adsorbents’ cost is relatively difficult, because too many cost factors are involved (labor cost, raw materials cost, energy cost, tax cost, etc.). In this work, the first estimation cost of adsorbents is presented, taking into consideration all of the major factors which influence the final value. To be more comparable, the adsorbents used are from a list of polymeric materials which are already synthesized and tested in our laboratory. All of them are polymeric materials with chitosan as a substrate, which is efficiently used for the removal of heavy metal ions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Polymeric Materials for Water and Wastewater Management)

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16 pages, 3952 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effect of Irradiation and Detection of Long-Lived Polyenyl Radicals in Highly Crystalline Ultra-High Molar Mass Polyethylene (UHMMPE) Fibers

by Amanda L. Forster, Zois Tsinas and Mohamad Al-Sheikhly

Polymers 2019, 11(5), 924; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym11050924 - 27 May 2019

Cited by 28 | Viewed by 3961

Abstract

To improve properties such as thermal conductivity, low temperature thermal strain, and creep resistance of ultra-high molar mass polyethylene (UHMMPE) fibers, several researchers have previously undertaken efforts to crosslink these fibers using radiation. Ionizing radiation is commonly used to crosslink bulk UHMMPE in [...] Read more.

To improve properties such as thermal conductivity, low temperature thermal strain, and creep resistance of ultra-high molar mass polyethylene (UHMMPE) fibers, several researchers have previously undertaken efforts to crosslink these fibers using radiation. Ionizing radiation is commonly used to crosslink bulk UHMMPE in other applications, such as artificial joints. However, UHMMPE fibers differ from bulk UHMMPE in that they have a higher crystallinity (approximately 85% to 90%) and are very highly oriented during manufacturing in which the fibers are stretched 50 to 100 times their original length. Thus, the amorphous fraction of the UHMMPE fibers is also highly ordered. Several experiments were conducted to crosslink the UHMMPE fibers using both low dose rate (gamma) and high dose rate (electron beam) irradiation, all in the absence of oxygen. In all cases, the tensile strength of the fiber was greatly reduced by the irradiation. The oxidation index was also measured for the irradiated samples, and oxidation was not found to play a major role in the reduction of tensile strength in the fibers after irradiation. While this work did not achieve the desired result of improving the mechanical properties of the UHMMPE fiber, a significant result was found. The electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectrum of the UHMMPE fibers was measured shortly after irradiation, and a mixture of allyl and alkyl radicals were detected. The irradiated samples were stored in dark ambient conditions for at least six years, then reexamined using EPR for free radical characterization. Surprisingly, the gamma-irradiated samples showed clear evidence of long-lived polyenyl radicals present in the material. Free radicals are very reactive species that will typically migrate to the surface of the crystalline domain and decay in a relatively short time through various reactions in the amorphous regions. It is hypothesized herein that due to the high crystallinity and large anisotropy of the highly drawn UHMMPE fiber, the polyenyl radicals were trapped in the crystal phase and were unable to migrate and decay. An experiment was performed to test this hypothesis, by which samples of the irradiated fibers were heated to temperatures above first the alpha relaxation and then melting point of polyethylene, and EPR measurements were taken. Results showed that the polyenyl radical signal persisted below the T_m, but was rapidly eliminated upon melting of the crystals. These experiments support the hypothesis that the long-lived polyenyl radicals are trapped in the crystalline region of the polyethylene fibers. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electron-Beam Irradiation Polymers)

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14 pages, 6307 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Biosourced Disposable Trays Made of Brewer’s Spent Grain and Potato Starch

by Ana M. Ferreira, Jorge Martins, Luísa H. Carvalho and Fernão D. Magalhães

Polymers 2019, 11(5), 923; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym11050923 - 26 May 2019

Cited by 22 | Viewed by 5357

Abstract

Single-use plastic items made of non-biodegradable and fossil-based materials have been identified as a major environmental problem in modern society. Food packaging materials represent an important fraction of these, and replacement with biosourced, sustainable and low-cost alternatives, is a key priority. In the [...] Read more.

Single-use plastic items made of non-biodegradable and fossil-based materials have been identified as a major environmental problem in modern society. Food packaging materials represent an important fraction of these, and replacement with biosourced, sustainable and low-cost alternatives, is a key priority. In the present work, and for the first time, trays suitable for some food packaging applications were produced by the hot-pressing of brewer’s spent grains (BSG, a low added-value byproduct of the beer industry), bound with potato starch. Expanded polystyrene (EPS) trays were used as reference, since this material has been widely used in food packaging trays. The results demonstrated that all trays produced with varying proportions of BSG and potato starch have appropriate flexural strength, with values ranging between 1.51 ± 0.32 MPa, for 80% BSG content, and 2.62 ± 0.46 MPa, for 40% BSG content, which is higher than for EPS, 0.64 ± 0.50 MPa. Regardless of BSG content, flexural strength and modulus decreased significantly after contact with water, due to starch plasticization, attaining values below EPS. Trays produced with 60% BSG, and also with the addition of chitosan and glyoxal presented the highest flexural strength, both before and after contact with water, 3.75 ± 0.52 MPa and 0.44 ± 0.11 MPa, respectively. The latter is reasonably close to the reference value obtained for EPS. Full article

(This article belongs to the Collection Sustainable Polymeric Materials from Renewable Resources)

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17 pages, 3023 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Active Role of ZnO Nanorods in Thermomechanical and Barrier Performance of Poly(vinyl alcohol-co-ethylene) Formulations for Flexible Packaging

by Francesca Luzi, Alessandro Di Michele, Luigi Torre and Debora Puglia

Polymers 2019, 11(5), 922; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym11050922 - 26 May 2019

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 3176

Abstract

Poly(vinyl alcohol-co-ethylene) (EVOH) films containing zinc oxide nanorods (ZnO Nrods) at 0.1, 0.5, and 1 wt%, were realized by solvent casting. The effect of ZnO Nrods content on morphological, thermal, optical, mechanical, and oxygen permeability properties were analyzed. In addition, moisture content and [...] Read more.

Poly(vinyl alcohol-co-ethylene) (EVOH) films containing zinc oxide nanorods (ZnO Nrods) at 0.1, 0.5, and 1 wt%, were realized by solvent casting. The effect of ZnO Nrods content on morphological, thermal, optical, mechanical, and oxygen permeability properties were analyzed. In addition, moisture content and accelerated-aging test studies were performed, with the intention to determine the influence of zinc oxide nanofillers on the functional characteristics of realized packaging systems. Tensile properties showed increased values for strength and deformation-at-break in EVOH-based formulations reinforced with 0.1 and 0.5 wt% of zinc oxide nanorods. Results from the colorimetric and transparency investigations underlined that the presence of ZnO Nrods in EVOH copolymer did not induce evident alterations. In addition, after the accelerated-aging test, the colorimetric test confirmed the possibility for these materials to be used in the packaging sector. This behavior was induced by the presence of zinc oxide nanofillers that act as a UV block that made them useful as an efficient absorber of UV radiation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanostructured Polymers and Nanocomposites)

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17 pages, 3797 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Amylase-Sensitive Polymeric Nanoparticles Based on Dextran Sulfate and Doxorubicin with Anticoagulant Activity

by Nikolay A. Pyataev, Pavel S. Petrov, Olga V. Minaeva, Mikhail N. Zharkov, Oleg A. Kulikov, Axeksandr V. Kokorev, Ekaterina P. Brodovskaya, Ivan A. Yurlov, Ilya V. Syusin, Andrey V. Zaborovskiy and Larisa A. Balykova

Polymers 2019, 11(5), 921; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym11050921 - 25 May 2019

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2953

Abstract

This study looked into the synthesis and study of Dextrane Sulfate–Doxorubicin Nanoparticles (DS–Dox NP) that are sensitive to amylase and show anticoagulant properties. The particles were obtained by the method of solvent replacement. They had a size of 305 ± 58 nm, with [...] Read more.

This study looked into the synthesis and study of Dextrane Sulfate–Doxorubicin Nanoparticles (DS–Dox NP) that are sensitive to amylase and show anticoagulant properties. The particles were obtained by the method of solvent replacement. They had a size of 305 ± 58 nm, with a mass ratio of DS:Dox = 3.3:1. On heating to 37 °C, the release of Dox from the particles was equal to 24.2% of the drug contained. In the presence of amylase, this ratio had increased to 42.1%. The study of the biological activity of the particles included an assessment of the cytotoxicity and the effect on hemostasis and antitumor activity. In a study of cytotoxicity on the L929 cell culture, it was found that the synthesized particles had less toxicity, compared to free doxorubicin. However, in the presence of amylase, their cytotoxicity was higher than the traditional forms of the drug. In a study of the effect of DS–Dox NP on hemostasis, it was found that the particles had a heparin-like anticoagulant effect. Antitumor activity was studied on the model of ascitic Zaidel hepatoma in rats. The frequency of complete cure in animals treated with the DS–Dox nanoparticles was higher, compared to animals receiving the traditional form of the drug. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Engineering and Material Advances in Polymer-Based Drug Delivery Systems)

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18 pages, 3923 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Interactions of Casein and Polypeptides in Multilayer Films Studied by FTIR and Molecular Dynamics

by Lilianna Szyk-Warszyńska, Katarzyna Raszka and Piotr Warszyński

Polymers 2019, 11(5), 920; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym11050920 - 25 May 2019

Cited by 25 | Viewed by 4447

Abstract

Multilayer films containing α- and β-casein and polypeptides, poly-L-lysine (PLL), and poly-L-arginine (PLArg) were formed by the layer-by-layer technique and Fourier Transform InfraRed spectroscopy with Attenuated Total Reflection (FTIR-ATR) and FTIR/Grazing Angle analyzed their infrared spectra. We investigated the changes of conformations of [...] Read more.

Multilayer films containing α- and β-casein and polypeptides, poly-L-lysine (PLL), and poly-L-arginine (PLArg) were formed by the layer-by-layer technique and Fourier Transform InfraRed spectroscopy with Attenuated Total Reflection (FTIR-ATR) and FTIR/Grazing Angle analyzed their infrared spectra. We investigated the changes of conformations of casein and polypeptides in the complexes formed during the build-up of the films. To elucidate the differences in the mechanism of complex formation leading to various growths of (PLL/casein)_n and (PLArg/casein)_n films, we performed the molecular dynamics simulations of the systems consisting of short PLL and PLArg chains and the representative peptide chains—casein fragments, which consists of several aminoacid sequences. The results of the simulation indicated the preferential formation of hydrogen bonds of poly-L-arginine with phosphoserine and glutamic acid residues of caseins. FTIR spectra confirmed those, which revealed greater conformational changes during the formation of casein complex with poly-L-arginine than with poly-L-lysine resulting from stronger interactions, which was also reflected in the bigger growth of (PLArg/casein)_n films with the number of deposited layers. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Selected Papers from ECIS 2018)

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11 pages, 18992 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Cellulose Nanofibrils and Tubular Halloysite as Enhanced Strength Gelation Agents

by Vladimir Vinokurov, Andrei Novikov, Valentina Rodnova, Boris Anikushin, Mikhail Kotelev, Evgenii Ivanov and Yuri Lvov

Polymers 2019, 11(5), 919; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym11050919 - 24 May 2019

Cited by 14 | Viewed by 3361

Abstract

Silica gels are widely employed in water shutoff services, making them an essential tool in oil well management. Silica nanoparticles may serve as a strengthening additive for polymer hydrogels. In this study, we look at this statement from a different angle: What additives [...] Read more.

Silica gels are widely employed in water shutoff services, making them an essential tool in oil well management. Silica nanoparticles may serve as a strengthening additive for polymer hydrogels. In this study, we look at this statement from a different angle: What additives could be used to increase the strength of silica gels? Colloidal silica gels were prepared with various additives, and gel strength was measured by a Veiler–Rebinder apparatus. We found that cellulose nanofibrils considerably increase the gel strength (from 20–25 to 35–40 kPa), which is comparable with the industrial anionic polymer Praestol 2540. Cellulose nanofibrils can be produced from cheap industrial-grade cellulose with low-cost industrial chemicals and could be partially replaced by the even less expensive halloysite nanoclay. Cellulose nanofibrils produced from renewable sources and naturally occurring halloysite nanoclay could be used as complementary reinforcing agents. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Polymer Clay Nano-composites)

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11 pages, 4051 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Complex Permittivity and Microwave Absorption Properties of OPEFB Fiber–Polycaprolactone Composites Filled with Recycled Hematite (α-Fe₂O₃) Nanoparticles

by Ebenezer Ekow Mensah, Zulkifly Abbas, Raba’ah Syahidah Azis, Nor Azowa Ibrahim and Ahmad Mamoun Khamis

Polymers 2019, 11(5), 918; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym11050918 - 24 May 2019

Cited by 13 | Viewed by 3174

Abstract

Recycled hematite (α-Fe₂O₃) nanoparticles with enhanced complex permittivity properties have been incorporated as a filler in a polycaprolactone (PCL) matrix reinforced with oil palm empty fruit bunch (OPEFB) fiber for microwave absorption applications. The complex permittivity values were improved [...] Read more.

Recycled hematite (α-Fe₂O₃) nanoparticles with enhanced complex permittivity properties have been incorporated as a filler in a polycaprolactone (PCL) matrix reinforced with oil palm empty fruit bunch (OPEFB) fiber for microwave absorption applications. The complex permittivity values were improved by reducing the particle sizes to the nano scale via high-energy ball milling for 12 h. A total of 5–20 wt.% recycled α-Fe₂O₃/OPEFB/PCL nanocomposites were examined for their complex permittivity and microwave absorption properties via the open ended coaxial (OEC) technique and the transmission/reflection line measurement using a microstrip connected to a two-port vector network analyzer. The microstructural analysis of the samples included X-ray diffraction (XRD), high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). At 1 GHz, the real (ε′) and imaginary (ε″) parts of complex permittivity of recycled α-Fe₂O₃ particles, respectively, increased from 7.88 to 12.75 and 0.14 to 0.40 when the particle size was reduced from 1.73 μm to 16.2 nm. A minimum reflection loss of −24.2 dB was achieved by the 20 wt.% nanocomposite at 2.4 GHz. Recycled α-Fe₂O₃ nanoparticles are effective fillers for microwave absorbing polymer-based composites in 1–4 GHz range applications. Full article

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22 pages, 6213 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Poly (2-hydroxyethylmethacrylate –co–methylmethacrylate)/Lignocaine Contact Lens Preparation, Characterization, and in vitro Release Dynamic

by Taieb Aouak, Wassem Sharaf Saeed, Nawaf M. Al-Hafi, Abdel-Basit Al-Odayni, Abdulaziz Ali Alghamdi and Idriss Bedja

Polymers 2019, 11(5), 917; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym11050917 - 23 May 2019

Cited by 12 | Viewed by 2953

Abstract

2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate, methylmethacrylate, ethylene glycol dimethyl methacrylate, and lignocaine (drug) were mixed together and the monomers were copolymerized at 60 °C through a free radical polymerization in the presence of α,α′-Azoisobutyronitrile in tetrahydrofuran. A series of copolymer/drug composites with different monoacrylate monomer compositions [...] Read more.

2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate, methylmethacrylate, ethylene glycol dimethyl methacrylate, and lignocaine (drug) were mixed together and the monomers were copolymerized at 60 °C through a free radical polymerization in the presence of α,α′-Azoisobutyronitrile in tetrahydrofuran. A series of copolymer/drug composites with different monoacrylate monomer compositions were prepared by solvent evaporation and characterized by different methods such as nuclear magnetic resonance, differential scanning calorimetry, Fourier transform infrared, X-ray diffraction, and mechanical and optical testing. The water content in the copolymers and the cell viability test on the samples were also examined in this investigation. The results of the analyses of the properties of this drug-carrier system are promising, indicating that this material may be a potential candidate for contact lens applications. The release dynamic of this medication from the prepared drug-carrier systems was investigated in neutral pH media. The results obtained revealed that the diffusion of lignocaine through the copolymer matrix obeys the Fick model and the dynamic release can be easily controlled by the methyl methacrylate content in the copolymer. Full article

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15 pages, 6273 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

PLA Electrospun Scaffolds for Three-Dimensional Triple-Negative Breast Cancer Cell Culture

by Emma Polonio-Alcalá, Marc Rabionet, Xavier Gallardo, David Angelats, Joaquim Ciurana, Santiago Ruiz-Martínez and Teresa Puig

Polymers 2019, 11(5), 916; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym11050916 - 23 May 2019

Cited by 29 | Viewed by 4724

Abstract

Three-dimensional (3D) systems provide a suitable environment for cells cultured in vitro since they reproduce the physiological conditions that traditional cell culture supports lack. Electrospinning is a cost-effective technology useful to manufacture scaffolds with nanofibers that resemble the extracellular matrix that surround cells [...] Read more.

Three-dimensional (3D) systems provide a suitable environment for cells cultured in vitro since they reproduce the physiological conditions that traditional cell culture supports lack. Electrospinning is a cost-effective technology useful to manufacture scaffolds with nanofibers that resemble the extracellular matrix that surround cells in the organism. Poly(lactic acid) (PLA) is a synthetic polymer suitable for biomedical applications. The main objective of this study is to evaluate electrospun (ES)-PLA scaffolds to be used for culturing cancer cells. Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is the most aggressive breast cancer subtype with no validated targeted therapy and a high relapse rate. MDA-MB-231 TNBC cells were grown in scaffolds from two different PLA concentrations (12% and 15% w/v). The appropriateness of ES-PLA scaffolds was evaluated using a cell proliferation assay. EGFR and STAT3 gene expression and protein levels were compared in cells grown in 2D versus in 3D cultures. An increase in STAT3 activation was shown, which is related to self-renewal of cancer stem cells (CSCs). Therefore, the enrichment of the breast CSC (BCSC) population was tested using a mammosphere-forming assay and gene expression of BCSC-related stemness and epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition markers. Based on the results obtained, ES-PLA scaffolds are useful for 3D cultures in short culture periods with no BCSC-enrichment. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Polymer Scaffolds for Biomedical Application)

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20 pages, 6786 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Polyhexamethylene Biguanide:Polyurethane Blend Nanofibrous Membranes for Wound Infection Control

by Anna Worsley, Kristin Vassileva, Janice Tsui, Wenhui Song and Liam Good

Polymers 2019, 11(5), 915; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym11050915 - 22 May 2019

Cited by 22 | Viewed by 5833

Abstract

Polyhexamethylene biguanide (PHMB) is a broad-spectrum antiseptic which avoids many efficacy and toxicity problems associated with antimicrobials, in particular, it has a low risk of loss of susceptibility due to acquired antimicrobial resistance. Despite such advantages, PHMB is not widely used in wound [...] Read more.

Polyhexamethylene biguanide (PHMB) is a broad-spectrum antiseptic which avoids many efficacy and toxicity problems associated with antimicrobials, in particular, it has a low risk of loss of susceptibility due to acquired antimicrobial resistance. Despite such advantages, PHMB is not widely used in wound care, suggesting more research is required to take full advantage of PHMB’s properties. We hypothesised that a nanofibre morphology would provide a gradual release of PHMB, prolonging the antimicrobial effects within the therapeutic window. PHMB:polyurethane (PU) electrospun nanofibre membranes were prepared with increasing PHMB concentrations, and the effects on antimicrobial activities, mechanical properties and host cell toxicity were compared. Overall, PHMB:PU membranes displayed a burst release of PHMB during the first hour following PBS immersion (50.5–95.9% of total released), followed by a gradual release over 120 h (≤25 wt % PHMB). The membranes were hydrophilic (83.7–53.3°), gradually gaining hydrophobicity as PHMB was released. They displayed superior antimicrobial activity, which extended past the initial release period, retained PU hyperelasticity regardless of PHMB concentration (collective tensile modulus of 5–35% PHMB:PU membranes, 3.56 ± 0.97 MPa; ultimate strain, >200%) and displayed minimal human cell toxicity (<25 wt % PHMB). With further development, PHMB:PU electrospun membranes may provide improved wound dressings. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Functional Polyurethanes – In Memory of Prof. József Karger-Kocsis)

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10 pages, 1744 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Polymer Electrolyte Membranes Based on Nafion and a Superacidic Inorganic Additive for Fuel Cell Applications

by Lucia Mazzapioda, Stefania Panero and Maria Assunta Navarra

Polymers 2019, 11(5), 914; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym11050914 - 22 May 2019

Cited by 33 | Viewed by 5180

Abstract

Nafion composite membranes, containing different amounts of mesoporous sulfated titanium oxide (TiO₂-SO₄) were prepared by solvent-casting and tested in proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs), operating at very low humidification levels. The TiO₂-SO₄ additive was originally [...] Read more.

Nafion composite membranes, containing different amounts of mesoporous sulfated titanium oxide (TiO₂-SO₄) were prepared by solvent-casting and tested in proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs), operating at very low humidification levels. The TiO₂-SO₄ additive was originally synthesized by a sol-gel method and characterized through x-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and ion exchange capacity (IEC). Peculiar properties of the composite membranes, such as the thermal transitions and ion exchange capacity, were investigated and here discussed. When used as an electrolyte in the fuel cell, the composite membrane guaranteed an improvement with respect to bare Nafion systems at 30% relative humidity and 110 °C, exhibiting higher power and current densities. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Polymer Electrolytes for Energy Storage and Conversion Devices)

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15 pages, 26397 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effect of Triblock Copolymer on Carbon-Based Boron Nitride Whiskers for Efficient CO₂ Adsorption

by Urooj Kamran, Kyong Yop Rhee and Soo-Jin Park

Polymers 2019, 11(5), 913; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym11050913 - 21 May 2019

Cited by 23 | Viewed by 5823

Abstract

Herein, we investigated novel carbon-containing P123 copolymer-activated boron nitride whiskers (P123-CBNW) fabricated via a structure directing approach followed by a single-step heat treatment under N₂. The resulting materials were found to be highly micro- and mesoporous. The influence of the activating [...] Read more.

Herein, we investigated novel carbon-containing P123 copolymer-activated boron nitride whiskers (P123-CBNW) fabricated via a structure directing approach followed by a single-step heat treatment under N₂. The resulting materials were found to be highly micro- and mesoporous. The influence of the activating agent (P123 copolymer) on the CO₂ adsorption efficiency was determined. The prepared samples possessed high specific surface areas (594–1732 m²/g) and micropore volumes (0.258–0.672 cm³/g). The maximum CO₂ uptakes of the prepared adsorbents were in the range 136–308 mg/g (3.09–7.01 mmol/g) at 273 K and 1 bar and 97–114 mg/g (2.22–4.62 mmol/g) in the following order: CBNW < P123-CBNW3 < P123-CBNW2 < P123-CBNW1 < P123-CBNW0.5. The isosteric heat of adsorption values (∆Q_st) were found to be 33.7–43.7 kJ/mol, demonstrating the physisorption nature of the CO₂ adsorption. Extensive analysis revealed that the presence of carbon, the high specific surface area, the high microporosity, and the chemical structural defects within the adsorbents are responsible for raising the CO₂ adsorption ability and the selectivity over N₂ gas. The fabricated adsorbents show excellent regeneration ability after several repeated adsorption cycles, making the prepared adsorbents promising candidates for gas storage applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Polymers for Energy Storage and Conversion)

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22 pages, 602 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Polymer Science and Engineering Using Deep Eutectic Solvents

by Ana Roda, Ana A. Matias, Alexandre Paiva and Ana Rita C. Duarte

Polymers 2019, 11(5), 912; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym11050912 - 21 May 2019

Cited by 88 | Viewed by 11378

Abstract

The green and versatile character of deep eutectic solvents (DES) has turned them into significant tools in the development of green and sustainable technologies. For this purpose, their use in polymeric applications has been growing and expanding to new areas of development. The [...] Read more.

The green and versatile character of deep eutectic solvents (DES) has turned them into significant tools in the development of green and sustainable technologies. For this purpose, their use in polymeric applications has been growing and expanding to new areas of development. The present review aims to summarize the progress in the field of DES applied to polymer science and engineering. It comprises fundamentals studies involving DES and polymers, recent applications of DES in polymer synthesis, extraction and modification, and the early developments on the formulation of DES–polymer products. The combination of DES and polymers is highly promising in the development of new and ‘greener’ materials. Still, there is plenty of room for future research in this field. Full article

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10 pages, 1971 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Pollutant Absorption as a Possible End-Of-Life Solution for Polyphenolic Polymers

by Thomas Sepperer, Jonas Neubauer, Jonas Eckardt, Thomas Schnabel, Alexander Petutschnigg and Gianluca Tondi

Polymers 2019, 11(5), 911; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym11050911 - 20 May 2019

Cited by 17 | Viewed by 3889

Abstract

Tannin- and lignin-furanic foams are natural porous materials that have attracted high interest in the scientific and industrial communities for their high thermal and fire-resistant properties. However, no interesting solutions have been proposed for the management of their end-life as yet. In this [...] Read more.

Tannin- and lignin-furanic foams are natural porous materials that have attracted high interest in the scientific and industrial communities for their high thermal and fire-resistant properties. However, no interesting solutions have been proposed for the management of their end-life as yet. In this study, the phenolic-furanic powders derived from the foams were analyzed for their capacity to remove different pollutants like neutral, cationic, and anionic organic molecules from wastewater. It was observed that the macromolecules produced from initially bigger fractions were more suitable to remove methylene blue and sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) while contained absorptions were observed for riboflavin. Acidified tannin powders were also prepared to understand the role of the flavonoid in the absorption mechanism. The latter showed outstanding absorption capacity against all of the tested pollutants, highlighting the key-role of the flavonoid fraction and suggesting the limited contribution of the furanic part. All adsorbents were investigated through FT-IR and solid state ¹³C-NMR. Finally, the powders were successfully regenerated by simple ethanol washing, showing almost complete absorption recovery. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bio-Based Polymers for Engineered Green Materials)

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8 pages, 1063 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Role of Surfaces in Gas Transport Through Polymer Membranes

by Giuseppe Firpo, Elena Angeli, Patrizia Guida, Denise Pezzuoli, Diego Repetto, Luca Repetto and Ugo Valbusa

Polymers 2019, 11(5), 910; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym11050910 - 20 May 2019

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 3209

Abstract

This paper describes a procedure to measure the permeability P, diffusivity D, and rate of adsorption k₁, thus determining the solubility S and rate of desorption k₂ of He, N₂, O₂, CH₄, and [...] Read more.

This paper describes a procedure to measure the permeability P, diffusivity D, and rate of adsorption k₁, thus determining the solubility S and rate of desorption k₂ of He, N₂, O₂, CH₄, and CO₂ on a polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) membrane. The described procedure is able to determine experimentally all the physical quantities that characterize the gas transport process through a thin rubber polymer membrane. The experiments were carried out at room temperature and at a transmembrane pressure of 1 atm. The results are in good agreement with the available data in the literature and offer an evaluation of k₁ and k₂. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Gas Transport Behavior of Polymer Films)

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18 pages, 4304 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Flexible Organic Thermoelectric Materials and Devices for Wearable Green Energy Harvesting

by Yinhang Zhang and Soo-Jin Park

Polymers 2019, 11(5), 909; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym11050909 - 20 May 2019

Cited by 65 | Viewed by 7052

Abstract

In the past few decades, organic thermoelectric materials/devices, which can exhibit remarkable potential in green energy conversion, have drawn great attention and interest due to their easy processing, light weight, intrinsically low thermal conductivity, and mechanical flexibility. Compared to traditional batteries, thermoelectric materials [...] Read more.

In the past few decades, organic thermoelectric materials/devices, which can exhibit remarkable potential in green energy conversion, have drawn great attention and interest due to their easy processing, light weight, intrinsically low thermal conductivity, and mechanical flexibility. Compared to traditional batteries, thermoelectric materials have high prospects as alternative power generators for harvesting green energy. Although crystalline inorganic semiconductors have dominated the fields of thermoelectric materials up to now, their practical applications are limited by their intrinsic fragility and high toxicity. The integration of organic polymers with inorganic nanoparticles has been widely employed to tailor the thermoelectric performance of polymers, which not only can combine the advantages of both components but also display interesting transport phenomena between organic polymers and inorganic nanoparticles. In this review, parameters affecting the thermoelectric properties of materials were briefly introduced. Some recently developed n-type and p-type thermoelectric films and related devices were illustrated along with their thermoelectric performance, methods of preparation, and future applications. This review will help beginners to quickly understand and master basic knowledge of thermoelectric materials, thus inspiring them to design and develop more efficient thermoelectric devices. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Polymers for Thermoelectric Applications)

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22 pages, 3070 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Synthetized Potato Starch—A New Eco Sizing Agent for Cotton Yarns

by Stana Kovačević, Ivana Schwarz, Suzana Đorđević and Dragan Đorđević

Polymers 2019, 11(5), 908; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym11050908 - 20 May 2019

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 4471

Abstract

The objective of this research was to verify the feasibility of the use of newly synthesized biopolymer materials for sizing cotton yarns based on the basic principles of chemical modification. Research included acid hydrolysis of potato starch up to controlled molar masses together [...] Read more.

The objective of this research was to verify the feasibility of the use of newly synthesized biopolymer materials for sizing cotton yarns based on the basic principles of chemical modification. Research included acid hydrolysis of potato starch up to controlled molar masses together with graft-polymerization and methacrylic acid onto hydrolyzed starch to improve hydrophilicity and solubility, to increase the capability of film forming, to increase adhesive potential and to avoid retrogradation phenomena. Research objectives were primarily focused on finding an appropriate, environmentally-friendly and productive sizing agent for cotton yarns via the analysis and systematization of a large number of synthesis methods in conjunction with the characterization and properties of graft-copolymers. The research results showed that potassium persulfate initiator was most efficient in grafting of methacrylic acid onto hydrolyzed starch, while azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBIN) initiator was most efficient in grafting of acrylic acid (AC). FTIR analysis confirmed that new and efficient products for sizing cotton yarns from synthetized potato starch were obtained. Research on rheological properties of copolymers shows a higher viscosity of grafted products indicating the good stability of potential starches. Ecological improvements have been established through high desizing degree as well as improvements in physical-mechanical properties of yarn, abrasion resistance and decrease in yarn surface hairiness were noticed. The use of new derivatives of potato starch, especially of hydrolyzed starch grafted with methacrylic acid (MAA), potassium persulfate (KPS) as initiator, was confirmed. Anova statistical analysis determined the influence of the entire sizing process on individual yarn parameters. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Natural Compounds for Natural Polymers)

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11 pages, 3521 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Preparation and Characterization of Microcellulose and Nanocellulose Fibers from Artemisia Vulgaris Bast

by Kai Nie, Yan Song, Shaoyang Liu, Guangting Han, Haoxi Ben, Arthur J. Ragauskas and Wei Jiang

Polymers 2019, 11(5), 907; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym11050907 - 19 May 2019

Cited by 12 | Viewed by 5041

Abstract

Artemisia vulgaris is an economic plant that is spreading widely in central China. Its unused bast generates a large amount of biomass waste annually. Utilizing the fibers in Artemisia vulgaris bast may provide a new solution to this problem. This research attempts to [...] Read more.

Artemisia vulgaris is an economic plant that is spreading widely in central China. Its unused bast generates a large amount of biomass waste annually. Utilizing the fibers in Artemisia vulgaris bast may provide a new solution to this problem. This research attempts to strengthen the understanding of Artemisia vulgaris by analyzing its fiber compositions and preparing micro- and nano-cellulose fibers, which can be used as raw materials for composites. In this work, Artemisia vulgaris bast powder (AP) and microcellulose and nanocellulose fibers (AMFs and ANFs) were produced and characterized by optical microscopy, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermogravimetric analysis (TG), and bacteriostatic test. The results indicated that cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin were the main components in the Artemisia vulgaris bast. The cellulose content reached 40.9%. The Artemisia vulgaris single fibers were microcellulose fibers with an average length of 850.6 μm and a diameter of 14.4 μm. Moreover, the AMF had considerable antibacterial ability with an antibacterial ratio of 36.6%. The ANF showed a length range of 250–300 nm and a diameter of 10–20 nm, and it had a higher crystallinity (76%) and a lower thermal stability (initial degradation temperature of 183 °C) compared with raw ANF (233 °C). This study provides fundamental information on Artemisia vulgaris bast cellulose for its subsequent utilization. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bio-Based Polymers for Engineered Green Materials)

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9 pages, 2354 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Enhanced Stability and Driving Performance of GO–Ag-NW-based Ionic Electroactive Polymer Actuators with Triton X-100-PEDOT:PSS Nanofibrils

by Minjeong Park, Seokju Yoo, Yunkyeong Bae, Seonpil Kim and Minhyon Jeon

Polymers 2019, 11(5), 906; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym11050906 - 19 May 2019

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 4015

Abstract

Ionic electroactive polymers (IEAPs) have received considerable attention for their flexibility, lightweight composition, large displacement, and low-voltage activation. Recently, many metal–nonmetal composite electrodes have been actively studied. Specifically, graphene oxide–silver nanowire (GO–Ag NW) composite electrodes offer advantages among IEAPs with metal–nonmetal composite electrodes. [...] Read more.

Ionic electroactive polymers (IEAPs) have received considerable attention for their flexibility, lightweight composition, large displacement, and low-voltage activation. Recently, many metal–nonmetal composite electrodes have been actively studied. Specifically, graphene oxide–silver nanowire (GO–Ag NW) composite electrodes offer advantages among IEAPs with metal–nonmetal composite electrodes. However, GO–Ag NW composite electrodes still show a decrease in displacement owing to low stability and durability during driving. Therefore, the durability and stability of the IEAPs with metal–nonmetal composite electrodes must be improved. One way to improve the device durability is coating the electrode surface with a protective layer. This layer must have enough flexibility and suitable electrical properties such that it does not hinder the IEAPs’ driving. Herein, a poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)–poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) protective layer and 4-(1,1,3,3-tetramethylbutyl)phenyl-polyethylene glycol (Triton X-100) are applied to improve driving performance. Triton X-100 is a nonionic surfactant that transforms the PEDOT:PSS capsule into a nanofibril structure. In this study, a mixed Triton X-100/PEDOT:PSS protective layer at an optimum weight ratio was coated onto the GO–Ag NW composite-electrode-based IEAPs under various conditions. The IEAP actuators based on GO–Ag NW composite electrodes with a protective layer of PEDOT:PSS treated with Triton X-100 showed the best stability and durability. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Functional Polymers in Sensors and Actuators: Fabrication and Analysis)

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12 pages, 3192 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Hydrosilylation of Reactive Quantum Dots and Siloxanes for Stable Quantum Dot Films

by Changmin Lee, Eunhee Nam, Woosuk Lee and Heeyeop Chae

Polymers 2019, 11(5), 905; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym11050905 - 18 May 2019

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 4163

Abstract

The reactive acrylate-terminated CdZnSeS/ZnS quantum dots (QDs) were designed and prepared by the effective synthetic route to bond with a siloxane matrix via hydrosilylation. The conventional QD with oleic acid ligands does not have any reactivity, so the QDs were functionalized to assign [...] Read more.

The reactive acrylate-terminated CdZnSeS/ZnS quantum dots (QDs) were designed and prepared by the effective synthetic route to bond with a siloxane matrix via hydrosilylation. The conventional QD with oleic acid ligands does not have any reactivity, so the QDs were functionalized to assign reactivity for the QDs by the ligand modification of two step reactions. The oleic acid of the QDs was exchanged for hydroxyl-terminated ligands as an intermediate product by one-pot reaction. The hydroxyl-terminated QDs and acrylate-containing isocyanates were combined by nucleophilic addition reaction with forming urethane bonds and terminal acrylate groups. No degradation in quantum yield was observed after ligand exchange, nor following the nucleophilic addition reaction. The modification reactions of ligands were quantitatively controlled and their molecular structures were precisely confirmed by FT-IR and ¹H-NMR. The QDs with acrylate ligands were then reacted with hydride-terminated polydimethylsiloxane (H-PDMS) to form a QD-siloxane matrix by thermal curing via hydro-silylation for the first time. The covalent bonding between the QDs and the siloxane matrix led to improvements in the stability against oxygen and moisture. Stability at 85 °C and 85% relative humidity (RH) were both improved by 22% for the QD-connected siloxane QD films compared with the corresponding values for conventional QD-embedded poly(methylmethacrylate) (PMMA) films. The photo-stability of the QD film after 26 h under a blue light-emitting diode (LED) was also improved by 45% in comparison with those of conventional QD-embedded PMMA films. Full article

(This article belongs to the Collection Silicon-Containing Polymeric Materials)

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15 pages, 5794 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Molecular Design of Microcapsule Shells for Visible Light-Triggered Release

by Domenico Pirone, Valentina Marturano, Rita Del Pezzo, Susana Fernández Prieto, Todd Underiner, Marta Giamberini and Bartosz Tylkowski

Polymers 2019, 11(5), 904; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym11050904 - 17 May 2019

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 3869

Abstract

The development of photo-responsive capsules to tune and control the sustained-release of encapsulated actives is a fascinating and challenging route to improve the performances and effectiveness of a wide range of delivery applications. In this work, we report the preparation of visible light-responsive [...] Read more.

The development of photo-responsive capsules to tune and control the sustained-release of encapsulated actives is a fascinating and challenging route to improve the performances and effectiveness of a wide range of delivery applications. In this work, we report the preparation of visible light-responsive capsules obtained via oil-in-water interfacial polycondensation between modified diacyl-chloride azobenzene moiety and diamine flexible spacer in the presence of cross-linkers with different structures and functionalities. The effect on the release profile of the encapsulated perfume oil was investigated using three flexible spacers with different lengths (1,8-diaminooctane; 1,6-diaminohexane and 1,4-diaminobutane) and two types of cross-linkers (1,3,5-benzenetricarbonyl trichloride and melamine). We analyzed how the properties of microcapsules can be tailored changing the design of the shell structure. Fine tuning of the perfume release profiles was obtained. The changes in capsules size and morphology due to visible light irradiation were monitored via light scattering, optical microscopy and atomic force microscopy. Perfume release was 50% faster in the systems prepared with melamine as the cross-linker. Modelling studies were carried out to support the discussion of the experimental results. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Photoresponsive Polymeric Materials)

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23 pages, 8840 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Reversible Self-Healing Carbon-Based Nanocomposites for Structural Applications

by Liberata Guadagno, Luigi Vertuccio, Carlo Naddeo, Elisa Calabrese, Giuseppina Barra, Marialuigia Raimondo, Andrea Sorrentino, Wolfgang H. Binder, Philipp Michael and Sravendra Rana

Polymers 2019, 11(5), 903; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym11050903 - 17 May 2019

Cited by 58 | Viewed by 5770

Abstract

Reversible Hydrogen Bonds (RHB) have been explored to confer self-healing function to multifunctional nanocomposites. This study has been carried out through a sequence of different steps. Hydrogen bonding moieties, with the intrinsic ability to simultaneously perform the functions of both hydrogen donors and [...] Read more.

Reversible Hydrogen Bonds (RHB) have been explored to confer self-healing function to multifunctional nanocomposites. This study has been carried out through a sequence of different steps. Hydrogen bonding moieties, with the intrinsic ability to simultaneously perform the functions of both hydrogen donors and acceptors, have been covalently attached to the walls of carbon nanotubes. The epoxy matrix has been modified to adapt the formulation for hosting self-healing mechanisms. It has been toughened with different percentages of rubber phase covalently linked to the epoxy precursor. The most performant matrix, from the mechanical point of view, has been chosen for the incorporation of MWCNTs. Self-healing performance and electrical conductivities have been studied. The comparison of data related to the properties of nanocomposites containing incorporated functionalized and nonfunctionalized MWCNTs has been performed. The values of the electrical conductivity of the self-healing nanocomposites, containing 2.0% by weight of functionalized multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs), range between 6.76 × 10⁻³ S/m and 3.77 × 10⁻² S/m, depending on the nature of the functional group. Curing degrees, glass transition temperatures, and storage moduli of the formulated multifunctional nanocomposites prove their potential for application as functional structural materials. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Polymeric Self-Healing Materials)

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13 pages, 2740 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Electrical Properties of Thiol-ene-based Shape Memory Polymers Intended for Flexible Electronics

by Christopher L. Frewin, Melanie Ecker, Alexandra Joshi-Imre, Jonathan Kamgue, Jeanneane Waddell, Vindhya Reddy Danda, Allison M. Stiller, Walter E. Voit and Joseph J. Pancrazio

Polymers 2019, 11(5), 902; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym11050902 - 17 May 2019

Cited by 23 | Viewed by 5136

Abstract

Thiol-ene/acrylate-based shape memory polymers (SMPs) with tunable mechanical and thermomechanical properties are promising substrate materials for flexible electronics applications. These UV-curable polymer compositions can easily be polymerized onto pre-fabricated electronic components and can be molded into desired geometries to provide a shape-changing behavior [...] Read more.

Thiol-ene/acrylate-based shape memory polymers (SMPs) with tunable mechanical and thermomechanical properties are promising substrate materials for flexible electronics applications. These UV-curable polymer compositions can easily be polymerized onto pre-fabricated electronic components and can be molded into desired geometries to provide a shape-changing behavior or a tunable softness. Alternatively, SMPs may be prepared as a flat substrate, and electronic circuitry may be built directly on top by thin film processing technologies. Whichever way the final structure is produced, the operation of electronic circuits will be influenced by the electrical and mechanical properties of the underlying (and sometimes also encapsulating) SMP substrate. Here, we present electronic properties, such as permittivity and resistivity of a typical SMP composition that has a low glass transition temperature (between 40 and 60 °C dependent on the curing process) in different thermomechanical states of polymer. We fabricated parallel plate capacitors from a previously reported SMP composition (fully softening (FS)-SMP) using two different curing processes, and then we determined the electrical properties of relative permittivity and resistivity below and above the glass transition temperature. Our data shows that the curing process influenced the electrical permittivity, but not the electrical resistivity. Corona-Kelvin metrology evaluated the quality of the surface of FS-SMP spun on the wafer. Overall, FS-SMP demonstrates resistivity appropriate for use as an insulating material. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Polymers for Electronic Applications)

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15 pages, 4793 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Threads Made with Blended Biopolymers: Mechanical, Physical and Biological Features

by Annamaria Visco, Cristina Scolaro, Alberto Giamporcaro, Salvatore De Caro, Elisabetta Tranquillo and Michelina Catauro

Polymers 2019, 11(5), 901; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym11050901 - 17 May 2019

Cited by 17 | Viewed by 3820

Abstract

Poly (Lactic Acid), PLA, and Poly (ε-CaproLactone), PCL, compatibilized with Ethyl Ester l-Lysine Triisocyanate (LTI) can be employed as biomaterials. We mixed PLA with PCL and LTI in a twin extruder and by a melt spinning process obtained threads with an average [...] Read more.

Poly (Lactic Acid), PLA, and Poly (ε-CaproLactone), PCL, compatibilized with Ethyl Ester l-Lysine Triisocyanate (LTI) can be employed as biomaterials. We mixed PLA with PCL and LTI in a twin extruder and by a melt spinning process obtained threads with an average diameter of about 0.3 mm. In order to study the possible application of these threads, mechanical tensile (with the calorimetric and morphological investigations) and biological tests were performed. The results highlighted these biopolymers as promising materials for sutures since they can be rigid and elastic (especially by increasing the PCL amount in the blend), and they are bioactive, able to inhibit bacterial growth. This paper represents a starting point to optimize the blend composition for biomedical suture application. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biomedical Polymer Materials)

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11 pages, 4001 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Stability of Intercalated Sericite by Cetyl Trimethylammonium Ion under Different Conditions and the Preparation of Sericite/Polymer Nanocomposites

by Yu Liang, Dexin Yang, Tao Yang, Ning Liang and Hao Ding

Polymers 2019, 11(5), 900; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym11050900 - 17 May 2019

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 3043

Abstract

Layered silicates are suitable for use as fillers in nanocomposites based on their particular features, such as large aspect ratio, easy availability, and chemical resistance. Among them, sericite is distinguished for its higher aspect ratio, higher resilience, and ultraviolet shielding and absorption. Previously, [...] Read more.

Layered silicates are suitable for use as fillers in nanocomposites based on their particular features, such as large aspect ratio, easy availability, and chemical resistance. Among them, sericite is distinguished for its higher aspect ratio, higher resilience, and ultraviolet shielding and absorption. Previously, sericite was structure-modified and intercalated by CTAB to expand its interlayer space. The intercalated sericite seems promising for use in the fabrication of polymer/sericite composites or pillared sericite. However, special attention should be paid to the stability of the intercalated sericite because the CTAB inside the layer may be de-intercalated, which would affect the interlayer spacing and its surface properties. In this article, the stability of the sericite intercalated by CTAB was tested by changing different variables, such as different washing solvents, different temperatures, ultrasonic cleaning, and different solution conditions. Finally, sericite/polymer nanocomposites were produced with the stable intercalated sericite, and showed excellent properties compared with pure epoxy resin. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Polymer Clay Nano-composites)

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13 pages, 7008 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

TiO₂ NPs Assembled into a Carbon Nanofiber Composite Electrode by a One-Step Electrospinning Process for Supercapacitor Applications

by Bishweshwar Pant, Mira Park and Soo-Jin Park

Polymers 2019, 11(5), 899; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym11050899 - 17 May 2019

Cited by 83 | Viewed by 6011

Abstract

In this study, we have synthesized titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO₂ NPs) into carbon nanofiber (NFs) composites by a simple electrospinning method followed by subsequent thermal treatment. The resulting composite was characterized by state-of-the-art techniques and exploited as the electrode material for supercapacitor [...] Read more.

In this study, we have synthesized titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO₂ NPs) into carbon nanofiber (NFs) composites by a simple electrospinning method followed by subsequent thermal treatment. The resulting composite was characterized by state-of-the-art techniques and exploited as the electrode material for supercapacitor applications. The electrochemical behavior of the as-synthesized TiO₂ NPs assembled into carbon nanofibers (TiO₂-carbon NFs) was investigated and compared with pristine TiO₂ NFs. The cyclic voltammetry and charge–discharge analysis of the composite revealed an enhancement in the performance of the composite compared to the bare TiO₂ NFs. The as-obtained TiO₂-carbon NF composite exhibited a specific capacitance of 106.57 F/g at a current density of 1 A/g and capacitance retention of about 84% after 2000 cycles. The results obtained from this study demonstrate that the prepared nanocomposite could be used as electrode material in a supercapacitor. Furthermore, this work provides an easy scale-up strategy to prepare highly efficient TiO₂-carbon composite nanofibers. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electrospun Nanofibers: Theory and Its Applications)

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