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Special Issue "Enteroviruses 2023"

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A special issue of Viruses (ISSN 1999-4915). This special issue belongs to the section "Human Virology and Viral Diseases".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 15 April 2023 | Viewed by 3514

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Dr. Szu-Hao Kung

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Department of Biotechnology and Laboratory Science in Medicine, National Yang Ming University, Taipei 11221, Taiwan
Interests: viral pathogenesis and immunology; enterovirus; antiviral agents
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

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Dear Colleagues,

Enteroviruses (EVs) are small nonenveloped RNA viruses belonging to the genus Enterovirus and family Picornaviridae. They comprise polioviruses, coxsackieviruses A and B, echoviruses, numbered enteroviruses, and rhinoviruses. EV infections mainly cause mild diseases such as hand, foot, and mouth disease and herpangina. However, severe complications including meningoencephalitis, myocarditis, and acute flaccid paralysis may occur, particularly in infants and young children. Although enteroviruses constitute a major clinical and public concern, antiviral agents approved for their clinical treatment are lacking. Apart from vaccines against EV-A71 recently marked in China, there are currently no effective vaccines to prevent non-polio EVs.

In this Special Issue, we call for papers on both fundamental and applied aspects of enterovirus biology. We welcome all types of manuscripts (e.g., reviews, research articles, and short communications), including novel findings with respect to molecular mechanisms of replication, pathogenicity and host-virus interactions that may pave the way for the development of therapeutics and vaccines against EV infections.

Dr. Szu-Hao Kung
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Viruses is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

enterovirus
viral replication
viral pathogenicity
host-virus interaction
antiviral agents
viral vaccine

Published Papers (4 papers)

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Research

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Open AccessArticle

A Neonatal Murine Model for Caprine Enterovirus Infection and the Viral Tissue Tropism

and

Viruses 2023, 15(2), 475; https://doi.org/10.3390/v15020475 - 08 Feb 2023

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Abstract

As the first caprine enterovirus identified from goat herds characterized by severe diarrhea with a high morbidity and mortality rate, the underlying pathogenesis and tissue tropism for CEV-JL14 remains largely unknown. Here, we reported the establishment of a neonatal murine model for caprine enterovirus and the unveiling of the tissue tropism and underlying pathogenesis for CEV-JL14 enterovirus. Susceptible murine strains, the infective dose, the infective routes, viral loads, and tissue tropism for CEV-JL14 infection were determined. The findings showed that ICR mice were susceptible to CEV-JL14 infection via all infection routes. Tissue viral load analysis showed that CEV-JL14 was detected in almost all tissues including the heart, liver, spleen, lung, kidney, intestine, brain, and muscle, with significantly higher viral loads in the heart, liver, lung, kidney, and intestine. These results revealed the pattern of viral load and tropism for CEV-JL14 and provided a model system for elucidating the pathogenesis of CEV-JL14 viruses. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Enteroviruses 2023)

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Open AccessArticle

Replication Activities of Major 5′ Terminally Deleted Group-B Coxsackievirus RNA Forms Decrease PCSK2 mRNA Expression Impairing Insulin Maturation in Pancreatic Beta Cells

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Viruses 2022, 14(12), 2781; https://doi.org/10.3390/v14122781 - 13 Dec 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 691

Abstract

Emergence of 5′ terminally deleted coxsackievirus-B RNA forms (CVB-TD) have been associated with the development of human diseases. These CVB-TD RNA forms have been detected in mouse pancreas during acute or persistent experimental infections. To date, the impact of the replication activities of CVB-TD RNA forms on insulin metabolism remains unexplored. Using an immunocompetent mouse model of CVB3/28 infection, acute and persistent infections of major CVB-TD populations were evidenced in the pancreas. The inoculation of mice with homogenized pancreases containing major CVB-TD populations induced acute and chronic pancreatic infections with pancreatitis. In the mouse pancreas, viral capsid protein 1 (VP1) expression colocalized with a decrease in beta cells insulin content. Moreover, in infected mouse pancreases, we showed a decrease in pro-hormone convertase 2 (PCSK2) mRNA, associated with a decrease in insulin plasmatic concentration. Finally, transfection of synthetic CVB-TD50 RNA forms into cultured rodent pancreatic beta cells demonstrated that viral replication with protein synthesis activities decreased the PCSK2 mRNA expression levels, impairing insulin secretion. In conclusion, our results show that the emergence and maintenance of major CVB-TD RNA replicative forms in pancreatic beta cells can play a direct, key role in the pathophysiological mechanisms leading to the development of type 1 diabetes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Enteroviruses 2023)

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Open AccessArticle

Construction of a Vero Cell Line Expressing Human ICAM1 for the Development of Rhinovirus Vaccines

Wouter Johannes Petrus van den Braak

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Viruses 2022, 14(10), 2235; https://doi.org/10.3390/v14102235 - 12 Oct 2022

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Abstract

Human rhinoviruses (HRVs) are small non-enveloped RNA viruses that belong to the Enterovirus genus within the Picornaviridae family and are known for causing the common cold. Though symptoms are generally mild in healthy individuals, the economic burden associated with HRV infection is significant. A vaccine could prevent disease. The Vero-cell-based viral vaccine platform technology was considered for such vaccine development. Unfortunately, most HRV strains are unable to propagate on Vero cells due to a lack of the major receptor of HRV group A and B, intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM1, also known as CD54). Therefore, stable human ICAM1 expressing Vero cell clones were generated by transfecting the ICAM1 gene in Vero cells and selecting clones that overexpressed ICAM1 on the cell surface. Cell banks were made and expression of ICAM1 was stable for at least 30 passages. The Vero_ICAM1 cells and parental Vero cells were infected with four HRV prototypes, B14, A16, B37 and A57. Replication of all four viruses was detected in Vero_ICAM1, but not in the parental Vero cells. Altogether, Vero cells expressing ICAM1 could efficiently propagate the tested HRV strains. Therefore, ICAM1-expressing cells could be a useful tool for the development and future production of polyvalent HRV vaccines or other viruses that use ICAM1 as a receptor. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Enteroviruses 2023)

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Review

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Open AccessReview

EV-A71 Mechanism of Entry: Receptors/Co-Receptors, Related Pathways and Inhibitors

Kanghong Hu

Rominah Onintsoa Diarimalala

Chenguang Yao

Hanluo Li

and

Yanhong Wei

Viruses 2023, 15(3), 785; https://doi.org/10.3390/v15030785 - 18 Mar 2023

Viewed by 642

Abstract

Enterovirus A71, a non-enveloped single-stranded (+) RNA virus, enters host cells through three stages: attachment, endocytosis and uncoating. In recent years, receptors/co-receptors anchored on the host cell membrane and involved in this process have been continuously identified. Among these, hSCARB-2 was the first receptor revealed to specifically bind to a definite site of the EV-A71 viral capsid and plays an indispensable role during viral entry. It actually acts as the main receptor due to its ability to recognize all EV-A71 strains. In addition, PSGL-1 is the second EV-A71 receptor discovered. Unlike hSCARB-2, PSGL-1 binding is strain-specific; only 20% of EV-A71 strains isolated to date are able to recognize and bind it. Some other receptors, such as sialylated glycan, Anx 2, HS, HSP90, vimentin, nucleolin and fibronectin, were discovered successively and considered as “co-receptors” because, without hSCARB-2 or PSGL-1, they are not able to mediate entry. For cypA, prohibitin and hWARS, whether they belong to the category of receptors or of co-receptors still needs further investigation. In fact, they have shown to exhibit an hSCARB-2-independent entry. All this information has gradually enriched our knowledge of EV-A71’s early stages of infection. In addition to the availability of receptors/co-receptors for EV-A71 on host cells, the complex interaction between the virus and host proteins and various intracellular signaling pathways that are intricately connected to each other is critical for a successful EV-A71 invasion and for escaping the attack of the immune system. However, a lot remains unknown about the EV-A71 entry process. Nevertheless, researchers have been continuously interested in developing EV-A71 entry inhibitors, as this study area offers a large number of targets. To date, important progress has been made toward the development of several inhibitors targeting: receptors/co-receptors, including their soluble forms and chemically designed compounds; virus capsids, such as capsid inhibitors designed on the VP1 capsid; compounds potentially interfering with related signaling pathways, such as MAPK-, IFN- and ATR-inhibitors; and other strategies, such as siRNA and monoclonal antibodies targeting entry. The present review summarizes these latest studies, which are undoubtedly of great significance in developing a novel therapeutic approach against EV-A71. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Enteroviruses 2023)

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