Journal Description
Sustainability
Sustainability
is an international, peer-reviewed, open-access journal on environmental, cultural, economic, and social sustainability of human beings, published semimonthly online by MDPI. The Canadian Urban Transit Research & Innovation Consortium (CUTRIC), International Council for Research and Innovation in Building and Construction (CIB) and Urban Land Institute (ULI) are affiliated with Sustainability and their members receive discounts on the article processing charges.
- Open Access— free for readers, with article processing charges (APC) paid by authors or their institutions.
- High Visibility: indexed within Scopus, SCIE and SSCI (Web of Science), GEOBASE, GeoRef, Inspec, AGRIS, RePEc, CAPlus / SciFinder, and other databases.
- Journal Rank: JCR - Q2 (Environmental Studies) / CiteScore - Q1 (Geography, Planning and Development)
- Rapid Publication: manuscripts are peer-reviewed and a first decision is provided to authors approximately 18.8 days after submission; acceptance to publication is undertaken in 3.6 days (median values for papers published in this journal in the second half of 2023).
- Recognition of Reviewers: reviewers who provide timely, thorough peer-review reports receive vouchers entitling them to a discount on the APC of their next publication in any MDPI journal, in appreciation of the work done.
- Testimonials: See what our editors and authors say about Sustainability.
- Companion journals for Sustainability include: World, Sustainable Chemistry, Conservation, Future Transportation, Architecture, Standards, Merits and Wind.
Impact Factor:
3.9 (2022);
5-Year Impact Factor:
4.0 (2022)
Latest Articles
Owning versus Renting a Home—Prospects for Generation Z
Sustainability 2024, 16(11), 4715; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16114715 (registering DOI) - 31 May 2024
Abstract
The Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) include sustainable cities and communities. The availability of housing for young people is a contemporary global problem, and the severity of housing problems for young people in many countries is widely discussed and raises important policy questions. Generation
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The Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) include sustainable cities and communities. The availability of housing for young people is a contemporary global problem, and the severity of housing problems for young people in many countries is widely discussed and raises important policy questions. Generation Z, described as digital, critical, adventurous, open-minded and, above all, mobile people, is now entering adulthood. The study attempted to identify the housing preferences of young people to determine whether they prefer renting a flat or owning one. Although generation Z differs from older generations in many respects, their perception of the housing issue does not differ significantly from the attitudes presented by older generations. The dominant model of the housing system in Poland, the non-commodified-familial model, which prefers ownership over renting, is also shared by the youngest generation. Hence, the conclusion addressed to the public authorities and the financing system is to enable the expansion of the credit offer supported by a long-term savings plan aimed at young people. Renting as an alternative way of securing housing needs is also perceived positively, with nearly 80% of respondents stating that they would be able to live in rented accommodation, mainly due to greater mobility, rising property prices and reluctance to take out a long-term loan. Hence, we suggest the need to support institutional renting along the lines of other countries with similar housing systems.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Policy Frameworks for Sustainable Development: Balancing Energy, Environmental, Social, and Techno Economic Dimensions)
Open AccessArticle
Investigation of the Mechanical Behaviors of Sustainable Green Reactive Powder Concrete Produced Using Ferrochrome Slag and Waste Fiber
by
Ibrahim Atlı and Metin Ipek
Sustainability 2024, 16(11), 4714; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16114714 (registering DOI) - 31 May 2024
Abstract
Abstract: Reactive powder concrete (RPC) is a new generation concrete with high strength, used in special structures, and its use is increasing day by day. In this study, instead of using high-strength aggregates typically used in RPC, wastes released in ferrochrome production
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Abstract: Reactive powder concrete (RPC) is a new generation concrete with high strength, used in special structures, and its use is increasing day by day. In this study, instead of using high-strength aggregates typically used in RPC, wastes released in ferrochrome production were used. In addition, the possibility of using fibers obtained from end-of-life automobile tires (ELT), instead of the micro steel fibers typically used in RPC, was investigated. Thus, sustainable green reactive powder concrete (GRPC), the material which is obtained from waste materials except the binder and chemical additive, has been developed. As ferrochrome wastes, olivine, serpentine, rum, slag, and pure waste were used as powder and aggregate in GRPC. Firstly, in GRPC without fiber, the physical and mechanical properties of ferrochrome wastes were examined by using different ratios. Then, the optimum mixture was selected, and different ratios of industrial steel and ELT fiber were added to this mixture. As a result, the compressive strength of GRPC using olivine and pure waste (ferrochrome slag) is close to the reference RPC. However, it is 28% more economical. The flexural strength of the samples with a 4% addition of industrial or ELT fiber increased by 182% and 213%, respectively, compared to the reference sample without fiber. With the use of 4% ELT fiber (by volume) in GRPC, the flexural strength increased by 11% compared to the use of industrial steel fiber. In terms of cost, with the use of ferrochrome waste and ELT fiber, GRPC was 48% more economical. When examined in terms of the flexural and compressive unit strength cost, GRPC was approximately 41% more economical. As a result of this study, high-performance concrete with high mechanical properties that is economical, sustainable, and environmentally friendly has been produced by evaluating the use of waste materials.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Waste and Recycling)
Open AccessArticle
Sustainable Governance for Promotional Market Competitiveness in Chinese Airports after COVID-19
by
Yongrok Choi, Siyu Li and Wenying Zhao
Sustainability 2024, 16(11), 4713; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16114713 - 31 May 2024
Abstract
Like many countries, China’s airports faced severe operational challenges after the COVID-19 outbreak. However, this predicament has been better mitigated by the Chinese government’s strong support for the aviation industry. However, whether this supportive policy can ensure the sustainable development of the industry
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Like many countries, China’s airports faced severe operational challenges after the COVID-19 outbreak. However, this predicament has been better mitigated by the Chinese government’s strong support for the aviation industry. However, whether this supportive policy can ensure the sustainable development of the industry needs to be further evaluated. In order to better understand the role of government promotional policies, this paper attempts to explore the driving mechanisms behind the sustainable development performance of Chinese airports. Using the bootstrap Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) methodology, this study evaluates the operational efficiency of 43 major airports over the period from 2015 to 2022. The efficiency scores are compared with the regional distributions of supply and demand factors, as well as the different sizes based on their annual passenger throughput. The overall operational efficiency showed a fluctuating trend of an initial increase followed by a decline due to COVID-19, with significant regional disparities in airport efficiency. Regional differences are evident, with the eastern region having the highest efficiency value of 0.719, while the central region has the lowest efficiency of 0.594. The findings show that airports in the eastern region perform the best due to the proactive market support with rapidly increasing logistics demand, while airports in the west and northeast regions supported by the strong promotional policies follow closely in terms of operational efficiency. In contrast, airports in the central region are much less efficient due to the lack of market or policy support. To analyze more precisely this conflict on the governance, further analyses show that airport size also has a significant impact on the operational efficiency. Larger airports are typically more efficient, while smaller airports are less efficient, implying the market demand is slightly better to promote the airport operational efficiency than the promotional policies. These findings help us to gain a deeper understanding of the mechanism in the sustainable governance behind the operational efficiency of airports and suggest that more market-oriented appropriate policy direction is required to enhance the competitiveness of the aviation industry. These findings offer valuable insights for policymakers and stakeholders of the developing countries as well, underlining the necessity not for supply-driven policies, but for the demand–pull efforts to optimize resource allocation and adapt to evolving market dynamics.
Full article
Open AccessArticle
Disassemblability Assessment of Power Electronic Converters for Improved Circularity
by
Tugce Turkbay Romano, Li Fang, Thècle Alix, Maud Rio, Julien Mélot, Fabrice Serrano, Pierre Lefranc, Yves Lembeye, Nicolas Perry and Jean-Christophe Crébier
Sustainability 2024, 16(11), 4712; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16114712 - 31 May 2024
Abstract
Power Electronics Converters (PEC) play a crucial role in the operation of many modern electrical systems and devices. Despite their widespread use, the lack of an efficient and cost-effective disassembly process can limit their repairability, refurbishability, remanufacturability and, ultimately, recyclability, thus hindering the
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Power Electronics Converters (PEC) play a crucial role in the operation of many modern electrical systems and devices. Despite their widespread use, the lack of an efficient and cost-effective disassembly process can limit their repairability, refurbishability, remanufacturability and, ultimately, recyclability, thus hindering the circularity of products. In order to improve their circularity, it is important to assess their ease of disassembly. Therefore, this paper investigates the applicability of the “ease of Disassembly Metric” (eDiM), which is referenced in the material efficiency standards, Benelux repairability assessment method, and Repair Scoring System (RSS), to analyze the ease of disassembly of energy-related products. After identifying the limitations of the eDiM method, we refined and adapted it to make it more suitable for Printed Circuit Board (PCB)-based PEC, and thus propose a PCB-based disassemblability assessment method allowing the implementation of quantifiable requirements supporting their circularity. This standardized approach, at the PCB level, can improve the circularity of such products by facilitating design enhancements. With this approach, policymakers and designers can contribute more effectively to the transition to a circular economy in PCB electronics, particularly in the field of power electronics.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Energy Sustainability)
Open AccessArticle
In Situ Stress Paths Applied in Rock Strength Characterisation Result in a More Correct and Sustainable Design
by
Andre Vervoort
Sustainability 2024, 16(11), 4711; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16114711 - 31 May 2024
Abstract
Rock strength is an essential parameter in the design of any underground excavation, and it has become even more relevant as the focus increasingly shifts to sustainable excavations. The heterogeneous nature of rock material makes characterising the strength of rocks a difficult and
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Rock strength is an essential parameter in the design of any underground excavation, and it has become even more relevant as the focus increasingly shifts to sustainable excavations. The heterogeneous nature of rock material makes characterising the strength of rocks a difficult and challenging task. The research results presented in this article compare the impact on the strength when the classic stress paths in laboratory experiments are applied versus when in situ stress paths would be applied. In most laboratory experiments, the rock specimens are free of stress at the beginning of the tests, and the load is increased systematically until failure occurs. Opposite paths occur around an underground excavation; that is, the rock is in equilibrium under a triaxial stress state and at least one stress component decreases while another component may increase. Based on discrete element simulations, the research shows that different stress paths result in different failure envelopes. The impact of this finding is evaluated in the application of wellbore stability (e.g., the minimum or maximum mud weight), whereby it is concluded that failure envelopes, based on stress paths closer to the in situ stress paths, result in a more accurate design. Although the most critical location along the circumference is not different, the required density of the mud is significantly different if the rock strength criteria are based on the more realistic in situ stress paths. This means that a change in the way the strength of rocks is characterised improves the sustainable design of all underground excavations.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advancing Sustainability in Rock Mechanics and Underground Engineering)
Open AccessArticle
To Zone or Not to Zone When Upgrading a Wet Heating System from Gas to Heat Pump for Maximum Climate Impact: A UK View
by
Damon Hart-Davis, Lirong Liu and Matthew Leach
Sustainability 2024, 16(11), 4710; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16114710 - 31 May 2024
Abstract
Domestic heating systems across northern Europe are responsible for a substantial fraction of their countries’ carbon footprints. In the UK, the vast majority of home space heating is via natural gas boilers with `wet’ hydronic radiator systems. Most of those use TRVs (thermostatic
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Domestic heating systems across northern Europe are responsible for a substantial fraction of their countries’ carbon footprints. In the UK, the vast majority of home space heating is via natural gas boilers with `wet’ hydronic radiator systems. Most of those use TRVs (thermostatic radiator valves) for micro-zoning, to avoid overheating, improve comfort and save energy. To meet Net Zero targets, 20 million such UK gas systems may be retrofitted with heat pumps. Heat pump system designers and installers are cautious about retaining TRVs in such systems in part because of worries that TRV temperature setbacks that lower heat demand may raise heat pump electricity demand in a “bad setback effect”, thus wasting energy. This paper presents a new view of heat pump control and provides the first exploration of this issue through the development of a simple physics-based model. The model tests an installation industry claim about the negative effect of TRVs, and finds that though real it should not apply to typical UK retrofits with weather compensation. The energy efficiency benefits of TRVs for older and partly occupied homes, and to keep bedrooms cooler, remain valid. Comfort-seeking householders and installers should know that setting `stiff’ temperature regulation may invoke the bad setback effect and cost dearly in energy and carbon footprint.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Energy Sustainability)
Open AccessArticle
Pollutant Removal Efficiency in a Rainwater Treatment System in Roztocze National Park (Poland)
by
Tadeusz Grabowski, Andrzej Bochniak, Tadeusz Siwiec and Krzysztof Jóźwiakowski
Sustainability 2024, 16(11), 4709; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16114709 - 31 May 2024
Abstract
The aim of this paper was to determine the efficiency of a rainwater treatment installation located near the farm buildings of Roztocze National Park (RNP), Poland. The rainwater treatment system, consisting of two polypropylene filters, one activated carbon filter and a UV lamp,
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The aim of this paper was to determine the efficiency of a rainwater treatment installation located near the farm buildings of Roztocze National Park (RNP), Poland. The rainwater treatment system, consisting of two polypropylene filters, one activated carbon filter and a UV lamp, was examined. Samples of raw and treated rainwater were collected once a month from June to December 2023. The study shows that average efficiency of pollutant removal in the analysed rainwater treatment system was not very high and amounted to 38.8% for ammonia, 29.6% for turbidity, 27.9% for NO2, 19.8% for NO3, and 6.9% for copper. The low efficiency values can be explained by the low concentration of these parameters in rainwater from the tanks. The efficiency of removing microbiological contaminants was very high and ranged from approximately 98% to 100%. It was shown that the UV lamp ensures very good disinfection of rainwater. The study shows that rainwater treated using filtration and disinfection (UV lamp) can be used for watering the Polish Konik horses living in the park, as well as for washing vehicles, watering green areas, or flushing toilets. The present findings can be used in the design of a new system for managing rainwater that is planned to be built in the RNP’s Animal Breeding Centre, as well as to prepare other rainwater systems, especially in protected areas.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Innovative Technologies and Materials for Sustainable Wastewater Treatment and Resource Recovery)
Open AccessArticle
Exploring and Predicting Landscape Changes and Their Driving Forces within the Mulan River Basin in China from the Perspective of Production–Living–Ecological Space
by
Yunrui Zhou, Linsheng Wen, Fuling Wang, Chaobin Xu, Aifang Weng, Yuying Lin and Baoyin Li
Sustainability 2024, 16(11), 4708; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16114708 - 31 May 2024
Abstract
With rapid economic development and urban expansion, China faces a serious imbalance between production, living, and ecological land use, in which the erosion of water ecological space by urban expansion is especially notable. In order to alleviate or solve this imbalance, this study
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With rapid economic development and urban expansion, China faces a serious imbalance between production, living, and ecological land use, in which the erosion of water ecological space by urban expansion is especially notable. In order to alleviate or solve this imbalance, this study constructs the water ecological space in the Mulan River Basin based on national land spatial planning using remote sensing statistics and the 2000–2020 statistical yearbooks for the Mulan River Basin. A landscape index is applied to explore this landscape in terms of its production–living–ecological space (PLES) patterns and evolutionary characteristics. Factors affecting the drivers of PLES changes are analyzed through Geo-Detector, and predictions are made using the cellular automata Markov (CA-Markov) model. It was found that (1) PLES distribution patterns in the Mulan River Basin from 2000 to 2020 are dominated by non-watershed ecological spaces, with a significant expansion of living space. Its ecological space is shrinking, and there is significant spatial variation between its near-river and fringe areas. (2) Of the PLES conversions, the most dramatic conversions are those of production space and living space, with 81.14 km2 of production space being transferred into living space. Non-water ecological space and water ecological space are also mainly transferred into production space. (3) As shown by the results of the landscape index calculation, non-water ecological space in the Mulan River Basin is the dominant landscape, the values of the Shannon diversity index (SHDI) and Shannon homogeneity index (SHEI) are small, the overall level of landscape diversity is low, the aggregation index (AI) is high, and the degree of aggregation is obvious. (4) The progressive PLES changes in the Mulan River Basin are influenced by a combination of natural geographic and socioeconomic factors, with the mean population density and mean elevation being the most important factors affecting PLES changes among social and natural factors, respectively. (5) The Kappa coefficient of the CA-Markov model simulation is 0.8187, showing a good simulation accuracy, and it is predicted that the area of water ecological space in the Mulan River Basin will increase by 3.66 km2 by 2030, the area of production space and non-water ecological space will further decrease, and the area of construction land will increase by 260.67 km2. Overall, the aquatic ecological space in the Mulan River Basin has made progress in terms of landscape ecological protection, though it still faces serious erosion. Therefore, attaching importance to the restoration of the water ecological space in the Mulan River Basin, integrating multiple elements of mountains, water, forests, fields, and lakes, optimizing the spatial structure of its PLES dynamics, and formulating a reasonable spatial planning policy are effective means of guaranteeing its ecological and economic sustainable development. This study offers recommendations for and scientific defenses of the logical design of PLES spatial functions in the Mulan River Basin.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Development in Sustainable Water Management: Processes, Barriers, Protection and Future Perspectives)
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Open AccessArticle
Circular Economy Approach: Recycling Toner Waste in Cement-Based Construction Materials
by
Rocio Peralta Ring, Gisela Cordoba, Natalia Delbianco, Carla Priano and Viviana Rahhal
Sustainability 2024, 16(11), 4707; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16114707 - 31 May 2024
Abstract
Based on a waste generated survey by companies in the area of the city of Bahia Blanca (Argentina), the possibility of incorporating part of them in a Portland cement matrix was examined. Among the waste is toner (TW), which is obtained from cartridges
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Based on a waste generated survey by companies in the area of the city of Bahia Blanca (Argentina), the possibility of incorporating part of them in a Portland cement matrix was examined. Among the waste is toner (TW), which is obtained from cartridges used in photocopiers, laser printers, and faxes. This paper aims to analyze the physical and mechanical properties of cement pastes and mortars using toner as a Portland cement replacement compared to a reference sample without toner. The mixes were made with 2.5, 5, 10, and 15 wt.% replacement of cement by toner, and it was measured the flow, normal consistency, setting time, calorimetry, and Frattini test in pastes and mechanical strengths in mortars employing standardized tests. Also, an analysis of the leachate in the curing water was carried out after 56 days to look for contaminating materials. The replacement of up to 5% cement with toner did not produce substantial alterations in the final setting time or mechanical properties. No heavy metals were found in the leachate, so TW can be immobilized in a cementitious matrix as it does not cause leaching above the established limits. Therefore, TW from a local industry can be used in construction materials and could contribute to a reduction of up to 14% of CO2 emissions with a cement replacement of 15% in cement-based materials.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Waste Management and Recycling for Achieving a Circular Economy)
Open AccessArticle
Stability Grade Evaluation of Slope with Soft Rock Formation in Open-Pit Mine Based on Modified Cloud Model
by
Gongyong Wu, Xingxin Nie, Xin Zhang, Ming Yang and Guangbin Shi
Sustainability 2024, 16(11), 4706; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16114706 - 31 May 2024
Abstract
In recent years, the frequent occurrence of slope failures has brought the issue of slope problems to the forefront of widespread public concern, which significantly impedes progress toward the secure and sustainable development of open-pit mines. And, high and steep slopes of weak
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In recent years, the frequent occurrence of slope failures has brought the issue of slope problems to the forefront of widespread public concern, which significantly impedes progress toward the secure and sustainable development of open-pit mines. And, high and steep slopes of weak rock strata, being a more complex type of slope, pose a greater potential for danger. In order to ensure the reliability of the safety evaluation results of the high and steep open-pit slope containing soft rocks, an evaluation index system with quantized grade intervals was created based on the thought of an analytic hierarchy process, and the MATLAB R2021a was used to calculate the numerical characteristic values of the cloud model. Then, a standard stability cloud model based on cloud theory was established. With the opening pit mine as an example, its slope stability practice cloud image was generated and the similarity between this image and the grades of the cloud model was calculated through the ECM algorithm to effectively identify the stability and verify the scientificity and validity of the model. The results show that the similarity between the practice cloud image and the standard stability cloud image for the total evaluation of the stability of an open-pit mine is 0.021, 0.279, 0.594, and 0.106, respectively. The slope stability is at grade C, which is basically consistent with the numerical simulation and the analysis results of the traditional limit equilibrium method, verifying that the model is scientific and effective to a certain extent. The method provides substantial guidance to ensure production safety in this specific open-pit mine. It provides ideas and means for other similar complex slope stability analysis and prevention. Meanwhile, it promotes the safe and sustainable development of open-pit mines.
Full article
Open AccessArticle
Strategies and Tools for Small- and Medium-Sized Enterprises (SMEs) to Move toward Green Operations: The Case of the Taiwan Metal Industry
by
Chun-Hung Cheng, Bau-Jen Tang and Yea-Rong Cheng
Sustainability 2024, 16(11), 4705; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16114705 - 31 May 2024
Abstract
Net-zero carbon reduction has become a global supply chain development trend, and the EU has established CBAM regulations. Industries that fail to effectively reduce carbon emissions will face operational challenges under these regulations. For SMEs, carbon reduction is crucial for sustainable operations. To
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Net-zero carbon reduction has become a global supply chain development trend, and the EU has established CBAM regulations. Industries that fail to effectively reduce carbon emissions will face operational challenges under these regulations. For SMEs, carbon reduction is crucial for sustainable operations. To address this challenge, governments worldwide are formulating relevant policies and investing resources to help SMEs enhance their competitiveness. In Taiwan, the metal industry has an export ratio exceeding 45%, making it a significant global production base for metal products. This study conducted a green operational transformation survey on 230 SMEs in Taiwan’s metal industry. The Taiwanese government has devised a comprehensive carbon reduction approach for the metal industry, which includes environmental facilities, digital technology introduction, process and production technology improvement, resource recycling, and energy conversion as strategies and tools for promoting carbon reduction. According to this study, the aforementioned five promotion strategies have become essential tools for SMEs in their carbon reduction efforts. This study utilized a one-way ANOVA, Pearson correlation analysis, and simple regression analysis, all of which demonstrated significant correlations among these tools. These findings can serve as a reference for other partner countries, accelerating the global industry’s transition toward green operations.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Corporate Governance in Business and Management)
Open AccessArticle
Unveiling the Energy Transition Process of Xinjiang: A Hybrid Approach Integrating Energy Allocation Analysis and a System Dynamics Model
by
Xingyuan Yang, Honghua Yang, Maximilian Arras, Chin Hao Chong, Linwei Ma and Zheng Li
Sustainability 2024, 16(11), 4704; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16114704 - 31 May 2024
Abstract
The Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region (Xinjiang), being a rapidly developing region and a comprehensive energy base, plays an important role in China’s low-carbon energy transition. This paper attempts to develop a hybrid approach integrating energy allocation analysis, Logarithmic Mean Divisia Index (LMDI) decomposition,
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The Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region (Xinjiang), being a rapidly developing region and a comprehensive energy base, plays an important role in China’s low-carbon energy transition. This paper attempts to develop a hybrid approach integrating energy allocation analysis, Logarithmic Mean Divisia Index (LMDI) decomposition, and a system dynamics (SD) model to identify the driving factors of the energy system’s changes during 2005–2020, and to analyze future scenarios of the energy system from 2020 to 2060. The results indicate that in 2005–2020, coal and electricity consumption increased sharply, due to the expansion of the chemical and non-ferrous metal industries. Meanwhile, the natural gas flow also expanded greatly because of the construction of the Central Asia pipeline and the increase in local production. In the baseline scenario, energy-related carbon emissions (ERCE) will peak in 2046 at 628 Mt and decrease to 552 Mt in 2060. With a controlled GDP growth rate and an adjusted industrial structure, ERCE will peak in 2041 at 565 Mt and decrease to 438 Mt in 2060. With a controlled energy intensity and an adjusted energy structure, ERCE will peak in 2039 at 526 Mt and decrease to 364 Mt in 2060. If all policy measures are adopted, ERCE will peak in 2035 at 491 Mt and decrease to 298 Mt in 2060.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Role of Management Science in Supporting Sustainable Energy Systems and a Carbon-Neutral Society)
Open AccessArticle
Assessing the Impact of Agricultural Drought on Yield over Maize Growing Areas, Free State Province, South Africa, Using the SPIand SPEI
by
Vuwani Makuya, Weldemichael Tesfuhuney, Mokhele E. Moeletsi and Zaid Bello
Sustainability 2024, 16(11), 4703; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16114703 - 31 May 2024
Abstract
Maize (Zea mays L.) is an essential crop in South Africa serving as a staple food; however, agricultural drought threatens its production, resulting in lower yields. This study aimed to assess the impact of agricultural drought on maize yield in the major
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Maize (Zea mays L.) is an essential crop in South Africa serving as a staple food; however, agricultural drought threatens its production, resulting in lower yields. This study aimed to assess the impact of agricultural drought on maize yield in the major areas (Bethlehem, Bloemfontein, and Bothaville) that produce maize in the Free State Province from 1990 to 2020. The study used the Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) and Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI) to examine drought occurrences and severity during the maize growing season (October–March). The Standardized Yield Residuals Series (SYRS), Crop Drought Resilient Factor (CDRF), Spearman’s Rank Correlation (rs), and yield loss rate were employed to emphasize agricultural drought impact on maize yield. The results based on the SPI and SPEI show that drought frequently occurred in Bethlehem, followed by Bloemfontein and Bothaville. Drought severity indicated that moderate droughts were prevalent in Bethlehem, while severe droughts were in all areas (Bethlehem, Bloemfontein, and Bothaville) and extreme droughts in Bloemfontein. The agricultural drought’s impact on maize varied across growth seasons and areas. Notably, the lowest SYRS value of −2.38 (1991/92) was observed in Bethlehem. An extremely strong significant correlation (rsSPEI-6 vs SYRS = 0.83, p = 1.07 × 10−8) was observed between the SPEI and SYRS in Bloemfontein during the October–November–December–January–February–March (ONDJFM) season. The CDRF indicated that maize yield was severely non-resilient (CDRF < 0.8) to drought in Bethlehem (CDRF = 0.27) and Bloemfontein (CDRF = 0.33) and resilient (CDRF = 1.16) in Bothaville. The highest maize yield loss of −88.62% was observed in Bethlehem due to extreme agricultural drought. The results suggest that, historically, agricultural drought was a threat to maize production in the studied areas, particularly in Bethlehem and Bloemfontein. This underscores the implementation of sustainable agricultural practices, such as drought-resistant varieties in these areas, to mitigate the impacts of climate change, especially drought, and ensure food security. This is a step toward achieving Sustainable Development Goal 2 (Zero Hunger).
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Agricultural Drought and Climate Change: Drought Indices, Impacts, and Projections)
Open AccessArticle
Find the Plant—An Educational Game Fosters Plant Species Literacy
by
Petra Lindemann-Matthies, Eve Heber and Martin Remmele
Sustainability 2024, 16(11), 4702; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16114702 - 31 May 2024
Abstract
Plants play a key role in achieving the UN Sustainable Development Goals, which call for a plant-aware and plant-knowledgeable public. This study investigated whether a non-digital educational game supplementary to a lecture on plant diversity can foster plant species literacy in student teachers
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Plants play a key role in achieving the UN Sustainable Development Goals, which call for a plant-aware and plant-knowledgeable public. This study investigated whether a non-digital educational game supplementary to a lecture on plant diversity can foster plant species literacy in student teachers of biology and environmental science students (n = 78). The 100 species of the lecture were displayed on playing cards together with their scientific names, plant families and symbols for further information. Two players alternately had to find out which plant their opponent had in hand by asking yes/no questions about possible characteristics of the species. Participation in the game was voluntary and took place in students’ free time. Before the game, interest in plants was moderately high and perceived competence to recognize plants was low. Students enjoyed playing the game and increased their interest in plants, their perceived competence to identify plants by species-specific morphological characteristics, and their actual plant species knowledge, as shown by an identification test on campus. A combination of a lecture and an accompanying game can thus be recommended to promote plant species literacy in higher education.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Sustainable Education and Approaches)
Open AccessArticle
The (Building) Stones of Venice under Threat: A Study about Their Deterioration between Climate Change and Land Subsidence
by
Gloria Zaccariello, Elena Tesser, Rebecca Piovesan and Fabrizio Antonelli
Sustainability 2024, 16(11), 4701; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16114701 - 31 May 2024
Abstract
Cultural heritage assets face significant threats from climate change and land subsidence, leading to extensive social, economic, and environmental losses, and damage to artistic and monumental heritage in Italian coastal cities. In particular, addressing these challenges in the Venetian context necessitates the development
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Cultural heritage assets face significant threats from climate change and land subsidence, leading to extensive social, economic, and environmental losses, and damage to artistic and monumental heritage in Italian coastal cities. In particular, addressing these challenges in the Venetian context necessitates the development of an adaptation plan for the lagoon area and the identification of targeted intervention strategies to preserve cultural and territorial heritage. To address these objectives, a systematic study was conducted to investigate the deterioration patterns exhibited by the most representative lithologies used in Venetian buildings. Thirty samples of five carbonate stone varieties subjected to natural aging were monitored in six different areas of Venice’s historic center and on Torcello Island, selected based on altimetry relative to tidal zero and exposure to environmental forces. An integrated multi-analytical approach was employed to identify and map macro- and micro-morphologies of stone surfaces related to chemical weathering and physical decay. Stones underwent evaluation during nine monitoring periods using various tests (ultrasound P-wave velocity and colorimetric measures) and analyses (µX-Ray Fluorescence, X-ray powder diffraction, stereomicroscope observations, and recognition of biological patinas). Data processing aimed to elucidate how microclimate and intrinsic stone features influence the occurrence and progression of deterioration phenomena. From the experimental findings, a Stone Deterioration Index and Intervention Procedures (SDIi) were proposed to estimate deterioration rates and assess the need for targeted intervention through conservative actions.
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(This article belongs to the Section Tourism, Culture, and Heritage)
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Open AccessArticle
Research on the Impact of Digital Inclusive Finance on Green Innovation of SMEs
by
Chunli Du, Min Hu, Tao Wang and Mirakhimova Dilafruz Dilmurod Kizi
Sustainability 2024, 16(11), 4700; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16114700 - 31 May 2024
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Green innovation is an effective driving force for high-quality development in the new era. As a new financial service model, digital inclusive finance provides a new way to solve the financing dilemma of green innovation. In order to investigate the impact of digital
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Green innovation is an effective driving force for high-quality development in the new era. As a new financial service model, digital inclusive finance provides a new way to solve the financing dilemma of green innovation. In order to investigate the impact of digital financial inclusion on the green innovation of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs), based on the panel data of SMEs in China from 2011 to 2021, this paper empirically tested the influence and mechanism of the two by using the panel fixed effect model and threshold regression model. The findings demonstrate that digital inclusive finance is effective in promoting the green innovation of SMEs and alleviates their financing constraints. The digitization level of digital inclusive finance also has a significant positive and non-linear effect of increasing “marginal effect” on the green innovation of SMEs. Notably, it has a greater significant role in driving green innovation for non-state-owned enterprises, enterprises located in the central and western regions, and SMEs with dispersed equity. Consequently, several policy implications are derived from these findings, which can provide a sustained impetus to help SMEs carry out green innovation activities and also provide a scientific basis for governments to improve digital financial inclusion policies and achieve economic equity.
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Open AccessArticle
The Proof Is in the Pudding: How Does Environmental, Social, and Governance Assurance Shape Non-Professional Investors’ Investment Preferences? Evidence from China
by
Yingxue Gao and Yan Chen
Sustainability 2024, 16(11), 4699; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16114699 - 31 May 2024
Abstract
In this research, we conducted 1 × 3 and 2 × 2 between-subject experiments to delve into the impacts of ESG assurance, the assurance presentation mode, and the depth of assured ESG indicators on the investment inclination of non-professional investors. Our empirical findings
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In this research, we conducted 1 × 3 and 2 × 2 between-subject experiments to delve into the impacts of ESG assurance, the assurance presentation mode, and the depth of assured ESG indicators on the investment inclination of non-professional investors. Our empirical findings illuminated that non-professional investors exhibited a stronger inclination to invest in companies endorsed with ESG assurance compared to those lacking such endorsement. Furthermore, we observed that this inclination was heightened by presenting the ESG assurance report separately from the ESG report and by enriching the assured ESG indicators. Mediation analysis underscored that the influence of ESG assurance on the investment willingness of non-professional investors operated through its effect on their perception of companies’ ESG performances. This study stands as a valuable addition to the literature on non-financial information disclosure, shedding light on the pivotal role of ESG assurance.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Corporate Governance in Business and Management)
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Planning and Perceptions: Exploring Municipal Officials’ Views on Residents’ Climate Preparedness
by
Linn Rabe and Rolf Lidskog
Sustainability 2024, 16(11), 4698; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16114698 - 31 May 2024
Abstract
In Sweden, municipalities and municipal planning are central to the government’s preparedness for climate-related risks, as municipalities are the organizations that will largely have to adapt to and prepare for climate change. However, there is little government guidance in the form of clearly
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In Sweden, municipalities and municipal planning are central to the government’s preparedness for climate-related risks, as municipalities are the organizations that will largely have to adapt to and prepare for climate change. However, there is little government guidance in the form of clearly formulated policies, policy objectives, and detailed regulations to support municipalities in this work. In practice, municipal officials are tasked with developing climate preparedness, including facilitating citizen awareness of the need to prepare for climate-related risks. By exploring the local level of Swedish public administration, which in practice has to deal with different and sometimes divergent understandings of a situation and who should manage it, the paper explores the implications of officials’ meaning-making about local risk governance. An exploratory approach to risk governance and meaning-making rationality is used to examine Swedish municipal officials’ views of citizens’ climate crisis preparedness and the motives and barriers they perceive the citizens to have in developing this preparedness. An interview study is conducted with 23 officials in 5 municipalities. Based on the results, the paper discusses the implications of the perception that citizens have no constructive role to play in the work to better prepare municipalities for climate change. The paper concludes by discussing how officials’ meaning-making rationality needs to be addressed in the development of robust climate preparedness.
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Analysis of Spatial Distribution and Spillover Effects of Fertilizer Application Intensity in Inner Mongolia, China
by
Benna Da, Yunhua Wu and Wuyuntana Bao
Sustainability 2024, 16(11), 4697; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16114697 - 31 May 2024
Abstract
The overuse of fertilizers has caused significant environmental pollution. In this paper, we aim to improve fertilizer utilization and promote sustainable agricultural development. Based on panel data at the flag (county) level in Inner Mongolia from 2001 to 2020, we analyzed the spatial
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The overuse of fertilizers has caused significant environmental pollution. In this paper, we aim to improve fertilizer utilization and promote sustainable agricultural development. Based on panel data at the flag (county) level in Inner Mongolia from 2001 to 2020, we analyzed the spatial heterogeneity and correlation of fertilizer application intensity using a two-stage nested Theil index and Moran’s I, and employed a Durbin model to elucidate its spatial spillover effects. The results show that overall disparities in fertilizer application intensity showed a decreasing trend, with league (city) disparities being the main reason for the overall disparities. In terms of spatial patterns, there is a positive spatial correlation between flags (counties), with the western region exhibiting a “high-high” type that gradually shifts towards the eastern region, particularly the cities of Tongliao and Chifeng. The central and eastern regions exhibit a “low-low” type. Future endeavors to decrease fertilizer application intensity are mainly focused on establishing “high-high” clusters. Policymakers should leverage these spatial interactions to diminish fertilizer usage and mitigate environmental pollution. Farmers, affluence, agricultural economic development, and grain yield positively influence fertilizer application intensity while agricultural modernization and land size have negative effects. All these factors demonstrate significant spatial spillover effects.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue Environmental Pollution Control and Treatment towards Soil Health and Sustainable Development)
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Expressway Vehicle Trajectory Prediction Considering Historical Path Dependencies
by
Shukun Lai, Hongke Xu, Fumin Zou, Yongyu Luo, Zerong Hu and Huan Zhong
Sustainability 2024, 16(11), 4696; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16114696 - 31 May 2024
Abstract
The prediction of expressway vehicle trajectories is a crucial aspect in the development of intelligent expressways. This paper proposes a novel approach, namely the W-GRU-Attention (WGA) model, which utilizes ETC transaction data to predict trajectory selection based on historical traffic paths and previous
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The prediction of expressway vehicle trajectories is a crucial aspect in the development of intelligent expressways. This paper proposes a novel approach, namely the W-GRU-Attention (WGA) model, which utilizes ETC transaction data to predict trajectory selection based on historical traffic paths and previous passed gantry information. In this study, we apply the concept of word embedding models to extract contextual semantics from the historical trajectories on expressways. Additionally, we introduce an average pooling technique for converting the historical vehicle trajectory into a fixed-length Historical Trajectory Vector (HTV), enabling us to capture dependency relationships within experience paths. By combining proximity gantry vectors during transit, we accurately predict the next gantry location. Finally, our proposed method is evaluated using a real-world expressway ETC dataset. It achieves an impressive accuracy rate of 96.14% in capturing the relationship between historical trajectories and adjacent gantries, surpassing other models in path prediction.
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(This article belongs to the Section Sustainable Transportation)
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