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Advances in 3OM: Opto-Mechatronics, Opto-Mechanics, and Optical Metrology
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Advances in 3OM: Opto-Mechatronics, Opto-Mechanics, and Optical Metrology

A special issue of Photonics (ISSN 2304-6732). This special issue belongs to the section "Optoelectronics and Optical Materials".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 December 2022) | Viewed by 19766

Special Issue Editors

Prof. Dr. Virgil-Florin Duma

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Guest Editor
1. 3OM Optomechatronics Group, Faculty of Engineering, Aurel Vlaicu University of Arad, 310130 Arad, Romania
2. Doctoral School, Polytechnic University of Timisoara, 300006 Timisoara, Romania
Interests: optomechatronics; laser systems; imaging techniques; optical coherence tomography (OCT); measuring systems; optical metrology
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Prof. Dr. Guillermo Garcia-Torales

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Departamento de Electro–Fotónica, Centro Universitario de Ciencias Exactas e Ingenierías (C.U.C.E.I.), Universidad de Guadalajara (U. de G.), Blvd. M. García Barragán 1421, Guadalajara 44410, Jalisco, Mexico
Interests: optical metrology; optomechatronics; imaging techniques; optical coherence tomography (OCT); measuring systems; remote sensing instrumentation
Assoc. Prof. Dr. Tomohiko Hayakawa

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Data Science Research Division, Information Technology Center, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
Interests: adaptive optics; high-speed image processing; non-destructive inspection; phosphorescence; optical illusion; active perception

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

This Special Issue is focused on recent advancements in a series of related domains. Opto-mechatronics unites optics and mechatronics, the former being a blend of mechanical engineering, electronics, and IT (including automation issues such as sensors and control structures). Opto-mechanics bridges the gap between the usually high requirements of the optical design of various systems and the technological capabilities and constraints of the mechanical part. It therefore addresses issues such as tolerance, errors, their influence on the functioning of optical devices and systems, and measures to tackle them. Other scopes of both opto-mechanics and opto-mechatronics include, but are not limited to, kinematic, kinetostatic, and dynamic aspects of optical systems with moving parts, such as laser scanners. Finite element analysis (FEA) also has to be carried out for both static and dynamic optical systems, especially with large, relatively heavy, or fast moving elements. For the latter, problems of sensors and control structures also have to be tackled. Such approaches are necessary for a wide range of commercial (such as optical metrology), industrial (such as dimensional measurements or laser manufacturing), and high-end applications, including biomedical imaging or non-destructive testing (NDT) with optical coherence tomography (OCT) or remote sensing.

The aim of this Special Issue encompasses both opto-mechanics and opto-mechatronics, with a range of applications that include but are not limited to optical metrology of the 3OM concept introduced a decade ago. The proposed topics are the development of devices (with analytical approaches, simulations, and/or experiments), their optimization, and their inclusion in dedicated systems for applications.

All types of contributions, i.e., research papers, reviews, and communications, are welcome.

Prof. Dr. Virgil-Florin Duma
Prof. Dr. Guillermo Garcia-Torales
Assoc. Prof. Dr. Tomohiko Hayakawa
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Photonics is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2400 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • opto-mechatronics
  • opto-mechanics
  • optical metrology
  • optical devices
  • laser scanners
  • imaging techniques
  • optical coherence tomography (OCT)
  • non-destructive testing (NDT)
  • analytic approaches
  • finite element analysis (FEA)
  • sensors and control structures
  • numerical simulations
  • experimental studies

Published Papers (9 papers)

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Research

15 pages, 4219 KiB  
Article
Simulation-Based Considerations on the Rayleigh Criterion in Super-Resolution Techniques Based on Speckle Interferometry
by Yasuhiko Arai and Tong Chen
Photonics 2023, 10(4), 374; https://doi.org/10.3390/photonics10040374 - 28 Mar 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1342
Abstract
This study sought to explain the physical phenomenon that eludes the constraints of the Rayleigh criterion in the microstructure observation method using speckle interferometry, for which super-resolution has been experimentally proven; the study was conducted using computer simulations. Separating the light from two [...] Read more.
This study sought to explain the physical phenomenon that eludes the constraints of the Rayleigh criterion in the microstructure observation method using speckle interferometry, for which super-resolution has been experimentally proven; the study was conducted using computer simulations. Separating the light from two light sources in close proximity, which exceeded the Rayleigh criterion under incoherent light, was believed to be impossible. The simulation results, however, showed that when coherent light is used, the separation of two close points is not necessarily impossible if the light phases between the two points are different. Furthermore, the resolution of microstructure observation techniques based on speckle interferometry was discussed. A new interpretation of the Rayleigh criterion in super-resolution techniques based on speckle interferometry was reported. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in 3OM: Opto-Mechatronics, Opto-Mechanics, and Optical Metrology)
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17 pages, 2966 KiB  
Article
Ensquared Energy and Optical Centroid Efficiency in Optical Sensors: Part 1, Theory
by Marija Strojnik, Beethoven Bravo-Medina, Robert Martin and Yaujen Wang
Photonics 2023, 10(3), 254; https://doi.org/10.3390/photonics10030254 - 28 Feb 2023
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1363
Abstract
High-performance megapixel focal plane arrays with small pixels have been widely used in modern optical remote sensing, astronomical, and surveillance instruments. In the prediction models applied in the traditional instrument performance analysis, the image of a point source is assumed to fall on [...] Read more.
High-performance megapixel focal plane arrays with small pixels have been widely used in modern optical remote sensing, astronomical, and surveillance instruments. In the prediction models applied in the traditional instrument performance analysis, the image of a point source is assumed to fall on the center of a detector pixel. A geometrical image of a point source in the realistic optical system may actually fall on any position on the detector pixel because the sensor’s line of sight includes pointing errors and jitter. This traditional assumption may lead to an optimistic error, estimated at between 10% and 20%. We present the critical factors that impact the performance estimate in a realistic instrument design based on the prediction for the noise-equivalent power (NEP). They are the optical centroid efficiency (OCE) and the ensquared energy, or more precisely, the energy on the rectangular detector pixel (EOD). We performed the simulation studies for imaging with an optical system with and without a generalized rectangular central obscuration. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in 3OM: Opto-Mechatronics, Opto-Mechanics, and Optical Metrology)
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12 pages, 3169 KiB  
Communication
Design of a Broadband Fiber Optic Mode Coupler for Multimode Optical Coherence Tomography
by Dora Juan Juan Hu, Linbo Liu, Hui Dong and Hailiang Zhang
Photonics 2023, 10(2), 162; https://doi.org/10.3390/photonics10020162 - 03 Feb 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1845
Abstract
In this paper, we propose an optical fiber-based broadband mode coupler for multimode optical coherence tomography (OCT) in the O-band (1.26–1.36 μm). The proposed device uses a tapered few-mode fiber (FMF) to lower the effective mode index of the selected higher-order mode, which [...] Read more.
In this paper, we propose an optical fiber-based broadband mode coupler for multimode optical coherence tomography (OCT) in the O-band (1.26–1.36 μm). The proposed device uses a tapered few-mode fiber (FMF) to lower the effective mode index of the selected higher-order mode, which can be phase matched to the fundamental mode of the single-mode fiber (SMF). The tapered FMF and the SMF are side polished to reduce the core-to-core separation to achieve efficient mode coupling. Key design parameters such as the tapering ratio of the FMF, FMF core to SMF core separation, coupler length, and coupling ratio in the O-band are studied thoroughly. Higher-order modes of the FMF will be effectively coupled from the fundamental mode of SMF in the sample arm of the multimode OCT system. The reflected signals of the higher-order modes from the sample will be separated into several single-mode signals using the same fiber device before interfering with the reference light, which was not possible before. The proposed fiber device will be a key component to efficiently achieve multimode OCT operation with better signal collection efficiency and improved penetration depth for deep tissue imaging. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in 3OM: Opto-Mechatronics, Opto-Mechanics, and Optical Metrology)
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15 pages, 3725 KiB  
Article
Deformation Measurement of a SS304 Stainless Steel Sheet Using Digital Image Correlation Method
by Appurva Jain, Abhishek Mishra, Vikrant Tiwari, Gurminder Singh, Ravinder Pal Singh and Sunpreet Singh
Photonics 2022, 9(12), 912; https://doi.org/10.3390/photonics9120912 - 28 Nov 2022
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1326
Abstract
The digital image correlation (DIC) method is widely used in deformation measurements as it has the advantages of being a non-contact, high precision method that provides full field measurements, and requires simple experimental equipment. Traditionally, the grayscale speckle patterns captured by a monochromatic [...] Read more.
The digital image correlation (DIC) method is widely used in deformation measurements as it has the advantages of being a non-contact, high precision method that provides full field measurements, and requires simple experimental equipment. Traditionally, the grayscale speckle patterns captured by a monochromatic camera are used in the DIC method. With the growing development of consumer color cameras, there is great potential for developing color information in the DIC method. This paper proposes a displacement- and stress–strain-invariant DIC deformation measurement method based on the integer-pixel matching approach for speckle patterns during a tension test. For the integer-pixel matching stage, the load and displacement and stress–strain-invariant histories feature is used to estimate the initial value of the deformation parameters. In addition, this paper proposes a reverse retrieve strategy, instead of a forward search, to reduce the search time. Experiments show that the proposed DIC deformation measurement approach is not only capable of displacement invariance measurement, with robustness and high efficiency, but also that the average accuracy of the stress–strain result can reach 0.1%. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in 3OM: Opto-Mechatronics, Opto-Mechanics, and Optical Metrology)
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13 pages, 9923 KiB  
Article
Low-Cost 3D-Printed Electromagnetically Driven Large-Area 1-DOF Optical Scanners
by Ching-Kai Shen, Yu-Nung Huang, Guan-Yang Liu, Wei-An Tsui, Yi-Wen Cheng, Pin-Hung Yeh and Jui-che Tsai
Photonics 2022, 9(7), 484; https://doi.org/10.3390/photonics9070484 - 11 Jul 2022
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 1588
Abstract
In this paper, we demonstrate 3D-printed 1-DOF (one torsional axis; 1 degree of freedom) optical scanners with large mirror areas (up to 20 × 20 mm2). Each device consists of an aluminum-coated square silicon substrate serving as the mirror, two miniature [...] Read more.
In this paper, we demonstrate 3D-printed 1-DOF (one torsional axis; 1 degree of freedom) optical scanners with large mirror areas (up to 20 × 20 mm2). Each device consists of an aluminum-coated square silicon substrate serving as the mirror, two miniature permanent magnets, an electromagnet, and a 3D-printed structure including the mirror frame, torsion springs, and base. One device can reach a static half optical scan angle of 14.8 deg., i.e., a full optical scan angle of 29.6 deg., at 12 VDC; this particular device exhibits a mechanical resonance frequency of 84 Hz. These scanners can be a potential, low-cost alternative to the expensive conventional galvanometer scanners. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in 3OM: Opto-Mechatronics, Opto-Mechanics, and Optical Metrology)
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16 pages, 3716 KiB  
Article
Influence of Spatio-Temporal Couplings on Focused Optical Vortices
by Anda-Maria Talposi, Vicentiu Iancu and Daniel Ursescu
Photonics 2022, 9(6), 389; https://doi.org/10.3390/photonics9060389 - 30 May 2022
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 1982
Abstract
Ultra-intense laser pulses with helical phases are of interest in laser-driven charged particle acceleration and related experiments with extreme light. However, such optical vortices can be affected by the presence of residual spatial-temporal couplings. Their field distributions after propagating in free-space and in [...] Read more.
Ultra-intense laser pulses with helical phases are of interest in laser-driven charged particle acceleration and related experiments with extreme light. However, such optical vortices can be affected by the presence of residual spatial-temporal couplings. Their field distributions after propagating in free-space and in the focal plane of an ideal focusing mirror were assessed through numerical modeling, based on the Gaussian decomposition method for a 25 fs pulse with a Supergaussian spatial profile. The wash-out of the central hole in the doughnut-shaped profile in the focal plane corresponds to the rotation of the phase discontinuity. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in 3OM: Opto-Mechatronics, Opto-Mechanics, and Optical Metrology)
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8 pages, 2730 KiB  
Communication
In-Situ Depth Measurement of Laser Micromachining
by Xiaoming Chen, Ying Xu, Nan-Kuang Chen, Shannon Shy and Hsiang-Chen Chui
Photonics 2021, 8(11), 493; https://doi.org/10.3390/photonics8110493 - 04 Nov 2021
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2014
Abstract
Precision laser micromachining plays an important role in the biomedical, electronics, and material processing industries. During laser drilling, precision depth detection with micrometer-level resolution is required, particularly with blind-hole or heterogeneous structures. We present an optical detection system utilizing an optical confocal structure, [...] Read more.
Precision laser micromachining plays an important role in the biomedical, electronics, and material processing industries. During laser drilling, precision depth detection with micrometer-level resolution is required, particularly with blind-hole or heterogeneous structures. We present an optical detection system utilizing an optical confocal structure, experimentally confirmed to achieve a >95% accuracy for micron-diameter holes that are tens-of-microns deep. This system can be easily integrated into commercial laser micromachining processes, and can be employed in laser drilling and three-dimensional active-feedback laser printing. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in 3OM: Opto-Mechatronics, Opto-Mechanics, and Optical Metrology)
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13 pages, 3042 KiB  
Article
Frequency Dependence of a Piezo-Resistive Method for Pressure Measurements of Laser-Induced Shock Waves in Solids
by Ricardo Gonzalez-Romero, Marija Strojnik, Guillermo Garcia-Torales and Gilberto Gomez-Rosas
Photonics 2021, 8(4), 120; https://doi.org/10.3390/photonics8040120 - 12 Apr 2021
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2361
Abstract
A shock wave is a mechanical high-pressure pulse that travels inside a medium with a full width at half-maximum of a few nanoseconds that may be induced with a high-power laser pulse. A piezo-resistive measurement method to determine the shock wave pressure has [...] Read more.
A shock wave is a mechanical high-pressure pulse that travels inside a medium with a full width at half-maximum of a few nanoseconds that may be induced with a high-power laser pulse. A piezo-resistive measurement method to determine the shock wave pressure has been widely employed even though there is inner inaccuracy in the calibration process. We are interested in developing a precise theoretical model of laser material processing for applications in material sciences that includes the frequency dependence of the electronic post processing. We show an approach to determine the correction factor to frequency response at a high frequency of a piezo-resistive experimental setup and the results of the pressure measurements obtained in this experimental setup. The theoretical and experimental work demonstrates the feasibility of piezo-resistive methods to measure a laser-induced shock wave pressure in the nanosecond range. The correction factor of the frequency dependence calibration allows the technique to be applied in different shock wave experiments. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in 3OM: Opto-Mechatronics, Opto-Mechanics, and Optical Metrology)
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18 pages, 6015 KiB  
Article
Reflectivity of Cholesteric Liquid Crystals with an Anisotropic Defect Layer Inside
by Dariusz Grzelczyk and Jan Awrejcewicz
Photonics 2020, 7(3), 58; https://doi.org/10.3390/photonics7030058 - 10 Aug 2020
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2879
Abstract
In this study, first, we numerically investigated the reflectivity of a cholesteric liquid crystal with an anisotropic defect layer inside. To model optical phenomena in the examined system, a 4 × 4 matrix method was employed. The tests were carried out for different [...] Read more.
In this study, first, we numerically investigated the reflectivity of a cholesteric liquid crystal with an anisotropic defect layer inside. To model optical phenomena in the examined system, a 4 × 4 matrix method was employed. The tests were carried out for different thicknesses of the whole system, different thicknesses of the defect layer, as well as different defect layer locations inside the cell. Next, a cholesteric liquid crystal comprising a defect layer and held between two parallel electrical conductors was also considered. In this case, the optical properties of the system could also be adjusted by an external applied electric field. Some interesting simulation results of the reflection coefficient (i.e., the fraction of electromagnetic energy reflected) were obtained, illustrated, and discussed. The simulation results showed a significant influence of both the defect and the external electric field on the selective reflection phenomenon, and the possibility of controlling the shape of the reflection spectrum. Finally, some potential applications of the analyzed optical system were discussed. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in 3OM: Opto-Mechatronics, Opto-Mechanics, and Optical Metrology)
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