Editorial

2 pages, 151 KiB

Open AccessEditorial

Modelling, Test and Practice of Steel Structures

by Zhihua Chen, Hanbin Ge and Siulai Chan

Metals 2022, 12(7), 1212; https://doi.org/10.3390/met12071212 - 18 Jul 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1459

Steel structures have been widely used in civil engineering in recent decades across applications such as large spatial structures, high-rise buildings, and bridges [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Modelling, Test and Practice of Steel Structures)

Research

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19 pages, 15351 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Ductile Fracture Investigation of High-Strength Steel SM570 under Low Stress Triaxiality

by Yan Liu, Shuto Ikeda, Yanyan Liu and Hanbin Ge

Metals 2022, 12(8), 1394; https://doi.org/10.3390/met12081394 - 22 Aug 2022

Viewed by 1538

Abstract

A comprehensive understanding of the fracture behavior of high-strength steel is of great significance for its structural application. In this study, experiments were conducted to investigate the ductile fracture mechanism of high-strength steel SM570, one type of conventional structural steel. Two types of [...] Read more.

A comprehensive understanding of the fracture behavior of high-strength steel is of great significance for its structural application. In this study, experiments were conducted to investigate the ductile fracture mechanism of high-strength steel SM570, one type of conventional structural steel. Two types of shear specimens, one with symmetrical notches and the other with asymmetrical notches, were designed, and by changing the notch angles, a wide range of low-stress triaxiality could be obtained. Based on the discussion of the experimental results, crack initiation, and its propagation up to fracture failure were clarified. Compared with the fracture behavior of SM490 (one type of conventional normal-strength structural steel), the SM570 with higher yield stress has relatively severe stress concentration, the crack initiation appears earlier, and the brittle fracture is more likely to occur. Numerical simulations based on the finite element method (FEM) were performed with ABAQUS to obtain the stress triaxialities and equivalent plastic strain of the symmetrical and asymmetrical specimens. A modified N-VG model with a fracture criterion at a negative and low-stress triaxiality range from −0.6 to 1/3 was proposed for evaluating the fracture behavior of steel SM570. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Modelling, Test and Practice of Steel Structures)

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18 pages, 8978 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Cyclic Performance of Structural Steels after Exposure to Various Heating–Cooling Treatments

by Peng Du, Hongbo Liu and Xuchen Xu

Metals 2022, 12(7), 1146; https://doi.org/10.3390/met12071146 - 05 Jul 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1253

Abstract

The cyclic performance of structural steels after exposure to various elevated temperatures and cooling-down methods was experimentally investigated in this paper. Four types of frequently used structural steels were tested including Chinese mild steel Grade Q235, Chinese high-strength steel Grade Q345, and Chinese [...] Read more.

The cyclic performance of structural steels after exposure to various elevated temperatures and cooling-down methods was experimentally investigated in this paper. Four types of frequently used structural steels were tested including Chinese mild steel Grade Q235, Chinese high-strength steel Grade Q345, and Chinese stainless steel Grade S304 and S316. A total of eighty specimens were prepared using three different heating–cooling processes before being subjected to cyclic loads. The post-fire basic features and hysteretic performances of the four types of structural steels exposed to various target temperatures (100–1000 °C), heat soak times (30 min or 180 min) and cooling-down methods (natural air or water) were recorded and discussed. The results show that all the tested structural steels prepared using different heating–cooling treatments exhibited proper ductility and energy dissipation capacity, while the heat soak times and cooling-down methods had a definite effect on their energy dissipation capacity; no Masing phenomenon was found in the tested structural steels. Finally, a set of skeleton curves were proposed for the four types of structural steels under cyclic loading based on the Ramberg–Osgood model, which could serve as the foundation for the seismic capacity evaluation of steel structures after a fire. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Modelling, Test and Practice of Steel Structures)

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14 pages, 4901 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Structural Stability Analysis of Eye of the Yellow Sea, a Large-Span Arched Pedestrian Bridge

by Zhihua Chen, Hao Lin, Xiaodun Wang, Hongbo Liu, Ken’ichi Kawaguchi and Minoru Matsui

Metals 2022, 12(7), 1138; https://doi.org/10.3390/met12071138 - 03 Jul 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1511

Abstract

To date, scholars’ research on the stability behavior of the arch structure mainly focuses on solid–web section arches, steel tubular truss arches and concrete-filled steel tubular arches, but the stability behavior of the novel spatial grid arch structure, which integrates the characteristics of [...] Read more.

To date, scholars’ research on the stability behavior of the arch structure mainly focuses on solid–web section arches, steel tubular truss arches and concrete-filled steel tubular arches, but the stability behavior of the novel spatial grid arch structure, which integrates the characteristics of grid structure and arch structure, is not yet clear. Based on the Eye of the Yellow Sea pedestrian bridge project in Rizhao, China, the stability behavior of this large-span spatial grid arch structure was studied, in this paper, by the project’s structure design team. The project is a glass covered steel arch pedestrian bridge with a span of 177 m, a height of 63.5 m, an elliptical section with a long axis of 18 m, and a short axis of 13.5 m. The elastic and the nonlinear elasto-plastic stability behavior considering different initial geometric imperfections, was analyzed by the ABAQUS finite element model. The buckling modes and the full-range load-displacement curve of the structure were analyzed, and the stress distribution, deformation mode and overall structural performance during the whole loading process were analyzed. The effects of initial imperfections, geometric nonlinearity and material nonlinearity on the ultimate load-carrying capacity of the structure were studied. The stability behavior of large-span spatial grid arch structure was studied in this paper, which provides an important reference for the design and analysis of such structures. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Modelling, Test and Practice of Steel Structures)

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11 pages, 4498 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Fatigue Analysis of Long-Span Steel Truss Arched Bridge Part I: Experimental and Numerical Study of Orthotropic Steel Deck

by Peng Liu, Yixuan Chen, Hongping Lu, Jian Zhao, Luming An, Yuanqing Wang and Jianping Liu

Metals 2022, 12(7), 1117; https://doi.org/10.3390/met12071117 - 29 Jun 2022

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1837

Abstract

The orthotropic steel deck is sensitive to fatigue, and a number of cracks have been found in existing bridges. Based on the long-span Guangzhou Mingzhu Bay steel arched bridge, this paper focus on the cracking process, fatigue mechanism, and fatigue performance evaluation of [...] Read more.

The orthotropic steel deck is sensitive to fatigue, and a number of cracks have been found in existing bridges. Based on the long-span Guangzhou Mingzhu Bay steel arched bridge, this paper focus on the cracking process, fatigue mechanism, and fatigue performance evaluation of an orthotropic steel bridge deck under traffic load. A finite element model of a three-U-rib and three-span bridge deck was first established to investigate the stress state and the most unfavorable wheel loading position under the longitudinal wheel load. Then, four full-scale single-U-rib specimens were fabricated with high-strength lower alloy structural steel Q370qD in compliance with construction standards. High-cycle loading was subsequently implemented according to the Specification for Design of Highway steel bridge (JTG D64-2015), and the crack initiation, propagation process, and fatigue failure modes were studied. The results showed the stress at structural concern points is larger than in other locations, which was located around 35 mm from the welding seam of the U-rib and the lower end of the diaphragm plate. The Mingzhu Bay steel bridge deck meets the fatigue design requirements. However, the bottom of the welding seam between the U-rib and diaphragm plate is a dangerous fatigue position, and attention should be paid to the welding quality at this position during construction. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Modelling, Test and Practice of Steel Structures)

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16 pages, 3480 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Lateral Buckling of Pipe-in-Pipe Systems under Sleeper-Distributed Buoyancy—A Numerical Investigation

by Zechao Zhang, Zhihua Chen and Hongbo Liu

Metals 2022, 12(7), 1094; https://doi.org/10.3390/met12071094 - 26 Jun 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1530

Abstract

The crude oil in pipelines should remain at high temperature and pressure to satisfy the fluidity requirement of deep-sea oil transportation and consequently lead to the global buckling of pipelines. Uncontrolled global buckling is accompanied by pipeline damage and oil leakage; therefore, active [...] Read more.

The crude oil in pipelines should remain at high temperature and pressure to satisfy the fluidity requirement of deep-sea oil transportation and consequently lead to the global buckling of pipelines. Uncontrolled global buckling is accompanied by pipeline damage and oil leakage; therefore, active buckling control of pipelines is needed. Pipe-in-pipe (PIP) systems have been widely used in deep-sea oil pipelines because of the protection and insulation characteristics of the outer pipe to the inner pipe. In this study, sleeper-distributed buoyancy is used as an active buckling control method for the global buckling of PIP systems with initial imperfections. The accuracy of this technique is verified by comparing the finite element model of a 3D pipeline with experimental data. The effects of buoyancy density, pipe–soil friction coefficient, initial imperfection, stiffness ratio of inner and outer pipes, and buoyancy unit interval on the global buckling performance are also analyzed. The critical buckling force and lateral displacement of this method are studied using an analytic solution, and the relevant calculation formulas are obtained and verified to provide a basis for its engineering application. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Modelling, Test and Practice of Steel Structures)

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17 pages, 10672 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Study on Shear Strength of Partially Connected Steel Plate Shear Wall

by Yuqing Yang, Zaigen Mu and Boli Zhu

Metals 2022, 12(7), 1060; https://doi.org/10.3390/met12071060 - 21 Jun 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1622

Abstract

The paper proposes partially connected steel plate shear walls, in which the infill plates and frames are connected by discretely distributed fish plates at the corners and at the centers. The high lateral resistance of a steel plate shear wall has led to [...] Read more.

The paper proposes partially connected steel plate shear walls, in which the infill plates and frames are connected by discretely distributed fish plates at the corners and at the centers. The high lateral resistance of a steel plate shear wall has led to its widespread use in the design of structural shear resistance. In this paper, finite element models of the partially connected steel plate shear walls are established by the finite element method, and the effect of the different partial connections on the shear strength is firstly investigated. Moreover, the variation of the shear strength with the plate-to-frame connectivity ratio is analyzed numerically, and the effect of the connectivity ratio on the development of the tensile field is studied. Based on the numerical analysis results, the effect of the connectivity ratio on shear strength is evident at low levels. When the connectivity ratio is over 80%, the shear strength of the partially connected steel plate shear wall can reach 95% of that of the fully connected steel plate shear wall. When the connection ratio is at a low level, the advantages of the central connection on the shear strength of the structures are higher than those with corner connections. Furthermore, the fitting formula for the partially connected steel plate shear wall is obtained by changing the connectivity ratio and width-to-height ratio of the examples, which can predict the shear capacity of the partially connected steel plate shear wall with different partial connections. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Modelling, Test and Practice of Steel Structures)

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17 pages, 5098 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Probabilistic Seismic Assessment of CoSPSW Structures Using Fragility Functions

by Zhilun Tan, Qiuhong Zhao, Yu Zhao and Cheng Yu

Metals 2022, 12(6), 1045; https://doi.org/10.3390/met12061045 - 18 Jun 2022

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1334

Abstract

The corrugated steel plate shear wall (CoSPSW) is a new type of steel plate shear wall, in which corrugated wall plates instead of flat wall plates are adopted. The lateral stiffness and shear buckling capacity of the shear wall system could be significantly [...] Read more.

The corrugated steel plate shear wall (CoSPSW) is a new type of steel plate shear wall, in which corrugated wall plates instead of flat wall plates are adopted. The lateral stiffness and shear buckling capacity of the shear wall system could be significantly enhanced, and then, wall plate buckling under gravity loads would be mitigated. This paper presents a study on the probabilistic assessment of the seismic performance and vulnerability of CoSPSWs using fragility functions. The damage states and corresponding repair states of CoSPSWs were first established from experimental data. Then, incremental dynamic analyses were conducted on the CoSPSW structures. The structural and nonstructural fragility functions were developed, based on which the seismic performance and vulnerability of the CoSPSWs were obtained and compared with the conventional steel plate shear walls (SPSWs). It was shown that for various repair states, the 25th percentile PGA of the CoSPSW was always higher than the SPSWs with the same wall thickness and boundary frame, which indicated that the CoSPSW has a lower damage potential and better seismic performance than the SPSW. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Modelling, Test and Practice of Steel Structures)

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11 pages, 5095 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Fatigue Analysis of Long-Span Steel Truss Arched Bridge Part II: Fatigue Life Assessment of Suspenders Subjected to Dynamic Overloaded Moving Vehicles

by Peng Liu, Hongping Lu, Yixuan Chen, Jian Zhao, Luming An, Yuanqing Wang and Jianping Liu

Metals 2022, 12(6), 1035; https://doi.org/10.3390/met12061035 - 17 Jun 2022

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2007

Abstract

In a half-through steel arched bridge, the suspenders are the critical load transfer component that transmits the deck system and traffic load to the arch rib. These suspenders are subjected to traffic and environmental vibrations and are prone to fatigue failure, especially for [...] Read more.

In a half-through steel arched bridge, the suspenders are the critical load transfer component that transmits the deck system and traffic load to the arch rib. These suspenders are subjected to traffic and environmental vibrations and are prone to fatigue failure, especially for overloaded moving vehicles. This paper aims to study the impact of moving vehicles’ overloaded rate on the fatigue performance of suspenders in a long-span three steel truss arch bridge. Based on the Mingzhu Bay steel arch bridge, a 3D finite element bridge model was first established and seven types of moving fatigue vehicle models were considered. Then the stress amplitude and dynamic response of the suspenders on the middle steel truss arch were studied under a standard, 25%, and 50% overloaded moving vehicles load. Following that, the Miner fatigue cumulative damage theory was employed to evaluate the fatigue life of the suspenders. The results show that the short suspenders in the middle steel truss arch have the shortest fatigue life but can still meet the design requirements under the standard load. However, the fatigue life of the suspenders decreases by 20% and 30% when the overloading rate reaches 25% and 50%. The fatigue life cannot meet the design requirement when the overload rate is 50%. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Modelling, Test and Practice of Steel Structures)

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20 pages, 8928 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Mechanical Properties of L-Shaped Column Composed of RAC-Filled Steel Tubes under Eccentric Compression

by Tengfei Ma, Zhihua Chen, Yansheng Du, Ting Zhou and Yutong Zhang

Metals 2022, 12(6), 953; https://doi.org/10.3390/met12060953 - 31 May 2022

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1892

Abstract

In this paper, the eccentric compression test of seven specimens was conducted to explore the application possibility of recycled aggregate concrete (RAC) in L-shaped columns composed of concrete-filled steel tubes (CFST). The main parameter is the replacement ratio of recycled coarse aggregates (RCA), [...] Read more.

In this paper, the eccentric compression test of seven specimens was conducted to explore the application possibility of recycled aggregate concrete (RAC) in L-shaped columns composed of concrete-filled steel tubes (CFST). The main parameter is the replacement ratio of recycled coarse aggregates (RCA), and an L-shaped column of composed hollow steel tubes was set as a control. The test results indicated that the bearing capacity and stiffness of the L-shaped column composed of RAC-filled steel tubes (RACFSTs) are better than those of the L-shaped column composed of hollow steel tubes. The compressive strength of concrete is reduced by 73.1% as the replacement ratio of RCA increases from 0 to 100%, while that of the column is merely reduced by 23.9%. The strength disadvantage of RAC is compensated by the confinement of steel tubes. Besides, the result of the eccentric compression test (80 mm eccentricity) was compared with the axial compression test (0 mm eccentricity). The increase in eccentricity reduced the bearing capacity and ductility due to additional bending moments. The finite element model (FEM) was established by software ANSYS to compare with the experimental results. The bearing capacity deviation of FEM is 4.23~6.56%. The parametric analysis was carried out to summarize the influence of parameters such as eccentricity, material strength, and steel tube thickness. With the increase of eccentricity, the bearing capacity of the RACFST decreases gradually. In engineering design, the bearing capacity of the RACFST can be improved by increasing the strength and thickness of the steel. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Modelling, Test and Practice of Steel Structures)

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13 pages, 4140 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Reliability Analysis Framework of Ship Local Structure Based on Efficient Probabilistic Simulation and Experimental Data Fusion

by Shuming Xiao, Yang Han, Yi Zhang, Qikun Wei, Yifan Wang, Na Wang, Haodong Wang, Jingxi Liu and Yan Liu

Metals 2022, 12(5), 805; https://doi.org/10.3390/met12050805 - 06 May 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1662

Abstract

This paper presents a comprehensive framework for the reliability analysis of ship local structures. Existing reliability analysis of ship local structures relies on empirical analysis without experimental validation. The presented framework improves the probabilistic simulation process by combining finite element analysis and the [...] Read more.

This paper presents a comprehensive framework for the reliability analysis of ship local structures. Existing reliability analysis of ship local structures relies on empirical analysis without experimental validation. The presented framework improves the probabilistic simulation process by combining finite element analysis and the Kriging surrogate model to increase the computational efficiency in uncertainty quantification. In addition, ultimate strength test data are introduced to update the prior distribution based on Bayesian data fusion. A cross-deck structure of a ship is studied in detail to present the application of this work. The framework provides a valuable reference for the reliability analysis of ship local structures and promotes the development of reliability-based design code. The novelty of this paper is that it introduces the combination of testing and probabilistic simulation into the reliability analysis of ship local structures. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Modelling, Test and Practice of Steel Structures)

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16 pages, 4456 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Experimental Investigation of Fracture Performances of SBHS500, SM570 and SM490 Steel Specimens with Notches

by Yan Liu, Shuto Ikeda, Yanyan Liu, Lan Kang and Hanbin Ge

Metals 2022, 12(4), 672; https://doi.org/10.3390/met12040672 - 14 Apr 2022

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1721

Abstract

High-strength steels (HSSs) with nominal yield stress not less than 460 MPa have been increasingly employed in bridge structures. Compared with SM490 normal-strength steel (NSS), HSSs, including SBHS500 and SM570, have higher strength but lower ductility, and brittle fracture can easily occur in [...] Read more.

High-strength steels (HSSs) with nominal yield stress not less than 460 MPa have been increasingly employed in bridge structures. Compared with SM490 normal-strength steel (NSS), HSSs, including SBHS500 and SM570, have higher strength but lower ductility, and brittle fracture can easily occur in the HSSs members with notches. Therefore, 48 tension specimens with U-notch or V-notch made of SBHS500, SM570 and SM490 structural steels are carried out. The influences of notch depth, U-notch radius, V-notch degree and chemical composition on the mechanical and fracture performances of the steel specimens are investigated. It is concluded from experimental results that SBHS500 and SM570 HSSs with higher yield stress have a relatively higher elastic stress concentration factor, crack initiation appears earlier, and brittle fracture is more likely to occur. Compared to SM570 HSS, SBHS500 HSS has better weldability. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Modelling, Test and Practice of Steel Structures)

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11 pages, 4942 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Numerical and Experimental Research on Similarity Law of the Dynamic Responses of the Offshore Stiffened Plate Subjected to Low Velocity Impact Loading

by Haibo Zhou, Yang Han, Yi Zhang, Wei Luo, Jingxi Liu and Rong Yu

Metals 2022, 12(4), 657; https://doi.org/10.3390/met12040657 - 12 Apr 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1117

Abstract

Similarity laws of scaled models of offshore platform deck structures under low velocity impact loading are proposed in the present research. The similarity laws of scaled models with different scaling factors are established in forms of dimensionless factors with consideration of flow stress [...] Read more.

Similarity laws of scaled models of offshore platform deck structures under low velocity impact loading are proposed in the present research. The similarity laws of scaled models with different scaling factors are established in forms of dimensionless factors with consideration of flow stress differences of the materials. A dimensionless displacement is defined by dividing displacement by plate thickness and a dimensionless force is defined by dividing force by flow stress and plate thickness; then, a dimensionless force-displacement relationship is established. Dynamic responses of three geometrically similar stiffened structures with scaling factors of 1:4, 1:2, and 1:1 subjected to the dropping impact of a rigid triangular pyramidic impactor are investigated by an experimental test and a finite element analysis. Results show that dimensionless force-displacement curves of geometrically similar plates coincide with each other; meanwhile, the difference of maximum impact force for the three structures with various scaling factors is less than 5%, and the difference of maximum impact depth is less than 1%, which definitely show the effectiveness of the scaling laws based on dimensionless factors. The present research provides useful insight into the similarity laws of dynamic responses of deck structures subjected to falling object impact and would be used in the crashworthiness research and design process of the offshore structures. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Modelling, Test and Practice of Steel Structures)

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18 pages, 2968 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Intelligent Analysis for Safety-Influencing Factors of Prestressed Steel Structures Based on Digital Twins and Random Forest

by Haoliang Zhu and Yousong Wang

Metals 2022, 12(4), 646; https://doi.org/10.3390/met12040646 - 11 Apr 2022

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1437

Abstract

The structure of a prestressed steel structure is complex, which can result in insufficient control accuracy and the low efficiency of the structural safety. The traditional analysis method only obtains the mechanical parameters of the structure and it cannot obtain the key factors [...] Read more.

The structure of a prestressed steel structure is complex, which can result in insufficient control accuracy and the low efficiency of the structural safety. The traditional analysis method only obtains the mechanical parameters of the structure and it cannot obtain the key factors that affect the structural safety. In order to improve the intelligence level of the structural safety performance analysis, this study proposes an intelligent analysis for the safety-influencing factors of prestressed steel structures that is based on digital twins (DTs) and random forest (RF). Firstly, the high-precision twin modeling is carried out by the weighted average method. The design parameters and the mechanical parameters of the structure are extracted in real time in the twin model, and the parameters are classified by the RF. The fusion mechanism of the DTs and RF is formed, and the intelligent analysis model of the structural safety factors is established. Driven by the analysis model, the correlation mechanism between the design parameters and the mechanical parameters is formed. The safety state of the structure is judged by the mechanical parameters, and the key design parameters that affect the various mechanical parameters are analyzed. Through the integration of the design parameters and mechanical parameters, the intelligent analysis process of the safety-influencing factors of prestressed steel structures is formed. Finally, an intelligent analysis of the importance of the safety-influencing factors is carried out with the string-supported beam structure as the test object. Driven by the integration of DTs and RF, the key design parameters that affect the various mechanical parameters are accurately obtained, which provides a basis for the intelligent control of the structural safety. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Modelling, Test and Practice of Steel Structures)

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17 pages, 4625 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Prestressed Steel Material-Allocation Path and Construction Using Intelligent Digital Twins

by Zhansheng Liu, Guoliang Shi, Jie Qin, Xiangyu Wang and Junbo Sun

Metals 2022, 12(4), 631; https://doi.org/10.3390/met12040631 - 06 Apr 2022

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 1914

Abstract

This study is aimed at the fact that material allocation and construction progress cannot be intelligently controlled in the construction of prestressed steel structures. An intelligent planning method of a material-allocation path for prestressed steel-structure construction, based on digital twins (DTs), is proposed. [...] Read more.

This study is aimed at the fact that material allocation and construction progress cannot be intelligently controlled in the construction of prestressed steel structures. An intelligent planning method of a material-allocation path for prestressed steel-structure construction, based on digital twins (DTs), is proposed. Firstly, the characteristics of material allocation in the process of structural construction are analyzed, and a five-dimensional integrated DT framework for intelligent path-planning is built. Driven by the DT framework, the progress and environmental information of the construction site are collected in real time. At the same time, the field working conditions are dynamically simulated in the virtual model, so as to realize the interactive mapping between physical space and virtual space. In each construction process, by integrating the progress of each process at each construction location, and the storage and allocation of materials, a multidimensional model for the intelligent planning of material allocation is formed. The information fusion of virtual and real space is carried out using an entropy method to analyze the construction buffer time and material allocation time at each location of the construction site. On this basis, combined with the Dijkstra algorithm, the transportation time associated with the path is calculated according to the field distribution of each location. A feasibility analysis is carried out in the virtual model and imported into the field dynamic-marking system. Combined with radio frequency technology to guide material allocation on site, the intelligent planning of the material-allocation path is realized. In this study, taking the construction of the National Speed Skating Pavilion of the 2022 Beijing Winter Olympics as an example, the DT technology and Dijkstra algorithm are applied to the intelligent planning of the material-allocation path. It is fully verified that the intelligent method can effectively coordinate the relationship between schedule control and material allocation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Modelling, Test and Practice of Steel Structures)

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16 pages, 8291 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Numerical Study on Elastic Buckling Behavior of Diagonally Stiffened Steel Plate Walls under Combined Shear and Non-Uniform Compression

by Yuqing Yang, Zaigen Mu and Boli Zhu

Metals 2022, 12(4), 600; https://doi.org/10.3390/met12040600 - 31 Mar 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1926

Abstract

Unstiffened steel plate walls (SPWs) are prone to buckling in practical engineering and will invariably be subjected to vertical loads. The use of stiffeners can improve the buckling behavior of thin plates. Considering the effect of the torsional stiffness of C-shaped stiffeners, the [...] Read more.

Unstiffened steel plate walls (SPWs) are prone to buckling in practical engineering and will invariably be subjected to vertical loads. The use of stiffeners can improve the buckling behavior of thin plates. Considering the effect of the torsional stiffness of C-shaped stiffeners, the elastic buckling of the diagonally stiffened steel plate wall (DS-SPW) under combined shear and non-uniform compression is investigated. The interaction curves for the DS-SPW under combined action are presented, as well as a proposed equation for the elastic buckling coefficient. In addition, the effects of the stiffener’s flexural and torsional stiffness on the elastic buckling stress were investigated, and the threshold stiffness formulae were proposed. The results show that the interaction curve of the DS-SPW under combined shear and non-uniform compression is approximately parabolic. The critical buckling stress of the DS-SPW can be increased by increasing the stiffener’s torsional-to-flexure stiffness ratio and the non-uniform compression distribution factor, while the buckling stress can be decreased by increasing the non-uniform compression-to-shear ratio. Simultaneous action of shear and axial compression will increase the threshold stiffness by approximately 40% when compared to the plate under pure shear action. Therefore, the safety threshold stiffness formula is suggested, considering the combined action of shear and non-uniform compression. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Modelling, Test and Practice of Steel Structures)

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19 pages, 66463 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Numerical and Theoretical Investigation on the Load-Carrying Capacity of Bolted Ball-Cylinder Joints with High-Strength Steel at Elevated Temperatures

by Jianian He, Baolong Wu, Nianduo Wu, Lexian Chen, Anyang Chen, Lijuan Li, Zhe Xiong and Jiaxiang Lin

Metals 2022, 12(4), 597; https://doi.org/10.3390/met12040597 - 30 Mar 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1426

Abstract

Bolted ball-cylinder (BBC) joints are suitable for non-purlin space structures to effectively reduce structure height and save material costs. In this paper, we present a numerical and theoretical study for high-strength steel BBC joints at elevated temperatures. An finite element (FE) model was [...] Read more.

Bolted ball-cylinder (BBC) joints are suitable for non-purlin space structures to effectively reduce structure height and save material costs. In this paper, we present a numerical and theoretical study for high-strength steel BBC joints at elevated temperatures. An finite element (FE) model was first developed, in which the effects of elevated temperatures were considered by introducing reduction factors for the material properties of steel, such as the yield stress and Young’s modulus, to analyze the structural behavior of BBC joints subjected to compressive, tensile or bending loads. Based on parametric studies on 441 FE models, effects of the key parameters, including joint dimensions, material strength and temperatures, on the structural behavior of BBC joints are discussed. Then, theoretical analysis is conducted, and design methods are proposed to estimate the ultimate load-carrying capacity of BBC joints. Finally, we verified the accuracy of the design method by comparing the prediction with the FE results. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Modelling, Test and Practice of Steel Structures)

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18 pages, 4144 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Development of Closed-Form Equations for Estimating Mechanical Properties of Weld Metals according to Chemical Composition

by Jeong-Hwan Kim, Chang-Ju Jung, Young IL Park and Yong-Taek Shin

Metals 2022, 12(3), 528; https://doi.org/10.3390/met12030528 - 21 Mar 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1601

Abstract

In this study, data analysis was performed using an artificial neural network (ANN) approach to investigate the effect of the chemical composition of welds on their mechanical properties (yield strength, tensile strength, and impact toughness). Based on the data collected from previously performed [...] Read more.

In this study, data analysis was performed using an artificial neural network (ANN) approach to investigate the effect of the chemical composition of welds on their mechanical properties (yield strength, tensile strength, and impact toughness). Based on the data collected from previously performed experiments, correlations between related variables and results were analyzed and predictive models were developed. Sufficient datasets were prepared using data augmentation techniques to solve problems caused by insufficient data and to make better predictions. Finally, closed-form equations were developed based on the predictive models to evaluate the mechanical properties according to the chemical composition. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Modelling, Test and Practice of Steel Structures)

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16 pages, 3960 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Experimental Study on Mechanical Properties of Shear Square Section Steel Tube Dampers

by Li Xiao, Yonggang Li, Cun Hui, Zhongyi Zhou and Feng Deng

Metals 2022, 12(3), 418; https://doi.org/10.3390/met12030418 - 26 Feb 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1696

Abstract

Based on the excellent performance of shear metal dampers in building seismic capacity, the traditional shear metal damper was optimized. A double-sided shear steel tube damper with simple structure, easy replacement, and wide application is proposed. In order to study the influence of [...] Read more.

Based on the excellent performance of shear metal dampers in building seismic capacity, the traditional shear metal damper was optimized. A double-sided shear steel tube damper with simple structure, easy replacement, and wide application is proposed. In order to study the influence of different design parameters on its seismic performance, taking the steel tube length, height, width, thickness, and connection mode as variables, five groups of 15 specimens were designed for experimental research, and the failure modes, characteristic loads and displacements, hysteretic curves, skeleton curves, stiffness degradation curves, and energy dissipation capacity of each specimen were analyzed in detail. The test results showed that the hysteretic curves of each specimen were full and that the energy dissipation capacity was good. The greater the thickness of the steel tube was, the greater the load-bearing capacity of the damper and the larger the hysteresis loop area were. The greater the width of the steel tube was, the greater the equivalent stiffness was. As displacement amplitude increased, the equivalent stiffness of the specimen showed a downward trend. The two connection modes had their own advantages and disadvantages, and a damper with reasonable connection form would need to be selected according to actual engineering needs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Modelling, Test and Practice of Steel Structures)

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