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Polymers
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Advances in Polymer Based Composite Coatings
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Advances in Polymer Based Composite Coatings

A special issue of Polymers (ISSN 2073-4360). This special issue belongs to the section "Polymer Applications".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (30 November 2020) | Viewed by 35667

Special Issue Editor

Dr. Andreea Groza

E-Mail Website1 Website2
Guest Editor
Low Temperature Plasma Laboratory, National Institute for Laser, Plasma and Radiation Physics, 409 Atomistilor Street, P.O. Box MG 36, Magurele, 077125 Bucharest, Romania
Interests: plasma deposition methods; spectral characterization of deposition plasma; thin films for biomedical applications; biopolymers
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Polymer-based composite coatings represent a class of attractive materials, as they can have multiple applications in biomedical or industrial fields. The development of such novel materials is a continuous challenge, as specific properties of coatings such as high adherence, crystallinity, temperature and corrosion resistance, or high conductivity are demanded. For these achievements, chemical synthesis methods and physical deposition techniques, together with characterization techniques, need to grow by improving their capabilities.

The present Special Issue targets advances in polymer-based composite coatings generation, and characterization techniques for the most novel applications.

Dr. Andreea Groza
Guest Editor

Keywords

  • Polymer-based coatings
  • Composite multilayers for biomedical and technological applications
  • Plasma deposition/surface treatment techniques
  • Chemical synthesis methods

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Published Papers (10 papers)

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Editorial

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3 pages, 145 KiB  
Editorial
Advances in Polymer Based Composite Coatings
by Andreea Groza
Polymers 2021, 13(10), 1611; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym13101611 - 17 May 2021
Viewed by 1608
Abstract
Polymer based composite coatings represent an important class of materials for various applications [...] Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Polymer Based Composite Coatings)

Research

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14 pages, 8947 KiB  
Article
Chitosan–Hydroxyapatite Composite Layers Generated in Radio Frequency Magnetron Sputtering Discharge: From Plasma to Structural and Morphological Analysis of Layers
by Dragana Biliana Dreghici, Bogdan Butoi, Daniela Predoi, Simona Liliana Iconaru, Ovidiu Stoican and Andreea Groza
Polymers 2020, 12(12), 3065; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym12123065 - 21 Dec 2020
Cited by 16 | Viewed by 2851
Abstract
Chitosan–hydroxyapatite composite layers were deposited on Si substrates in radio frequency magnetron sputtering discharges. The plasma parameters calculated from the current–voltage radio frequency-compensated Langmuir probe characteristics indicate a huge difference between the electron temperature in the plasma and at the sample holder. These [...] Read more.
Chitosan–hydroxyapatite composite layers were deposited on Si substrates in radio frequency magnetron sputtering discharges. The plasma parameters calculated from the current–voltage radio frequency-compensated Langmuir probe characteristics indicate a huge difference between the electron temperature in the plasma and at the sample holder. These findings aid in the understanding of the coagulation pattern of hydroxyapatite–chitosan macromolecules on the substrate surface. An increase in the sizes of the spherical-shape grain-like structures formed on the coating surface with the plasma electron number density was observed. The link between the chemical composition of the chitosan–hydroxyapatite composite film and the species sputtered from the target or produced by excitation/ionization mechanisms in the plasma was determined on the basis of X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and residual gas mass spectrometry analysis. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Polymer Based Composite Coatings)
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9 pages, 2688 KiB  
Article
Triboelectric Energy Harvesting of the Superhydrophobic Coating from Dropping Water
by Jiaxuan Niu, Wenjie Xu, Kaiyi Tian, Gang He, Zhengyong Huang and Qiang Wang
Polymers 2020, 12(9), 1936; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym12091936 - 27 Aug 2020
Cited by 18 | Viewed by 3615
Abstract
In this paper, the superhydrophobic coating was prepared by spraying the composites of fluorocarbon emulsion and nanosized silica on the conductive glass sheet for the triboelectric energy harvesting from water droplets. The low surface energy of fluorine in the fluorocarbon emulsion and nanosilica [...] Read more.
In this paper, the superhydrophobic coating was prepared by spraying the composites of fluorocarbon emulsion and nanosized silica on the conductive glass sheet for the triboelectric energy harvesting from water droplets. The low surface energy of fluorine in the fluorocarbon emulsion and nanosilica renders the coating with the static contact angle and sliding angle of 156.2° and 6.74°, respectively. The conductive aluminum tape was attached on the surface of the superhydrophobic coating to complete the circuit constituted with the aluminum electrode, charged superhydrophobic coating, and the conductive glass sheet. During the contact electrification with the bouncing water droplet, the superhydrophobic coating with the aluminum electrode can obtain the electric energy with an open-circuit voltage of 20 V and short-circuit current of 4.5 μA, respectively. While the control device only produced an open-circuit voltage of 0.2 V. The generated power by one drop was enough to light up 16 commercial LEDs. Results demonstrate that the fluorocarbon/silica composite superhydrophobic coating is potentially a strong candidate for scavenging energy in sliding mode from raindrops. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Polymer Based Composite Coatings)
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14 pages, 3990 KiB  
Article
A Green Approach to Modify Surface Properties of Polyurethane Foam for Enhanced Oil Absorption
by Zhi Chien Ng, Rosyiela Azwa Roslan, Woei Jye Lau, Mehmet Gürsoy, Mustafa Karaman, Nora Jullok and Ahmad Fauzi Ismail
Polymers 2020, 12(9), 1883; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym12091883 - 21 Aug 2020
Cited by 18 | Viewed by 3645
Abstract
The non-selective property of conventional polyurethane (PU) foam tends to lower its oil absorption efficiency. To address this issue, we modified the surface properties of PU foam using a rapid solvent-free surface functionalization approach based on the chemical vapor deposition (CVD) method to [...] Read more.
The non-selective property of conventional polyurethane (PU) foam tends to lower its oil absorption efficiency. To address this issue, we modified the surface properties of PU foam using a rapid solvent-free surface functionalization approach based on the chemical vapor deposition (CVD) method to establish an extremely thin yet uniform coating layer to improve foam performance. The PU foam was respectively functionalized using different monomers, i.e., perfluorodecyl acrylate (PFDA), 2,2,3,4,4,4-hexafluorobutyl acrylate (HFBA), and hexamethyldisiloxane (HMDSO), and the effect of deposition times (1, 5 and 10 min) on the properties of foam was investigated. The results showed that all the modified foams demonstrated a much higher water contact angle (i.e., greater hydrophobicity) and greater absorption capacities compared to the control PU foam. This is due to the presence of specific functional groups, e.g., fluorine (F) and silane (Si) in the modified PU foams. Of all, the PU/PHFBAi foam exhibited the highest absorption capacities, recording 66.68, 58.15, 53.70, and 58.38 g/g for chloroform, acetone, cyclohexane, and edible oil, respectively. These values were 39.19–119.31% higher than that of control foam. The promising performance of the PU/PHFBAi foam is due to the improved surface hydrophobicity attributed to the original perfluoroalkyl moieties of the HFBA monomer. The PU/PHFBAi foam also demonstrated a much more stable absorption performance compared to the control foam when both samples were reused for up to 10 cycles. This clearly indicates the positive impact of the proposed functionalization method in improving PU properties for oil absorption processes. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Polymer Based Composite Coatings)
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22 pages, 2863 KiB  
Article
A Refined Theory for Characterizing Adhesion of Elastic Coatings on Rigid Substrates Based on Pressurized Blister Test Methods: Closed-Form Solution and Energy Release Rate
by Yong-Sheng Lian, Jun-Yi Sun, Zhi-Hang Zhao, Shou-Zhen Li and Zhou-Lian Zheng
Polymers 2020, 12(8), 1788; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym12081788 - 10 Aug 2020
Cited by 13 | Viewed by 2080
Abstract
Adhesion between coatings and substrates is an important parameter determining the integrity and reliability of film/substrate systems. In this paper, a new and more refined theory for characterizing adhesion between elastic coatings and rigid substrates is developed based on a previously proposed pressurized [...] Read more.
Adhesion between coatings and substrates is an important parameter determining the integrity and reliability of film/substrate systems. In this paper, a new and more refined theory for characterizing adhesion between elastic coatings and rigid substrates is developed based on a previously proposed pressurized blister method. A compressed air driven by liquid potential energy is applied to the suspended circular coating film through a circular hole in the substrate, forcing the suspended film to bulge, and then to debond slowly from the edge of the hole as the air pressure intensifies, and finally to form a blister with a certain circular delamination area. The problem from the initially flat coating to the stable blistering film under a prescribed pressure is simplified as a problem of axisymmetric deformation of peripherally fixed and transversely uniformly loaded circular membranes. The adhesion strength depends on the delamination area and is quantified in terms of the energy released on per unit delamination area, the so-called energy release rate. In the present work, the problem of axisymmetric deformation is reformulated with out-of-plane and in-plane equilibrium equations and geometric equations, simultaneously improved, and a new closed-form solution is presented, resulting in the new and more refined adhesion characterization theory. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Polymer Based Composite Coatings)
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16 pages, 6461 KiB  
Article
Novel Low-Temperature Chemical Vapor Deposition of Hydrothermal Delignified Wood for Hydrophobic Property
by Rui Yang, Yunyi Liang, Shu Hong, Shida Zuo, Yingji Wu, Jiangtao Shi, Liping Cai, Jianzhang Li, Haiyan Mao, Shengbo Ge and Changlei Xia
Polymers 2020, 12(8), 1757; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym12081757 - 06 Aug 2020
Cited by 20 | Viewed by 3967
Abstract
As a hydrophilic material, wood is difficult to utilize for external applications due to the variable weather conditions. In this study, an efficient, facile, and low-cost method was developed to enhance the hydrophobicity of wood. By applying the low-temperature chemical vapor deposition (CVD) [...] Read more.
As a hydrophilic material, wood is difficult to utilize for external applications due to the variable weather conditions. In this study, an efficient, facile, and low-cost method was developed to enhance the hydrophobicity of wood. By applying the low-temperature chemical vapor deposition (CVD) technology, the polydimethylsiloxane-coated wood (PDMS@wood) with hydrophobic surface was fabricated employing dichlorodimethylsilane as the CVD chemical resource. The result of water contact angle (i.e., 157.3°) revealed the hydrophobic behavior of the PDMS@wood. The microstructures of the wood samples were observed by scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) analysis verified PDMS successfully coated on wood surfaces. The chemical functional groups of the PDMS@wood were investigated by Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) and Raman spectra. The thermogravimetric results indicated the enhanced thermal stability of the wood after PDMS coating. In addition, the stability test of PDMS@wood indicated that the hydrophobicity properties of the PDMS@wood samples were preserved after long-time storage (e.g., 30 days). The scratch test was carried out to examine the abrasion resistance of the hydrophobic coatings on PDMS@wood surface. It was suggested that low-temperature CVD process could be a successful approach for fabricating hydrophobic wood. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Polymer Based Composite Coatings)
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14 pages, 4025 KiB  
Article
Combining Fluorinated Polymers with Ag Nanoparticles as a Route to Enhance Optical Properties of Composite Materials
by Veronica Satulu, Bogdana Mitu, Valentin Ion, Valentina Marascu, Elena Matei, Cristian Stancu and Gheorghe Dinescu
Polymers 2020, 12(8), 1640; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym12081640 - 23 Jul 2020
Cited by 13 | Viewed by 3334
Abstract
Polymer-based nanocomposites have recently received considerable attention due to their unique properties, which makes them feasible for applications in optics, sensors, energy, life sciences, etc. The present work focuses on the synthesis of nanocomposites consisting of a polytetrafluorethylene-like matrix in which metallic nano-silver [...] Read more.
Polymer-based nanocomposites have recently received considerable attention due to their unique properties, which makes them feasible for applications in optics, sensors, energy, life sciences, etc. The present work focuses on the synthesis of nanocomposites consisting of a polytetrafluorethylene-like matrix in which metallic nano-silver are embedded, by using multiple magnetron plasmas. By successively exposing the substrate to separate RF magnetrons using as combination of target materials polytetrafluorethylene (PTFE) and silver, individual control of each deposition process is insured, allowing obtaining of structures in which silver nanoparticles are entrapped in-between two PTFE layers with given thicknesses. The topographical and morphological characteristics investigated by means of Scanning Electron Microscopy and Atomic Force Microscopy techniques evidenced the very presence of Ag nanoparticles with typical dimension 7 nm. The chemical composition at various depositing steps was evaluated through X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy. We show that the presence of the top PTFE layer prevents silver oxidation, while its thickness allows the tailoring of optical properties, as evidenced by spectroellipsometry. The appearance of chemical bonds between silver atoms and PTFE atoms at interfaces is observed, pointing out that despite of pure physical deposition processes, a chemical interaction between the polymeric matrix and metal is promoted by plasma. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Polymer Based Composite Coatings)
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12 pages, 7133 KiB  
Article
Preparation of Electrosprayed, Microporous Particle Filled Layers
by Mohanapriya Venkataraman, Kai Yang, Xiaoman Xiong, Jiri Militky, Dana Kremenakova, Guocheng Zhu, Juming Yao, Yan Wang and Guoqing Zhang
Polymers 2020, 12(6), 1352; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym12061352 - 15 Jun 2020
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2406
Abstract
Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) is a synthetic fluoropolymer known for its excellent hydrophobic properties. In this work, samples from PTFE dispersions with different combinations of water and carbon microparticles were prepared using an electrospraying method. The morphologies and sizes of carbon particles were investigated and [...] Read more.
Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) is a synthetic fluoropolymer known for its excellent hydrophobic properties. In this work, samples from PTFE dispersions with different combinations of water and carbon microparticles were prepared using an electrospraying method. The morphologies and sizes of carbon particles were investigated and the properties of layers including roughness, hydrophobicity and electrical resistivity were investigated. The non-conductive carbon microparticles were selected as a model particle to check the compatibility and electrospraying ability, and it had no effect on the hydrophobic and electrical properties. Carbon microparticles in polymer solution increased the degree of ionization and was found to be beneficial for the shape control of materials. The results showed that PTFE dispersion with the composition of water and carbon microparticles produced fine sphere particles and the layer fabricated with increased roughness. It was also found that the electrical resistivity and hydrophobicity of all the layers comparatively increased. The fabricated microporous layers can be used in various applications like interlining layer in multilayer textile sandwiches. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Polymer Based Composite Coatings)
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16 pages, 2830 KiB  
Article
The Effect of Poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) Length on the Wettability and Surface Chemistry of PEG-Fluoroalkyl-Modified Polystyrene Diblock Copolymers and Their Two-Layer Films with Elastomer Matrix
by Elisa Guazzelli, Giancarlo Galli and Elisa Martinelli
Polymers 2020, 12(6), 1236; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym12061236 - 29 May 2020
Cited by 11 | Viewed by 3332
Abstract
Diblock copolymers composed of a polystyrene first block and a PEG-fluoroalkyl chain-modified polystyrene second block were synthesized by controlled atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP), starting from the same polystyrene macroinitiator. The wettability of the polymer film surfaces was investigated by measurements of static [...] Read more.
Diblock copolymers composed of a polystyrene first block and a PEG-fluoroalkyl chain-modified polystyrene second block were synthesized by controlled atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP), starting from the same polystyrene macroinitiator. The wettability of the polymer film surfaces was investigated by measurements of static and dynamic contact angles. An increase in advancing water contact angle was evident for all the films after immersion in water for short times (10 and 1000 s), consistent with an unusual contraphilic switch of the PEG-fluoroalkyl side chains. Such a contraphilic response also accounted for the retained wettability of the polymer films upon prolonged contact with water, without an anticipated increase in the hydrophilic character. The copolymers were then used as surface-active modifiers of elastomer poly(styrene-b-(ethylene-co-butylene)-b-styrene) (SEBS)-based two-layer films. The elastomeric behavior of the films was varied by using SEBS matrices with different amounts of polystyrene. Whereas the mechanical properties strictly resembled those of the nature of the SEBS matrix, the surface properties were imposed by the additive. The contraphilic switch of the PEG-fluoroalkyl side chains resulted in an exceptionally high enrichment in fluorine of the film surface after immersion in water for seven days. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Polymer Based Composite Coatings)
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Review

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19 pages, 2033 KiB  
Review
Mechanical Properties of Protective Coatings against Marine Fouling: A Review
by Alessandro Pistone, Cristina Scolaro and Annamaria Visco
Polymers 2021, 13(2), 173; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym13020173 - 06 Jan 2021
Cited by 62 | Viewed by 7976
Abstract
The accumulation of marine organisms on ship hulls, such as microorganisms, barnacles, and seaweeds, represents a global problem for maritime industries, with both economic and environmental costs. The use of biocide-containing paints poses a serious threat to marine ecosystems, affecting both target and [...] Read more.
The accumulation of marine organisms on ship hulls, such as microorganisms, barnacles, and seaweeds, represents a global problem for maritime industries, with both economic and environmental costs. The use of biocide-containing paints poses a serious threat to marine ecosystems, affecting both target and non-target organisms driving science and technology towards non-biocidal solutions based on physico-chemical and materials properties of coatings. The review reports recent development of hydrophobic protective coatings in terms of mechanical properties, correlated with the wet ability features. The attention is focused mainly on coatings based on siloxane and epoxy resin due to the wide application fields of such systems in the marine industry. Polyurethane and other systems have been considered as well. These coatings for anti-fouling applications needs to be both long-term mechanically stable, perfectly adherent with the metallic/composite substrate, and capable to detach/destroy the fouling organism. Prospects should focus on developing even “greener” antifouling coatings solutions. These coatings should also be readily addressable to industrial scale-up for large-scale product distribution, possibly at a reasonable cost. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Polymer Based Composite Coatings)
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