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Emerging Technologies in Heating, Ventilation, Air Conditioning and Refrigeration (HVAC&R)...
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Emerging Technologies in Heating, Ventilation, Air Conditioning and Refrigeration (HVAC&R) Systems (Second Volume)

A special issue of Processes (ISSN 2227-9717). This special issue belongs to the section "Energy Systems".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (20 July 2023) | Viewed by 12033

Special Issue Editors

Prof. Dr. Kai-Shing Yang

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Refrigeration, Air Conditioning and Energy Engineering, National Chin-Yi University of Technology Taiwan, Taichung 41170, Taiwan
Interests: two-phase flow; heat exchanger; condensation; frosting
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Prof. Dr. Jin-Cherng Shyu

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung 80778, Taiwan
Interests: thermo-fluid; energy conversion; thermal management; fuel cells
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Ming-Tsang Lee

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Power Mechanical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
Interests: solar thermal energy conversion; mutiscale heat and mass transfer; emerging thermofluid technologies for green buildings
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Heating, ventilation, air conditioning and refrigeration (HVAC&R) systems provide physical environment comfort for the occupants at the expense of the consumption of a huge amount of energy. Researchers have made great efforts to develop novel technologies for both alleviating the impact of operating of HVAC systems on the environment and saving energy. In addition, the current global pandemic has made huge impacts on social activities and the economy, leading to new challenges in the development of HVAC systems and technologies with improved energy efficiency for miscellaneous applications.

Therefore, this Special Issue on “Emerging Technologies in Heating, Ventilation, Air Conditioning and Refrigeration (HVAC&R) Systems” aims to collect and report novel technologies and advances in HVAC&R. Topics include, but are not limited to:

  • Advanced HVAC&R systems and equipment
  • Thermodynamics analysis and energy systems for HVAC&R
  • Novel HVAC&R systems and processes
  • Indoor environmental quality management
  • Experiments and analysis for HVAC&R
  • Simulation approaches and new algorithms for HVAC&R
  • Novel refrigerants and applications
  • Energy efficiency analysis and improvement for HVAC&R
  • Intensive review article on the state-of-the-art of HVAC&R

Prof. Dr. Kai-Shing Yang
Prof. Dr. Jin-Cherng Shyu
Dr. Ming-Tsang Lee
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Processes is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2400 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Published Papers (6 papers)

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Research

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24 pages, 4853 KiB  
Article
Experimental and Simulation Study of the Latest HFC/HFO and Blend of Refrigerants in Vapour Compression Refrigeration System as an Alternative of R134a
by Uma Shankar Prasad, Radhey Shyam Mishra, Ranadip Kumar Das and Hargovind Soni
Processes 2023, 11(3), 814; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr11030814 - 09 Mar 2023
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2061
Abstract
Experimental and simulation investigation of the performance and characteristics of different refrigerants and blends of refrigerants is carried out to replace the existing refrigerant R134a for a vapour compression refrigeration system. The performance of VCRS systems was improved by several researchers by introducing [...] Read more.
Experimental and simulation investigation of the performance and characteristics of different refrigerants and blends of refrigerants is carried out to replace the existing refrigerant R134a for a vapour compression refrigeration system. The performance of VCRS systems was improved by several researchers by introducing the concept of mixing the family of refrigerants with low GWP in the working circuit. This research paper presents the performance results of different refrigerants and blends of refrigerants that can replace the R134a it is also an attempt to cover the mechanism and possible combination of different blends of refrigerants to improve the effectiveness as well as efficiency of the refrigeration system. Detailed analysis of different parameters of heat transfer and predictions of low-GWP refrigerants, including the HFO (hydro fluoro-olefin) class and the HC (hydrocarbon) class through energy and exergy analysis of commercial refrigerants such as R134a is performed. Results are obtained by using an experimental test rig and the input parameters of the experiments are kept the same with the simulation software (CYCLE_D-HX 2.0) and validated with the results to replace R134a. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Emerging Technologies in Heating, Ventilation, Air Conditioning and Refrigeration (HVAC&R) Systems (Second Volume))
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19 pages, 7647 KiB  
Article
150USRT Class R-513A Refrigerant Two-Stage Centrifugal Compressor Design Point and Separation Point Flow Field Simulation Analysis
by Kuo-Shu Hung, Wei-Chung Hsiao, Yi-Chen Li and Yean-Der Kuan
Processes 2023, 11(1), 253; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr11010253 - 12 Jan 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1460
Abstract
This study used computational fluid dynamics for low greenhouse effect refrigerant (R-513A) simulation analysis in the two-stage 150 USRT class oil-free centrifugal refrigerant compressor using integrated part load value (IPLV) and internal flow field. The compressor rotor speed and mass flow rate for [...] Read more.
This study used computational fluid dynamics for low greenhouse effect refrigerant (R-513A) simulation analysis in the two-stage 150 USRT class oil-free centrifugal refrigerant compressor using integrated part load value (IPLV) and internal flow field. The compressor rotor speed and mass flow rate for the IPLV working conditions with various loads were planned using Stage 1 and Stage 2 simulations, respectively. The performance and flow field numerical simulation analyses for the two-stage centrifugal compressor is discussed. This study used Ansys-CFX software for numerical simulation analysis and the conservation form of a 3D steady-state Navier–Stokes equation set with the finite volume discretization method for computation. The computing mode produced better computing efficiency and flexible mesh setting using the k-omega (k-ω) model, which has better computational performance in the near wall boundary layer and low Reynolds number flow field (used as the turbulence model) for simulation. The R-513A refrigerant property setting was calculated using the Soave–Redlich–Kwong gas equation. This study discusses the shaft work, pressure ratio, and isentropic efficiency and also describes the main research findings with the meridional pressure, isentropic efficiency contour maps, and flow field velocity vector diagrams. According to the numerical simulation results, in Stage 1 and Stage 2 simulations, the isentropic efficiency produced the highest numerical results in the 75% load case, which are 88.19% and 89.06%, respectively. The isentropic efficiency decreased to 75.93% and 82.26%, respectively, in the 25% load case. The flow field velocity vector diagram shows that in the 25% load case, there was back-flow field distribution near the impeller shroud. The compressor performance was also analyzed. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Emerging Technologies in Heating, Ventilation, Air Conditioning and Refrigeration (HVAC&R) Systems (Second Volume))
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16 pages, 14760 KiB  
Article
Combining Deep Neural Network with Genetic Algorithm for Axial Flow Fan Design and Development
by Yu-Ling Liu, Elsa Chaerun Nisa, Yean-Der Kuan, Win-Jet Luo and Chien-Chung Feng
Processes 2023, 11(1), 122; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr11010122 - 01 Jan 2023
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2073
Abstract
Axial flow fans are commonly used for a system or machinery cooling process. It also used for ventilating warehouses, factories, and garages. In the fan manufacturing industry, the demand for varying fan operating points makes design parameters complicated because many design parameters affect [...] Read more.
Axial flow fans are commonly used for a system or machinery cooling process. It also used for ventilating warehouses, factories, and garages. In the fan manufacturing industry, the demand for varying fan operating points makes design parameters complicated because many design parameters affect the fan performance. This study combines the deep neural network (DNN) with a genetic algorithm (GA) for axial flow design and development. The characteristic fan curve (P-Q Curve) can be generated when the relevant fan parameters are imported into this system. The system parameters can be adjusted to achieve the required characteristic curve. After the wind tunnel test is performed for verification, the data are integrated and corrected to reduce manufacturing costs and design time. This study discusses a small axial flow fan NACA and analyzes fan features, such as the blade root chord length, blade tip chord length, pitch angle, twist angle, fan diameter, and blade number. Afterwards, the wind tunnel performance test was performed and the fan performance curve obtained. The feature and performance test data were discussed using deep learning. The Python programming language was used for programming and the data were trained repeatedly. The greater the number of parameter data, the more accurate the prediction. Whether the performance condition is met could be learnt from the training result. All parameters were calculated using a genetic algorithm. The optimized fan features and performance were screened out to implement the intelligent fan design. This method can solve many fan suppliers’ fan design problems. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Emerging Technologies in Heating, Ventilation, Air Conditioning and Refrigeration (HVAC&R) Systems (Second Volume))
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24 pages, 11640 KiB  
Article
Correlations Based on Numerical Validation of Oscillating Flow Regenerator
by Kuruchanvalasu Jambulingam Bharanitharan, Sundararaj Senthilkumar, Kuan-Lin Chen, Kuan-Yu Luo and Shung-Wen Kang
Processes 2022, 10(7), 1400; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr10071400 - 18 Jul 2022
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1675
Abstract
Stirling regenerator is one of the emerging heat exchanger systems in the area of cryogenic cooling. Many kinds of research have been conducted to study the efficiency of Stirling regenerators. Therefore, the principles and related knowledge of Stirling refrigerators must be thoroughly understood [...] Read more.
Stirling regenerator is one of the emerging heat exchanger systems in the area of cryogenic cooling. Many kinds of research have been conducted to study the efficiency of Stirling regenerators. Therefore, the principles and related knowledge of Stirling refrigerators must be thoroughly understood to design a regenerator with excellent performance for low-temperature and cryogenic engineering applications. In this study, an experimental setup is developed to estimate the pressure drop of the oscillating flow through two different wire-mesh regenerators, namely, 200 mesh and 300 mesh, for various operating frequencies ranging from 3 (200 RPM) to 10 Hz (600 RPM). Transient, axisymmetric, incompressible, and laminar flow governing equations are solved numerically, and source terms are added in the governing equations with the help of the porous media model and the Ergun semiempirical correlation, assuming that the wire meshes are cylindrical particles arranged uniformly. Simulation results show that the numerical predictions of temporal pressure variation are in reasonably good agreement with those of experimental findings. It is also found that the Ergun correlation works more accurately for higher flow rate conditions. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Emerging Technologies in Heating, Ventilation, Air Conditioning and Refrigeration (HVAC&R) Systems (Second Volume))
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Review

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38 pages, 10912 KiB  
Review
A Comprehensive Review on the Nucleate/Convective Boiling of Low-GWP Refrigerants: Alternatives to HFC Refrigerants
by Qadir Nawaz Shafiq, Jane-Sunn Liaw and Chi-Chuan Wang
Processes 2023, 11(2), 468; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr11020468 - 03 Feb 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1501
Abstract
This review presents the nucleate/convective boiling performance for a variety of important low global warming potential (LGWP) alternatives to commonly used high-global warming potential (GWP) refrigerants (such as R-134a, R404A, and R-410A, etc.). Efforts are stressed on the assessment of their evaporation pressure [...] Read more.
This review presents the nucleate/convective boiling performance for a variety of important low global warming potential (LGWP) alternatives to commonly used high-global warming potential (GWP) refrigerants (such as R-134a, R404A, and R-410A, etc.). Efforts are stressed on the assessment of their evaporation pressure drop and heat transfer coefficient (HTC) characteristics. These alternatives include R-1234ze(Z), R-1234ze(E), R-1233zd (E), R-1234ze(E), R-410A, R-1234yf, and R-513A. The authors investigated the thermo-fluid properties within and outside a tube, mini-channel, micro-fin tube, and plate heat exchanger. The investigation of the numerical, experimental, and simulated results revealed that the evaporation pressure drop and HTC characteristics were dependent on a variety of variables. These factors include the working fluid’s thermodynamics and transport properties, the refrigerant’s mass flux, heat flux, saturation temperature, the vapor quality, the conditions and flow patterns, the orientation of the heating surface, and the geometry (shape, size, and surface area smooth/enhanced) of the heating surface. An expanded LGWP refrigerants, surfaces, and conditions database is needed. Mechanistic models may assist. These models can optimize boiling, anticipate heat transfer, and develop high-performance geometries. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Emerging Technologies in Heating, Ventilation, Air Conditioning and Refrigeration (HVAC&R) Systems (Second Volume))
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34 pages, 7821 KiB  
Review
A Comprehensive Review Regarding Condensation of Low-GWP Refrigerants for Some Major Alternatives of R-134a
by Abhishek Kumar, Miao-Ru Chen, Kuo-Shu Hung, Chung-Che Liu and Chi-Chuan Wang
Processes 2022, 10(9), 1882; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr10091882 - 17 Sep 2022
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2339
Abstract
In this review, the condensation HTCs (heat transfer coefficients) and pressure drop characteristics of some major low-global-warming-potential (GWP) refrigerants alternative to R-134a such as R-1234ze(E), R-1234ze(Z), R-1234yf, R-513A, and R-450A are reviewed. The thermofluids’ characteristics inside/outside a tube, minichannel, microfin tube, and plate [...] Read more.
In this review, the condensation HTCs (heat transfer coefficients) and pressure drop characteristics of some major low-global-warming-potential (GWP) refrigerants alternative to R-134a such as R-1234ze(E), R-1234ze(Z), R-1234yf, R-513A, and R-450A are reviewed. The thermofluids’ characteristics inside/outside a tube, minichannel, microfin tube, and plate heat exchanger are examined. In addition, several other refrigerants attributed to low GWP are also included in the present review. The experimental/numerical/simulation results’ analysis reveals that condensation HTCs and pressure drop characteristics depend on several parameters such as thermodynamics and transport properties of the working fluid, mass flux of the refrigerants, heat flux, saturation temperature, vapor quality, flow patterns, flow conditions, orientation of the condensing geometry, and condensation geometry (shape, size, and smooth/enhanced). Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Emerging Technologies in Heating, Ventilation, Air Conditioning and Refrigeration (HVAC&R) Systems (Second Volume))
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