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15 pages, 4579 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Effect of the Thermomechanical Treatment on the Corrosion of UNSM Processed Inconel 718: An Electrochemical Study

by Ulises Martin, Jacob Ress and David M. Bastidas

Metals 2021, 11(9), 1488; https://doi.org/10.3390/met11091488 - 18 Sep 2021

Viewed by 2264

In this work, the influence of thermal (TT), mechanical, and thermomechanical (TMT) treatments using the ultrasonic nanocrystal surface modification (UNSM) on the corrosion protection properties of Inconel 718 was studied, correlating the changes in the electrochemical properties with the promoted microstructure. The UNSM [...] Read more.

In this work, the influence of thermal (TT), mechanical, and thermomechanical (TMT) treatments using the ultrasonic nanocrystal surface modification (UNSM) on the corrosion protection properties of Inconel 718 was studied, correlating the changes in the electrochemical properties with the promoted microstructure. The UNSM treatment had a grain refinement effect on the top surface, reducing the grain size from 11.5 to 7.4 µm for the first 10 µm in depth. The high grain boundary density, due to the grain refinement, enabled a faster growth of the passive film. The impedance showed a decrease in the charge transfer resistance by three orders of magnitude, from 10⁶ to 10³ Ω cm² for as-received to 1000 °C, as the TT temperature crossed the solvus of the γ′/γ″ and approached the solvus of the δ-phase. The UNSM treatment lowered the pitting corrosion susceptibility, increasing the charge transfer resistance and decreasing the effective capacitance of the double layer, leading to the thickest passive film with 6.8 nm. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Corrosion and Inhibition Processes)

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16 pages, 5760 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Corrosion Inhibition of Low-Carbon Steel by Hydrophobic Organosilicon Dispersions

by Yuri Makarychev, Natalia Gladkikh, Ivan Arkhipushkin and Yuri Kuznetsov

Metals 2021, 11(8), 1269; https://doi.org/10.3390/met11081269 - 11 Aug 2021

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2068

Abstract

This article proposes a method for obtaining stable hydrophobic inhibitor dispersions, where the micelle core contains a hydrophobic solvent, a corrosion inhibitor and an organosilane. Such compositions can be used as polymer-type corrosion inhibitors for low-carbon steel. Using electrochemical methods, corrosion tests and [...] Read more.

This article proposes a method for obtaining stable hydrophobic inhibitor dispersions, where the micelle core contains a hydrophobic solvent, a corrosion inhibitor and an organosilane. Such compositions can be used as polymer-type corrosion inhibitors for low-carbon steel. Using electrochemical methods, corrosion tests and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, features of the formation of polymeric layers of hydrophobic organosilicon dispersions were studied. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Corrosion and Inhibition Processes)

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22 pages, 9309 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Corrosion Behavior of L245N Standard Steel in CO₂ Saturated Brine under Flow Condition

by Ying Hu, Long Xin, Tingguang Liu and Yonghao Lu

Metals 2021, 11(6), 880; https://doi.org/10.3390/met11060880 - 28 May 2021

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2243

Abstract

The corrosion behavior of oilfield used L245N standard steel was tested in simulated oilfield solution by dynamic high-temperature autoclave. The corrosion products were characterized by using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) respectively. In addition, the corrosion [...] Read more.

The corrosion behavior of oilfield used L245N standard steel was tested in simulated oilfield solution by dynamic high-temperature autoclave. The corrosion products were characterized by using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) respectively. In addition, the corrosion rates and surface morphological characteristics of the steels after different exposure times were studied. The results showed that the corrosion rate decreased sharply and then increased with time in the high salinity flow solution, which was related to the formation of corrosion scale and the remaining cementite within it. At the beginning of the exposure time, the formed corrosion scale became thicker, resulting in a significant decrease of the corrosion rate. While with increasing time, on the one hand, the increased remaining cementite within corrosion scale facilitated the corrosion by the galvanic corrosion between the remaining cementite and the ferrite within the metal. On the other hand, the protective effect of corrosion scale formed on the remaining cementite skeleton declined due to the formation of large amounts of Fe_xCa_1−xCO₃, which also promoted the corrosion rate of the steels, both these ways contributed to a slow increase of corrosion rate. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Corrosion and Inhibition Processes)

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16 pages, 22940 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Inhibition Effect of Fluoride Ion on Corrosion of 304 Stainless Steel in Occluded Cell Corrosion Stage in the Presence of Chloride Ion

by Zhengwei Luo, Jie Zuo, Hui Jiang, Wenhua Geng, Yongzhang Zhou, Zhouyang Lian and Wuji Wei

Metals 2021, 11(2), 350; https://doi.org/10.3390/met11020350 - 19 Feb 2021

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 3939

Abstract

The role of F⁻ in the corrosion of stainless steel at the stage of occluded cell corrosion in a mixture of chloride, fluoride, and sulfate ions was investigated. A simulated occluded corrosion cell was designed using an elaborate simulated rust layer. Composite [...] Read more.

The role of F⁻ in the corrosion of stainless steel at the stage of occluded cell corrosion in a mixture of chloride, fluoride, and sulfate ions was investigated. A simulated occluded corrosion cell was designed using an elaborate simulated rust layer. Composite electrodes were used to monitor the variation of the concentration of ions, pH, and dissolved oxygen of the occluded solution. The results show that the influence of F⁻ on the corrosion of 304 stainless steel, in the occluded cell corrosion stage, is concentration dependent. When the F⁻/Cl⁻ ratio is higher than 2, the corrosion can be significantly suppressed. Analyses showed that the corrosion inhibition effect could be attributed to the migration of F⁻ to the occluded cell, which can reduce the migration of Cl⁻, dampen the decrease in pH, and react with metal ions to form semi-soluble products. Meanwhile, the influence of F⁻ on the corrosion process was also verified using drilled stainless steel specimens, demonstrating the practicality and validity of the simulated occluded cell corrosion model. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Corrosion and Inhibition Processes)

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15 pages, 6792 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Effect of Tungstate and Ethanolamines Added in Tap Water on Corrosion Inhibition of Ductile Cast Iron Pipe for Nuclear Power Plants

by Butaek Lim, Kitae Kim, Hyunyoung Chang, Heungbae Park and Youngsik Kim

Metals 2020, 10(12), 1597; https://doi.org/10.3390/met10121597 - 28 Nov 2020

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2366

Abstract

Cast iron is primarily used in buried piping to transport water in the fire protection system of nuclear power plants; ductile cast iron is generally used for domestic nuclear power plants. In general, the fluid used as fire-extinguishing water in such fire protection [...] Read more.

Cast iron is primarily used in buried piping to transport water in the fire protection system of nuclear power plants; ductile cast iron is generally used for domestic nuclear power plants. In general, the fluid used as fire-extinguishing water in such fire protection systems is tap water, and corrosion inhibitors are not currently added. In this study, the synergistic effect of an adsorption barrier (monoethanolamine) and oxidized film in an environment with a corrosion inhibitor (tungstate) is examined, and the corresponding passivation properties are presented. An immersion corrosion test and electrochemical test in tap water to which only tungstate was added showed suppression of corrosion compared to molybdate at the same concentration. The polarization resistance value of a passivation film in tap water mixed with monoethanolamine and tungstate showed better results than that of the molybdate control. A surface analysis in mixed addition tap water also demonstrated that oxygen ions were sufficiently distributed, including at some spheroidized graphite sites, when tungstate was added compared to molybdate. In addition, the amount of tungsten ions adsorbed on the surface was larger than that of molybdenum ions, and it was confirmed that tungsten ions were evenly distributed over the entire surface. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Corrosion and Inhibition Processes)

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19 pages, 2503 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Corrosion Fatigue Numerical Model for Austenitic and Lean-Duplex Stainless-Steel Rebars Exposed to Marine Environments

by Iñigo Calderón-Uríszar-Aldaca, Estibaliz Briz, Amaia Matanza, Ulises Martin and David M. Bastidas

Metals 2020, 10(9), 1217; https://doi.org/10.3390/met10091217 - 10 Sep 2020

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2370

Abstract

Steel rebars of structures exposed to cyclic loadings and marine environments suffer an accelerated deterioration process by corrosion fatigue, causing catastrophic failure before service life ends. Hence, stainless steel rebars have been emerging as a way of mitigating pitting corrosion contribution to fatigue, [...] Read more.

Steel rebars of structures exposed to cyclic loadings and marine environments suffer an accelerated deterioration process by corrosion fatigue, causing catastrophic failure before service life ends. Hence, stainless steel rebars have been emerging as a way of mitigating pitting corrosion contribution to fatigue, despite the increased cost. The present study proposes a corrosion fatigue semiempirical model. Different samples of rebars made of carbon steel, 304L austenitic (ASS), 316L ASS, 2205 duplex (DSS), 2304 lean duplex stainless steels (LDSS), and 2001 LDSS have been embedded in concrete and exposed to a tidal marine environment for 6 months. Corrosion rates of each steel rebar have been obtained from direct measurement and, considering rebar standard requirements for fatigue and fracture mechanics, an iterative numerical model has been developed to derive the cycles to failure for each stress range level. The model resulted in a corrosion pushing factor for each material, able to be used as an accelerating coefficient for the Palmgren-Miner linear rule and as a performance indicator. Carbon steel showed the worst performance, while 2001 LDSS performed 1.5 times better with the best cost-performance ratio, and finally 2205 DSS performed 1.5 times better than 2001 LDSS. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Corrosion and Inhibition Processes)

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21 pages, 6586 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Intergranular to Intragranular Pitting Corrosion Transition Mechanism of Sensitized AA5083 at 150 °C

by Jacob Ress, Ulises Martin, Juan Bosch, Rajeev K. Gupta and David M. Bastidas

Metals 2020, 10(8), 1082; https://doi.org/10.3390/met10081082 - 11 Aug 2020

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 3116

Abstract

Intergranular corrosion (IGC) and pitting transition caused by grain boundary β-phase saturation of aluminum alloy AA5083 sensitized at 150 °C was investigated in 3.5 wt% NaCl solution. The change in the localized corrosion mechanism from IGC to pitting was studied by microstructural and [...] Read more.

Intergranular corrosion (IGC) and pitting transition caused by grain boundary β-phase saturation of aluminum alloy AA5083 sensitized at 150 °C was investigated in 3.5 wt% NaCl solution. The change in the localized corrosion mechanism from IGC to pitting was studied by microstructural and electrochemical analysis, where IGC was found to be the primary mechanism at low degrees of sensitization (DoS) and pitting corrosion was observed to develop after grain boundary β-phase saturation. Evaluation of the double layer capacitance by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and charge passed through the specimens by potentiostatic current monitoring demonstrated a well differentiated three-stage dissolution mechanism. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Corrosion and Inhibition Processes)

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20 pages, 4911 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Calcium Doped Flash-PEO Coatings for Corrosion Protection of Mg Alloy

by Ewa Wierzbicka, Borja Pillado, Marta Mohedano, Raul Arrabal and Endzhe Matykina

Metals 2020, 10(7), 916; https://doi.org/10.3390/met10070916 - 09 Jul 2020

Cited by 17 | Viewed by 3459

Abstract

This study demonstrates a significant improvement of the corrosion resistance of an AZ31B magnesium alloy achieved by the application of 1 μm-thin coatings generated by an environmentally friendly flash plasma electrolytic oxidation (FPEO) process in Ca-containing electrolytes. Two compounds with different solubility, calcium [...] Read more.

This study demonstrates a significant improvement of the corrosion resistance of an AZ31B magnesium alloy achieved by the application of 1 μm-thin coatings generated by an environmentally friendly flash plasma electrolytic oxidation (FPEO) process in Ca-containing electrolytes. Two compounds with different solubility, calcium oxide (CaO) or calcium glycerophosphate (CaGlyP), were used as sources of Ca in the electrolyte. Very short durations (20–45 s) of the FPEO process were employed with the aim of limiting the energy consumption. The corrosion performance of the developed coatings was compared with that of a commercial conversion coating (CC) of similar thickness. The viability of the coatings in a full system protection approach, consisting of FPEO combined with an inhibitor-free epoxy primer, was verified in neutral salt spray and paint adhesion tests. The superior corrosion performance of the FPEO_CaGlyP coating, both as a stand-alone coating and as a full system, was attributed to the formation of a greater complexity of Ca²⁺ bonds with SiO₂ and PO₄³⁻ species within the MgO ceramic network during the in situ incorporation of Ca into the coating from a double chelated electrolyte and the resultant difficulties with the hydrolysis of such a network. The deterioration of the FPEO_CaGlyP coating during immersion was found over ten times slower compared with Ca-free flash-PEO coating. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Corrosion and Inhibition Processes)

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19 pages, 6278 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Role of Vanadium Additions on the Corrosion Mitigation of Ti-6Al-xV Alloy in Simulated Body Fluid

by El-Sayed M. Sherif, Sameh A. Ragab and Hany S. Abdo

Metals 2020, 10(7), 903; https://doi.org/10.3390/met10070903 - 06 Jul 2020

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 2630

Abstract

The manufacturing of different Ti-6Al-xV (x = 2, 4, 6, and 8 wt.%) alloys using a mechanical alloying technique was reported. The corrosion behaviors of these newly fabricated alloys after 1, 24, and 48 h exposure to a simulated body fluid (SBF) were [...] Read more.

The manufacturing of different Ti-6Al-xV (x = 2, 4, 6, and 8 wt.%) alloys using a mechanical alloying technique was reported. The corrosion behaviors of these newly fabricated alloys after 1, 24, and 48 h exposure to a simulated body fluid (SBF) were assessed using cyclic potentiodynamic polarization, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, and chronoamperometric measurements. Surface morphology and elemental analyses after corrosion for 48 h in SBF were reported using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) examinations. An X-ray diffraction investigation characterized the phase analyses. All results indicated that the increase of V content significantly decreases both uniform and pitting corrosion. This effect also increases with prolonging the immersion time to 48 h before measurement. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Corrosion and Inhibition Processes)

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Review

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25 pages, 6981 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperReview

A Review on Plants and Biomass Wastes as Organic Green Corrosion Inhibitors for Mild Steel in Acidic Environment

by Norbaayah Ahmad Reza, Nor Hasrul Akhmal, Nor Akmal Fadil and Mohd Firdaus Mohd Taib

Metals 2021, 11(7), 1062; https://doi.org/10.3390/met11071062 - 30 Jun 2021

Cited by 24 | Viewed by 3377

Abstract

Acid corrosion is a problem pertaining to corrosion that involves an acid solution. It is important to treat metal to preserve its integrity. Thus, acids are utilized to clean and treat metal surfaces. In return, this may lead to over-etching and metal degradation. [...] Read more.

Acid corrosion is a problem pertaining to corrosion that involves an acid solution. It is important to treat metal to preserve its integrity. Thus, acids are utilized to clean and treat metal surfaces. In return, this may lead to over-etching and metal degradation. Corrosion inhibitors were introduced as a solution for the issue. However, there are some problems associated with the usage of conventional corrosion inhibitors. Traces of nitrites and chromates that are present in the inhibitors may lead to serious health and environmental issues. As a solution, organic green corrosion inhibitors have been studied to replace the conventional corrosion inhibitors. These inhibitor molecules form a protective layer on top of the metal surface to suppress metal dissolution when added to the acid solution. This process prevents direct contact between the metal surfaces and the acid environment. This study explores the usage of natural resources and biomass wastes as the basis for organic green corrosion inhibitors. This study also provides some suggestions for new biomass wastes that can be studied as new organic corrosion inhibitors, and it is aimed at opening the perspective of researchers on exploring new organic inhibitors by using natural resources and biomass wastes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Corrosion and Inhibition Processes)

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44 pages, 14061 KiB

Open AccessReview

Corrosion Mechanisms of High-Mn Twinning-Induced Plasticity (TWIP) Steels: A Critical Review

by David M. Bastidas, Jacob Ress, Juan Bosch and Ulises Martin

Metals 2021, 11(2), 287; https://doi.org/10.3390/met11020287 - 07 Feb 2021

Cited by 14 | Viewed by 3245

Abstract

Twinning-induced plasticity (TWIP) steels have higher strength and ductility than conventional steels. Deformation mechanisms producing twins that prevent gliding and stacking of dislocations cause a higher ductility than that of steel grades with the same strength. TWIP steels are considered to be within [...] Read more.

Twinning-induced plasticity (TWIP) steels have higher strength and ductility than conventional steels. Deformation mechanisms producing twins that prevent gliding and stacking of dislocations cause a higher ductility than that of steel grades with the same strength. TWIP steels are considered to be within the new generation of advanced high-strength steels (AHSS). However, some aspects, such as the corrosion resistance and performance in service of TWIP steel materials, need more research. Application of TWIP steels in the automotive industry requires a proper investigation of corrosion behavior and corrosion mechanisms, which would indicate the optimum degree of protection and the possible decrease in costs. In general, Fe−Mn-based TWIP steel alloys can passivate in oxidizing acid, neutral, and basic solutions, however they cannot passivate in reducing acid or active chloride solutions. TWIP steels have become as a potential material of interest for automotive applications due to their effectiveness, impact resistance, and negligible harm to the environment. The mechanical and corrosion performance of TWIP steels is subjected to the manufacturing and processing steps, like forging and casting, elemental composition, and thermo-mechanical treatment. Corrosion of TWIP steels caused by both intrinsic and extrinsic factors has posed a serious problem for their use. Passivity breakdown caused by pitting, and galvanic corrosion due to phase segregation are widely described and their critical mechanisms examined. Numerous studies have been performed to study corrosion behavior and passivation of TWIP steel. Despite the large number of articles on corrosion, few comprehensive reports have been published on this topic. The current trend for development of corrosion resistance TWIP steel is thoroughly studied and represented, showing the key mechanisms and factors influencing corrosion processes, and its consequences on TWIP steel. In addition, suggestions for future works and gaps in the literature are considered. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Corrosion and Inhibition Processes)

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22 pages, 4500 KiB

Open AccessReview

An Overview of Molecular Dynamic Simulation for Corrosion Inhibition of Ferrous Metals

by Nur Izzah Nabilah Haris, Shafreeza Sobri, Yus Aniza Yusof and Nur Kartinee Kassim

Metals 2021, 11(1), 46; https://doi.org/10.3390/met11010046 - 28 Dec 2020

Cited by 40 | Viewed by 6725

Abstract

Molecular dynamics (MD) simulation is a powerful tool to study the molecular level working mechanism of corrosion inhibitors in mitigating corrosion. In the past decades, MD simulation has emerged as an instrument to investigate the interactions at the interface between the inhibitor molecule [...] Read more.

Molecular dynamics (MD) simulation is a powerful tool to study the molecular level working mechanism of corrosion inhibitors in mitigating corrosion. In the past decades, MD simulation has emerged as an instrument to investigate the interactions at the interface between the inhibitor molecule and the metal surface. Combined with experimental measurement, theoretical examination from MD simulation delivers useful information on the adsorption ability and orientation of the molecule on the surface. It relates the microscopic characteristics to the macroscopic properties which enables researchers to develop high performance inhibitors. Although there has been vast growth in the number of studies that use molecular dynamic evaluation, there is still lack of comprehensive review specifically for corrosion inhibition of organic inhibitors on ferrous metal in acidic solution. Much uncertainty still exists on the approaches and steps in performing MD simulation for corrosion system. This paper reviews the basic principle of MD simulation along with methods, selection of parameters, expected result such as adsorption energy, binding energy and inhibitor orientation, and recent publications in corrosion inhibition studies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Corrosion and Inhibition Processes)

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