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Regulation and Effect of Taurine on Metabolism

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A special issue of Metabolites (ISSN 2218-1989). This special issue belongs to the section "Nutrition and Metabolism".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (15 April 2022) | Viewed by 32115

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Dr. Teruo Miyazaki

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Ibaraki Medical Center, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo 160-8402, Japan
Interests: energy metabolism; exercise; skeletal muscle; biochemistry; amino acids
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Prof. Dr. Takashi Ito

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Faculty of Biotechnology, Fukui Prefectural University, Fukui, Japan
Interests: taurine; food factor; aging
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Dr. Alessia Baseggio Conrado

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National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, Norfolk Place, London W2 1PG, UK
Interests: sulfur natural compound; oxidative stress; antioxidants; phototoxicity; food allergy
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Prof. Dr. Shigeru Murakami

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Faculty of Biotechnology, Fukui Prefectural University, Fukui, Japan
Interests: obesity; diabetes; hepatic steatosis; lipid metabolism
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Dear Colleagues,

Since taurine (2-aminoethanesulfonic acid) was discovered in the gall bladder of bovine in 1827, a lot of its physiological and pharmacological functions have been found in various tissues, cells, and organelles in many species in 200 years. Taurine has been recognized as an essential nutrient associated with various metabolisms to maintain healthy conditions, prevent various diseases, and support growth and aging. Taurine abundantly exists as a free form in the body, and its metabolites, such as its conjugated bile acids, taurine chloramine, its modified mitochondrial t-RNA, hypotaurine, thiotaurine, and acetylated, acylated, and methylated forms, also have important roles in the functions of taurine. In this Special Issue, we welcome researchers to submit original research, review articles, or clinical data focused on the regulation and effect of taurine on metabolism in various pathways of all species in wide fields, including biochemistry, physiology, biology, molecular biology, basic and clinical medicine, sport and exercise science, neuroscience, radiology, immunology, nutrition, food science, marine science, and others.

Dr. Teruo Miyazaki
Dr. Takashi Ito
Dr. Alessia Baseggio Conrado
Dr. Shigeru Murakami
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Metabolites is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2700 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

Metabolism
Metabolites
In vivo study
In vitro study
Taurine and its derivatives
Taurine conjugated metabolites

Related Special Issue

Regulation and Effect of Sulfur-Containing Amino Acids and Sulfur Compounds on Metabolism 2nd Edition in Metabolites (3 articles)

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Editorial

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5 pages, 202 KiB

Open AccessEditorial

Editorial for Special Issue on “Regulation and Effect of Taurine on Metabolism”

by Teruo Miyazaki, Takashi Ito, Alessia Baseggio Conrado and Shigeru Murakami

Metabolites 2022, 12(9), 795; https://doi.org/10.3390/metabo12090795 - 26 Aug 2022

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1522

Abstract

Taurine (2-aminoethanesulfonic acid) is well known to be abundantly contained in almost all the tissues and cells of various mammals, fish, and shellfish [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Regulation and Effect of Taurine on Metabolism)

Research

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15 pages, 7012 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Hepatic Transcriptome Analysis Provides New Insight into the Lipid-Reducing Effect of Dietary Taurine in High–Fat Fed Groupers (Epinephelus coioides)

by Mingfan Chen, Fakai Bai, Tao Song, Xingjian Niu, Xuexi Wang, Kun Wang and Jidan Ye

Metabolites 2022, 12(7), 670; https://doi.org/10.3390/metabo12070670 - 20 Jul 2022

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2045

Abstract

A transcriptome analysis was conducted to provide the first detailed overview of dietary taurine intervention on liver lipid accumulation caused by high–fat in groupers. After an eight-week feeding, the fish fed 15% fat diet (High–fat diet) had higher liver lipid contents vs. fish fed 10% fat diet (Control diet). 15% fat diet with 1% taurine (Taurine diet) improved weight gain and feed utilization, and decreased hepatosomatic index and liver lipid contents vs. the High–fat diet. In the comparison of the Control vs. High–fat groups, a total of 160 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified, of which up- and down-regulated genes were 72 and 88, respectively. There were 49 identified DEGs with 26 and 23 of up- and down-regulated in the comparison to High–fat vs. Taurine. Several key genes, such as cysteine dioxygenase (CDO1), ADP–ribosylation factor 1/2 (ARF1_2), sodium/potassium–transporting ATPase subunit alpha (ATP1A), carnitine/acylcarnitine translocase (CACT), and calcium/calmodulin–dependent protein kinase II (CAMK) were obtained by enrichment for the above DEGs. These genes were enriched in taurine and hypotaurine metabolism, bile secretion, insulin secretion, phospholipase D signaling pathway, and thermogenesis pathways, respectively. The present study will also provide a new insight into the nutritional physiological function of taurine in farmed fish. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Regulation and Effect of Taurine on Metabolism)

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15 pages, 2537 KiB

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Signaling Pathway of Taurine-Induced Upregulation of TXNIP

by Hideo Satsu, Yusuke Gondo, Hana Shimanaka, Masato Imae, Shigeru Murakami, Kenji Watari, Shunichi Wakabayashi, Sung-Joon Park, Kenta Nakai and Makoto Shimizu

Metabolites 2022, 12(7), 636; https://doi.org/10.3390/metabo12070636 - 11 Jul 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1607

Abstract

Taurine, a sulfur-containing β-amino acid, is present at high concentrations in mammalian tissues and plays an important role in several essential biological processes. However, the genetic mechanisms involved in these physiological processes associated with taurine remain unclear. In this study, we investigated the regulatory mechanism underlying the taurine-induced transcriptional enhancement of the thioredoxin-interacting protein (TXNIP). The results showed that taurine significantly increased the luciferase activity of the human TXNIP promoter. Further, deletion analysis of the TXNIP promoter showed that taurine induced luciferase activity only in the TXNIP promoter region (+200 to +218). Furthermore, by employing a bioinformatic analysis using the TRANSFAC database, we focused on Tst-1 and Ets-1 as candidates involved in taurine-induced transcription and found that the mutation in the Ets-1 sequence did not enhance transcriptional activity by taurine. Additionally, chromatin immunoprecipitation assays indicated that the binding of Ets-1 to the TXNIP promoter region was enhanced by taurine. Taurine also increased the levels of phosphorylated Ets-1, indicating activation of Ets-1 pathway by taurine. Moreover, an ERK cascade inhibitor significantly suppressed the taurine-induced increase in TXNIP mRNA levels and transcriptional enhancement of TXNIP. These results suggest that taurine enhances TXNIP expression by activating transcription factor Ets-1 via the ERK cascade. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Regulation and Effect of Taurine on Metabolism)

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13 pages, 1541 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of Taurine Depletion on Body Weight and Mouse Behavior during Development

by Miho Watanabe, Takashi Ito and Atsuo Fukuda

Metabolites 2022, 12(7), 631; https://doi.org/10.3390/metabo12070631 - 09 Jul 2022

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 1763

Abstract

Taurine (2-aminoethanesulfonic acid) plays an important role in various physiological functions and is abundant in the brain and skeletal muscle. Extracellular taurine is an endogenous agonist of gamma-aminobutyric acid type A and glycine receptors. Taurine actively accumulates in cells via the taurine transporter (TauT). Adult taurine-knockout (TauT^−/−) mice exhibit lower body weights and exercise intolerance. To further examine the physiological role of taurine, we examined the effect of its depletion on mouse behavior, startle responses, muscular endurance, and body weight during development from postnatal day 0 (P0) until P60. In the elevated plus maze test, TauT^−/− mice showed decreased anxiety-like behavior. In addition, TauT^−/− mice did not show a startle response to startle stimuli, suggesting they have difficulty hearing. Wire-hang test revealed that muscular endurance was reduced in TauT^−/− mice. Although a reduction of body weight was observed in TauT^−/− mice during the developmental period, changes in body weight during 60% food restriction were similar to wild-type mice. Collectively, these results suggest that taurine has important roles in anxiety-like behavior, hearing, muscular endurance, and maintenance of body weight. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Regulation and Effect of Taurine on Metabolism)

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15 pages, 3689 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Taurine Ameliorates Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetes by Modulating Hepatic Glucose Metabolism and Oxidative Stress in Mice

by Shigeru Murakami, Kohei Funahashi, Natsuki Tamagawa, Ma Ning and Takashi Ito

Metabolites 2022, 12(6), 524; https://doi.org/10.3390/metabo12060524 - 06 Jun 2022

Cited by 13 | Viewed by 2991

Abstract

Taurine is a sulfated amino acid derivative that plays an important role in maintaining the cell function of the living body. Although taurine has been shown to ameliorate diabetes, its mechanism of action has not yet been fully elucidated. The present study investigated the effects of taurine on diabetes focusing on glucose metabolism and oxidative stress. Type 1 diabetes was induced by the administration of streptozotocin (STZ) to male C57BL/6J mice. Taurine was dissolved in drinking water at 3% (w/v) and allowed to be freely ingested by diabetic mice. The weight and blood glucose levels were measured weekly. After nine weeks, mice were sacrificed and their serum, liver, and kidney were removed and used for biochemical and histological analyses. A microarray analysis was also performed in normal mice. Taurine alleviated STZ-induced hyperglycemia and hyperketonemia, accompanied by the suppression of the decrease in hepatic glycogen and upregulation of the mRNA expression of hepatic glucose transporter GLUT-2. Furthermore, STZ-induced elevation of oxidative stress in the liver and kidney was suppressed by taurine treatment. These results showed that taurine ameliorated diabetes and diabetic complications by improving hepatic glucose metabolism and reducing oxidative stress. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Regulation and Effect of Taurine on Metabolism)

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10 pages, 1983 KiB

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N-Chlorotaurine Reduces the Lung and Systemic Inflammation in LPS-Induced Pneumonia in High Fat Diet-Induced Obese Mice

by Nguyen Khanh Hoang, Eiji Maegawa, Shigeru Murakami, Stephen W. Schaffer and Takashi Ito

Metabolites 2022, 12(4), 349; https://doi.org/10.3390/metabo12040349 - 14 Apr 2022

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2191

Abstract

Lung infection can evoke pulmonary and systemic inflammation, which is associated with systemic severe symptoms, such as skeletal muscle wasting. While N-chlorotaurine (also known as taurine chloramine; TauCl) has anti-inflammatory effects in cells, its effects against pulmonary and systemic inflammation after lung infection has not been elucidated. In the present study, we evaluated the anti-inflammatory effect of the taurine derivative, TauCl against Escherichia coli-derived lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced pneumonia in obese mice maintained on a high fat diet. In this study, TauCl was injected intraperitoneally 1 h before intratracheal LPS administration. While body weight was decreased by 7.5% after LPS administration, TauCl treatment suppressed body weight loss. TauCl also attenuated the increase in lung weight due to lung edema. While LPS-induced acute pneumonia caused an increase in cytokine/chemokine mRNA expression, including that of IL-1β, -6, TNF-α, MCP-1, TauCl treatment attenuated IL-6, and TNF-alpha expression, but not IL-1β and MCP-1. TauCl treatment partly attenuated the elevation of the serum cytokines. Furthermore, TauCl treatment alleviated skeletal muscle wasting. Importantly, LPS-induced expression of Atrogin-1, MuRF1 and IκB, direct or indirect targets for NFκB, were suppressed by TauCl treatment. These findings suggest that intraperitoneal TauCl treatment attenuates acute pneumonia-related pulmonary and systemic inflammation, including muscle wasting, in vivo. Full article

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11 pages, 954 KiB

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Central Taurine Attenuates Hyperthermia and Isolation Stress Behaviors Augmented by Corticotropin-Releasing Factor with Modifying Brain Amino Acid Metabolism in Neonatal Chicks

by Mohamed Z. Elhussiny, Phuong V. Tran, Yuriko Tsuru, Shogo Haraguchi, Elizabeth R. Gilbert, Mark A. Cline, Takashi Bungo, Mitsuhiro Furuse and Vishwajit S. Chowdhury

Metabolites 2022, 12(1), 83; https://doi.org/10.3390/metabo12010083 - 16 Jan 2022

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2398

Abstract

The objective of this study was to determine the effects of centrally administered taurine on rectal temperature, behavioral responses and brain amino acid metabolism under isolation stress and the presence of co-injected corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF). Neonatal chicks were centrally injected with saline, 2.1 pmol of CRF, 2.5 μmol of taurine or both taurine and CRF. The results showed that CRF-induced hyperthermia was attenuated by co-injection with taurine. Taurine, alone or with CRF, significantly decreased the number of distress vocalizations and the time spent in active wakefulness, as well as increased the time spent in the sleeping posture, compared with the saline- and CRF-injected chicks. An amino acid chromatographic analysis revealed that diencephalic leucine, isoleucine, tyrosine, glutamate, asparagine, alanine, β-alanine, cystathionine and 3-methylhistidine were decreased in response to taurine alone or in combination with CRF. Central taurine, alone and when co-administered with CRF, decreased isoleucine, phenylalanine, tyrosine and cysteine, but increased glycine concentrations in the brainstem, compared with saline and CRF groups. The results collectively indicate that central taurine attenuated CRF-induced hyperthermia and stress behaviors in neonatal chicks, and the mechanism likely involves the repartitioning of amino acids to different metabolic pathways. In particular, brain leucine, isoleucine, cysteine, glutamate and glycine may be mobilized to cope with acute stressors. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Regulation and Effect of Taurine on Metabolism)

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12 pages, 2519 KiB

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Involvement of TauT/SLC6A6 in Taurine Transport at the Blood–Testis Barrier

by Yoshiyuki Kubo, Sakiko Ishizuka, Takeru Ito, Daisuke Yoneyama, Shin-ichi Akanuma and Ken-ichi Hosoya

Metabolites 2022, 12(1), 66; https://doi.org/10.3390/metabo12010066 - 12 Jan 2022

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 2564

Abstract

Taurine transport was investigated at the blood–testis barrier (BTB) formed by Sertoli cells. An integration plot analysis of mice showed the apparent influx permeability clearance of [³H]taurine (27.7 μL/(min·g testis)), which was much higher than that of a non-permeable paracellular marker, suggesting blood-to-testis transport of taurine, which may involve a facilitative taurine transport system at the BTB. A mouse Sertoli cell line, TM4 cells, showed temperature- and concentration-dependent [³H]taurine uptake with a K_m of 13.5 μM, suggesting that the influx transport of taurine at the BTB involves a carrier-mediated process. [³H]Taurine uptake by TM4 cells was significantly reduced by the substrates of taurine transporter (TauT/SLC6A6), such as β-alanine, hypotaurine, γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), and guanidinoacetic acid (GAA), with no significant effect shown by L-alanine, probenecid, and L-leucine. In addition, the concentration-dependent inhibition of [³H]taurine uptake revealed an IC₅₀ of 378 μM for GABA. Protein expression of TauT in the testis, seminiferous tubules, and TM4 cells was confirmed by Western blot analysis and immunohistochemistry by means of anti-TauT antibodies, and knockdown of TauT showed significantly decreased [³H]taurine uptake by TM4 cells. These results suggest the involvement of TauT in the transport of taurine at the BTB. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Regulation and Effect of Taurine on Metabolism)

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15 pages, 1599 KiB

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N-acetyltaurine and Acetylcarnitine Production for the Mitochondrial Acetyl-CoA Regulation in Skeletal Muscles during Endurance Exercises

by Teruo Miyazaki, Yuho Nakamura-Shinya, Kei Ebina, Shoichi Komine, Song-Gyu Ra, Keisuke Ishikura, Hajime Ohmori and Akira Honda

Metabolites 2021, 11(8), 522; https://doi.org/10.3390/metabo11080522 - 06 Aug 2021

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 3376

Abstract

During endurance exercises, a large amount of mitochondrial acetyl-CoA is produced in skeletal muscles from lipids, and the excess acetyl-CoA suppresses the metabolic flux from glycolysis to the TCA cycle. This study evaluated the hypothesis that taurine and carnitine act as a buffer of the acetyl moiety of mitochondrial acetyl-CoA derived from the short- and long-chain fatty acids of skeletal muscles during endurance exercises. In human subjects, the serum concentrations of acetylated forms of taurine (NAT) and carnitine (ACT), which are the metabolites of acetyl-CoA buffering, significantly increased after a full marathon. In the culture medium of primary human skeletal muscle cells, NAT and ACT concentrations significantly increased when they were cultured with taurine and acetate or with carnitine and palmitic acid, respectively. The increase in the mitochondrial acetyl-CoA/free CoA ratio induced by acetate and palmitic acid was suppressed by taurine and carnitine, respectively. Elevations of NAT and ACT in the blood of humans during endurance exercises might serve the buffering of the acetyl-moiety in mitochondria by taurine and carnitine, respectively. The results suggest that blood levels of NAT and ACT indicate energy production status from fatty acids in the skeletal muscles of humans undergoing endurance exercise. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Regulation and Effect of Taurine on Metabolism)

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Review

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Taurine: A Maternally Derived Nutrient Linking Mother and Offspring

by Shiro Tochitani

Metabolites 2022, 12(3), 228; https://doi.org/10.3390/metabo12030228 - 05 Mar 2022

Cited by 15 | Viewed by 6085

Abstract

Mammals can obtain taurine from food and synthesize it from sulfur-containing amino acids. Mammalian fetuses and infants have little ability to synthesize taurine. Therefore, they are dependent on taurine given from mothers either via the placenta or via breast milk. Many lines of evidence demonstrate that maternally derived taurine is essential for offspring development, shaping various traits in adults. Various environmental factors, including maternal obesity, preeclampsia, and undernutrition, can affect the efficacy of taurine transfer via either the placenta or breast milk. Thus, maternally derived taurine during the perinatal period can influence the offspring’s development and even determine health and disease later in life. In this review, I will discuss the biological function of taurine during development and the regulatory mechanisms of taurine transport from mother to offspring. I also refer to the possible environmental factors affecting taurine functions in mother-offspring bonding during perinatal periods. The possible functions of taurine as a determinant of gut microbiota and in the context of the Developmental Origins of Health and Disease (DOHaD) hypothesis will also be discussed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Regulation and Effect of Taurine on Metabolism)

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16 pages, 352 KiB

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The Role of Taurine in Skeletal Muscle Functioning and Its Potential as a Supportive Treatment for Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy

by Caroline Merckx and Boel De Paepe

Metabolites 2022, 12(2), 193; https://doi.org/10.3390/metabo12020193 - 19 Feb 2022

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 3052

Abstract

Taurine (2-aminoethanesulfonic acid) is required for ensuring proper muscle functioning. Knockout of the taurine transporter in mice results in low taurine concentrations in the muscle and associates with myofiber necrosis and diminished exercise capacity. Interestingly, regulation of taurine and its transporter is altered in the mdx mouse, a model for Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy (DMD). DMD is a genetic disorder characterized by progressive muscle degeneration and weakness due to the absence of dystrophin from the muscle membrane, causing destabilization and contraction-induced muscle cell damage. This review explores the physiological role of taurine in skeletal muscle and the consequences of a disturbed balance in DMD. Its potential as a supportive treatment for DMD is also discussed. In addition to genetic correction, that is currently under development as a curative treatment, taurine supplementation has the potential to reduce muscle inflammation and improve muscle strength in patients. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Regulation and Effect of Taurine on Metabolism)

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