Research

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18 pages, 1734 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Modulation of Fecal Metabolites by Heat Stress and Diet, and Their Association with Inflammation and Leaky Gut Markers in Dairy Cows

by Alexis Ruiz-González, Daniel Enrique Rico and Jorge Eduardo Rico

Metabolites 2022, 12(2), 142; https://doi.org/10.3390/metabo12020142 - 03 Feb 2022

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2202

Abstract

The analysis of fecal metabolite profiles could provide novel insights into the mechanisms underlying animal responses to environmental stressors and diet. We aimed to evaluate the effects of a 14-day heat stress period and of dietary mineral and vitamin supplementation under heat stress [...] Read more.

The analysis of fecal metabolite profiles could provide novel insights into the mechanisms underlying animal responses to environmental stressors and diet. We aimed to evaluate the effects of a 14-day heat stress period and of dietary mineral and vitamin supplementation under heat stress on fecal metabolite profiles and to investigate their associations with physiological markers of heat stress, leaky gut, and inflammation in lactating dairy cows. Twelve multiparous Holstein cows (42.2 ± 5.6 kg milk/d; 83.4 ± 27.1 DIM) were enrolled in an experiment in a split-plot design. The main plot was the level of dietary vitamin E and Se, as follows: (1) low (L-ESe; 20 IU/kg vitamin E, 0.3 ppm Se) or (2) high (H-ESe 200 IU/kg vitamin E, 1.2 ppm Se). Within each plot, six cows were randomly assigned to either (1) heat stress (HS; Total Humidity Index (THI): 82), (2) pair-feeding in thermoneutrality (TNPF; THI = 64), or (3) HS with vitamin D₃ and Ca supplementation (HS+DCa; 1820 IU/kg and 1.5% Ca; THI: 82) in a replicated 3 × 3 Latin square design with 14-day periods and 7-day washouts. The concentrations of 94 metabolites were determined in fecal samples, including amino acids, fatty acids, biogenic amines, and vitamins. Relative to the L-ESe group, the H-ESe group increased α-tocopherol by threefold, whereas δ-tocopherol was decreased by 78% (P_FDR < 0.01). Nevertheless, correlation analysis between α-tocopherol and all the others fecal metabolites or physiological heat stress measures did not show significant associations. No interactions between main plot and treatments were observed. Relative to TNPF, HS increased plasma tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), plasma lipopolysaccharide-binding protein (LBP), milk somatic cell counts (SCC), respiratory rates, rectal temperatures, fecal tridecylic and myristic acids, vitamin B₇, and retinol, whereas it decreased fecal amino acids such as histidine, methyl histidine, acetyl ornithine, and arginine (P_FDR < 0.05). In contrast, HS+DCa increased fecal methyl histidine concentrations and reduced milk SCC, plasma TNF-α, and LBP, as well as rectal temperatures. Discriminant analysis revealed fecal histidine, taurine, acetyl ornithine, arginine, β-alanine, ornithine, butyric + iso-butyric acid, plasma non-esterified fatty acids, TNF-α, LBP, C-reactive protein, and milk SCC were predictive of HS. Several metabolites were predictive of HS+DCa, although only tryptophan was discriminant relative to HS. In conclusion, both heat stress and the supplementation of vitamin D₃ and Ca can influence the fecal metabolome of dairy cows experiencing heat stress, independently of dietary levels of vitamin E and Se. Our results suggest that some fecal metabolites are well associated with physiological measures of heat stress and may thus provide insights into the gut-level changes taking place under heat stress in dairy cows. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Multi-Omics Methods in Dairy Research)

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14 pages, 1156 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Circulating Metabolites Indicate Differences in High and Low Residual Feed Intake Holstein Dairy Cows

by Malia J. Martin, Ryan S. Pralle, Isabelle R. Bernstein, Michael J. VandeHaar, Kent A. Weigel, Zheng Zhou and Heather M. White

Metabolites 2021, 11(12), 868; https://doi.org/10.3390/metabo11120868 - 14 Dec 2021

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2346

Abstract

Selection for more feed efficient dairy cows is key to improving sustainability and profitability of dairy production; however, underlying mechanisms contributing to individual animal feed efficiency are not fully understood. The objective of this study was to identify circulating metabolites, and pathways associated [...] Read more.

Selection for more feed efficient dairy cows is key to improving sustainability and profitability of dairy production; however, underlying mechanisms contributing to individual animal feed efficiency are not fully understood. The objective of this study was to identify circulating metabolites, and pathways associated with those metabolites, that differ between efficient and inefficient Holstein dairy cows using targeted metabolite quantification and untargeted metabolomics. The top and bottom fifteen percent of cows (n = 28/group) with the lowest and highest residual feed intake in mid-lactation feed efficiency trials were grouped retrospectively as high-efficient (HE) and low-efficient (LE). Blood samples were collected for quantification of energy metabolites, markers of hepatic function, and acylcarnitines, in addition to a broader investigation using untargeted metabolomics. Short-chain acylcarnitines, C3-acylcarnitine, and C4-acylcarntine were lower in HE cows (n = 18/group). Untargeted metabolomics and multivariate analysis identified thirty-nine differential metabolites between HE and LE (n = 8/group), of which twenty-five were lower and fourteen were higher in HE. Pathway enrichment analysis indicated differences in tryptophan metabolism. Combined results from targeted metabolite quantification and untargeted metabolomics indicate differences in fatty acid and amino acid metabolism between HE and LE cows. These differences may indicate post-absorptive nutrient use efficiency as a contributor to individual animal variation in feed efficiency. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Multi-Omics Methods in Dairy Research)

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10 pages, 11559 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Modulation of Plasma and Milk Sphingolipids in Dairy Cows Fed High-Starch Diets

by Jorge Eduardo Rico, Eveline C. Sandri, Andrea Celemín Sarmiento, Janie Lévesque, Ákos Kenéz and Daniel E. Rico

Metabolites 2021, 11(10), 711; https://doi.org/10.3390/metabo11100711 - 19 Oct 2021

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2209

Abstract

Bovine milk is a significant source of sphingolipids, dietary compounds that can exert anti-inflammatory actions, and which can modulate the host’s microbiome. Because sphingolipid synthesis can be modified by diet, we hypothesized that dietary conditions which reduced FFA availability may result in reduced [...] Read more.

Bovine milk is a significant source of sphingolipids, dietary compounds that can exert anti-inflammatory actions, and which can modulate the host’s microbiome. Because sphingolipid synthesis can be modified by diet, we hypothesized that dietary conditions which reduced FFA availability may result in reduced sphingolipid synthesis. Twelve ruminally cannulated cows (120 ± 52 DIM; 35.5 ± 8.9 kg of milk/d; mean ± SD) were randomly assigned to treatment in a crossover design with 21-d periods. Treatments were (1) High starch (HS), (2) Control. The HS diet contained 29% starch, 24% NDF, and 2.8% fatty acids (FA), whereas the Control diet contained 20% starch, 31% NDF, and 2.3% FA. Plasma and milk samples were obtained on d 21 of each period and sphingolipids were quantified using targeted metabolomics. Univariate and multivariate analyses of generalized log-transformed and Pareto-scaled data included ANOVA (fixed effects of treatment) and discriminant analysis. The lipidomics analysis detected 71 sphingolipids across plasma and milk fat, including sphinganines (n = 3), dihydro-ceramides (n = 8), ceramides (Cer; n = 15), sphingomyelins (SM; n = 17), and glycosylated ceramides (n = 28). Followed by Cer, SM were the most abundant sphingolipids detected in milk and plasma, with a preponderance of 16:0-, 23:0-, and 24:0-carbon sidechains. Although no effects of HS diets were observed on plasma sphingolipids, we detected consistent reductions in the concentrations of several milk Cer (e.g., 22:0- and 24:0-Cer) and SM (17:0- and 23:0-SM) in response to HS. Discriminant analysis revealed distinct metabolite separation of HS and Control groups, with several Cer and SM being distinctively predictive of dietary treatment. We conclude that HS diets can reduce the secretion of milk Cer and SM, even in the absence of changes in circulating sphingolipids. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Multi-Omics Methods in Dairy Research)

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20 pages, 4946 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Naturally Occurring Glycosidases in Milk from Native Cattle Breeds: Activity and Consequences on Free and Protein Bound-Glycans

by Anne Vuholm Sunds, Ida Schwartz Roland, Ulrik Kræmer Sundekilde, Martin Nørmark Thesbjerg, Randall Robinson, Apichaya Bunyatratchata, Maria Glantz, Marie Paulsson, Daiva Leskauskaite, Anne Pihlanto, Ragnhild Inglingstad, Tove Gulbrandsen Devold, Gerd Elisabeth Vegarud, Bryndis Eva Birgisdottir, Maria Gudjonsdottir, Daniela Barile, Lotte Bach Larsen and Nina Aagaard Poulsen

Metabolites 2021, 11(10), 662; https://doi.org/10.3390/metabo11100662 - 28 Sep 2021

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2501

Abstract

Little is known about the extent of variation and activity of naturally occurring milk glycosidases and their potential to degrade milk glycans. A multi-omics approach was used to investigate the relationship between glycosidases and important bioactive compounds such as free oligosaccharides and O [...] Read more.

Little is known about the extent of variation and activity of naturally occurring milk glycosidases and their potential to degrade milk glycans. A multi-omics approach was used to investigate the relationship between glycosidases and important bioactive compounds such as free oligosaccharides and O-linked glycans in bovine milk. Using 4-methylumbelliferone (4-MU) assays activities of eight indigenous glycosidases were determined, and by mass spectrometry and ¹H NMR spectroscopy various substrates and metabolite products were quantified in a subset of milk samples from eight native North European cattle breeds. The results showed a clear variation in glycosidase activities among the native breeds. Interestingly, negative correlations between some glycosidases including β-galactosidase, N-acetyl-β-d-glucosaminidase, certain oligosaccharide isomers as well as O-linked glycans of κ-casein were revealed. Further, a positive correlation was found for free fucose content and α-fucosidase activity (r = 0.37, p-value < 0.001) indicating cleavage of fucosylated glycans in milk at room temperature. The results obtained suggest that milk glycosidases might partially degrade valuable glycans, which would result in lower recovery of glycans and thus represent a loss for the dairy ingredients industry if these activities are pronounced. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Multi-Omics Methods in Dairy Research)

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18 pages, 3025 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Targeted Serum Metabolomics GC-MS Approach Identifies Predictive Blood Biomarkers for Retained Placenta in Holstein Dairy Cows

by Guanshi Zhang, Dawid Tobolski, Grzegorz Zwierzchowski, Rupasri Mandal, David S. Wishart and Burim N. Ametaj

Metabolites 2021, 11(9), 633; https://doi.org/10.3390/metabo11090633 - 17 Sep 2021

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2872

Abstract

The retained placenta is a common pathology of dairy cows. It is associated with a significant drop in the dry matter intake, milk yield, and increased susceptibility of dairy cows to metritis, mastitis, and displaced abomasum. The objective of this study was to [...] Read more.

The retained placenta is a common pathology of dairy cows. It is associated with a significant drop in the dry matter intake, milk yield, and increased susceptibility of dairy cows to metritis, mastitis, and displaced abomasum. The objective of this study was to identify metabolic alterations that precede and are associated with the disease occurrence. Blood samples were collected from 100 dairy cows at −8 and −4 weeks prior to parturition and on the day of retained placenta, and only 16 healthy cows and 6 cows affected by retained placenta were selected to measure serum polar metabolites by a targeted gas chromatography–mass spectroscopy (GC-MS) metabolomics approach. A total of 27 metabolites were identified and quantified in the serum. There were 10, 18, and 17 metabolites identified as being significantly altered during the three time periods studied. However, only nine metabolites were identified as being shared among the three time periods including five amino acids (Asp, Glu, Ser, Thr, and Tyr), one sugar (myo-inositol), phosphoric acid, and urea. The identified metabolites can be used as predictive biomarkers for the risk of retained placenta in dairy cows and might help explain the metabolic processes that occur prior to the incidence of the disease and throw light on the pathomechanisms of the disease. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Multi-Omics Methods in Dairy Research)

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14 pages, 912 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis Proteome Changes Profoundly in Milk

by Kristina J. H. Kleinwort, Bernhard F. Hobmaier, Ricarda Mayer, Christina Hölzel, Roxane L. Degroote, Erwin Märtlbauer, Stefanie M. Hauck and Cornelia A. Deeg

Metabolites 2021, 11(8), 549; https://doi.org/10.3390/metabo11080549 - 20 Aug 2021

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2180

Abstract

Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP) are detectable viable in milk and other dairy products. The molecular mechanisms allowing the adaptation of MAP in these products are still poorly understood. To obtain information about respective adaptation of MAP in milk, we differentially analyzed the [...] Read more.

Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP) are detectable viable in milk and other dairy products. The molecular mechanisms allowing the adaptation of MAP in these products are still poorly understood. To obtain information about respective adaptation of MAP in milk, we differentially analyzed the proteomes of MAP cultivated for 48 h in either milk at 37 °C or 4 °C or Middlebrook 7H9 broth as a control. From a total of 2197 MAP proteins identified, 242 proteins were at least fivefold higher in abundance in milk. MAP responded to the nutritional shortage in milk with upregulation of 32% of proteins with function in metabolism and 17% in fatty acid metabolism/synthesis. Additionally, MAP upregulated clusters of 19% proteins with roles in stress responses and immune evasion, 19% in transcription/translation, and 13% in bacterial cell wall synthesis. Dut, MmpL4_1, and RecA were only detected in MAP incubated in milk, pointing to very important roles of these proteins for MAP coping with a stressful environment. Dut is essential and plays an exclusive role for growth, MmpL4_1 for virulence through secretion of specific lipids, and RecA for SOS response of mycobacteria. Further, 35 candidates with stable expression in all conditions were detected, which could serve as targets for detection. Data are available via ProteomeXchange with identifier PXD027444. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Multi-Omics Methods in Dairy Research)

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16 pages, 1653 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Changes of Milk Metabolomic Profiles Resulting from a Mycotoxins-Contaminated Corn Silage Intake by Dairy Cows

by Gabriele Rocchetti, Francesca Ghilardelli, Paolo Bonini, Luigi Lucini, Francesco Masoero and Antonio Gallo

Metabolites 2021, 11(8), 475; https://doi.org/10.3390/metabo11080475 - 23 Jul 2021

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 3442

Abstract

In this study, an untargeted metabolomics approach based on ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with high-resolution mass spectrometry (UHPLC-HRMS) was used for investigating changes in chemical profiles of cow milk considering diets based on mycotoxins-contaminated corn silages. For this purpose, 45 milk samples were [...] Read more.

In this study, an untargeted metabolomics approach based on ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with high-resolution mass spectrometry (UHPLC-HRMS) was used for investigating changes in chemical profiles of cow milk considering diets based on mycotoxins-contaminated corn silages. For this purpose, 45 milk samples were classified into five clusters according to the corn silage contamination profile, namely (1) low levels of Aspergillus- and Penicillium-mycotoxins; (2) low levels of fumonisins and other Fusarium-mycotoxins; (3) high levels of Aspergillus-mycotoxins; (4) high levels of non-regulated Fusarium-mycotoxins; (5) high levels of fumonisins and their metabolites, and subsequently analyzed by UHPLC-HRMS followed by a multivariate statistical analysis (both unsupervised and supervised statistical approaches). Overall, the milk metabolomic profile highlighted potential correlations between the quality of contaminated corn silages (as part of the total mixed ration) and milk composition. Metabolomics allowed to identify 628 significant milk metabolites as affected by the five levels of corn silage contamination considered, with amino acids and peptides showing the highest metabolite set enrichment (134 compounds). Additionally, 78 metabolites were selected as the best discriminant of the prediction model built, possessing a variable importance in projection score >1.2. The average Log Fold-Change variations of the discriminant metabolites provided evidence that sphingolipids, together with purine and pyrimidine-derived metabolites were the most affected chemical classes. Also, metabolomics revealed a significant accumulation of oxidized glutathione in milk samples belonging to the silage cluster contaminated by emerging Aspergillus toxins, likely involved in the oxidative imbalance. These preliminary findings provide new insights into the potential role of milk metabolomics to provide chemical indicators of mycotoxins-contaminated corn silage feeding systems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Multi-Omics Methods in Dairy Research)

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19 pages, 1270 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Analysis of Host Jejunum Transcriptome and Associated Microbial Community Structure Variation in Young Calves with Feed-Induced Acidosis

by Naren Gaowa, Wenli Li, Sonia Gelsinger, Brianna Murphy and Shengli Li

Metabolites 2021, 11(7), 414; https://doi.org/10.3390/metabo11070414 - 23 Jun 2021

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2325

Abstract

Diet-induced acidosis imposes a health risk to young calves. In this study, we aimed to investigate the host jejunum transcriptome changes, along with its microbial community variations, using our established model of feed-induced ruminal acidosis in young calves. Eight bull calves were randomly [...] Read more.

Diet-induced acidosis imposes a health risk to young calves. In this study, we aimed to investigate the host jejunum transcriptome changes, along with its microbial community variations, using our established model of feed-induced ruminal acidosis in young calves. Eight bull calves were randomly assigned to two diet treatments beginning at birth (a starch-rich diet, Aci; a control diet, Con). Whole-transcriptome RNA sequencing was performed on the jejunum tissues collected at 17 weeks of age. Ribosomal RNA reads were used for studying microbial community structure variations in the jejunum. A total of 853 differentially expressed genes were identified (402 upregulated and 451 downregulated) between the two groups. The cell cycle and the digestion and absorption of protein in jejunal tissue were affected by acidosis. Compared to the control, genera of Campylobacter, Burkholderia, Acidaminococcus, Corynebacterium, and Olsenella significantly increased in abundance in the Aci group, while Lachnoclostridium and Ruminococcus were significantly lower in the Aci group. Expression changes in the AXL gene were associated with the abundance variations of a high number of genera in jejunum. Our study provided a snapshot of the transcriptome changes in the jejunum and its associated meta-transcriptome changes in microbial communities in young calves with feed-induced acidosis. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Multi-Omics Methods in Dairy Research)

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11 pages, 1137 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Analysis of Sirtuin 1 and Sirtuin 3 at Enzyme and Protein Levels in Human Breast Milk during the Neonatal Period

by Kristina Hase, Laura Stahmer, Hadeel Shammas, Corinna Peter, Bettina Bohnhorst and Anibh Martin Das

Metabolites 2021, 11(6), 348; https://doi.org/10.3390/metabo11060348 - 29 May 2021

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2745

Abstract

Breast feeding is regarded as the preferred nutrition modality for children during the first few months of life. It not only furthers growth and development but also is supposed to impact later life. The first 1000 days are regarded as a critical window [...] Read more.

Breast feeding is regarded as the preferred nutrition modality for children during the first few months of life. It not only furthers growth and development but also is supposed to impact later life. The first 1000 days are regarded as a critical window for development, even beyond infancy. The physiological basis underlying this beneficial effect is not clear. Sirtuins are important regulatory proteins of metabolism and are supposed to play a critical role in ageing and longevity as well as in diseases. In the present study, we developed novel methods to assay sirtuin 1 and sirtuin 3 at enzyme activity (via fluorometry) and protein levels (by Western blot) in the aqueous phase and in the cell pellet of human breast milk and assessed the impact of ongoing lactation during the neonatal period. Sirtuin activities in the aqueous phase were negatively correlated with the duration of lactation in the neonatal period. There was no correlation of sirtuin activities in the cell pellet with the duration of lactation. The amounts of sirtuin 1 and sirtuin 3 measured by Western blot were negatively correlated with the lactation period. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Multi-Omics Methods in Dairy Research)

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19 pages, 5156 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Metabolic Fingerprinting of Feces from Calves, Subjected to Gram-Negative Bacterial Endotoxin

by Saeid Kamel Oroumieh, Abbas Ali Naserian, Lieven Van Meulebroek, Ellen De Paepe, Reza Valizadeh and Lynn Vanhaecke

Metabolites 2021, 11(2), 108; https://doi.org/10.3390/metabo11020108 - 13 Feb 2021

Viewed by 2576

Abstract

Gram-negative bacteria have a well-known impact on the disease state of neonatal calves and their mortality. This study was the first to implement untargeted metabolomics on calves’ fecal samples to unravel the effect of Gram-negative bacterial endotoxin lipopolysaccharide (LPS). In this context, calves [...] Read more.

Gram-negative bacteria have a well-known impact on the disease state of neonatal calves and their mortality. This study was the first to implement untargeted metabolomics on calves’ fecal samples to unravel the effect of Gram-negative bacterial endotoxin lipopolysaccharide (LPS). In this context, calves were challenged with LPS and administered with fish oil, nanocurcumin, or dexamethasone to evaluate treatment effects. Ultra-high-performance liquid-chromatography high-resolution mass spectrometry (UHPLC-HRMS) was employed to map fecal metabolic fingerprints from the various groups before and after LPS challenge. Based on the generated fingerprints, including 9650 unique feature ions, significant separation according to LPS group was achieved through orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis (Q² of 0.57 and p-value of 0.022), which allowed the selection of 37 metabolites as bacterial endotoxin markers. Tentative identification of these markers suggested that the majority belonged to the subclass of the carboxylic acid derivatives—amino acids, peptides, and analogs—and fatty amides, with these subclasses playing a role in the metabolism of steroids, histidine, glutamate, and folate. Biological interpretations supported the revealed markers’ potential to aid in disease diagnosis, whereas beneficial effects were observed following dexamethasone, fish oil, and nanocurcumin treatment. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Multi-Omics Methods in Dairy Research)

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18 pages, 1513 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Variability of Lipids in Human Milk

by Jayashree Selvalatchmanan, A.V. Rukmini, Shanshan Ji, Alexander Triebl, Liang Gao, Anne K. Bendt, Markus R. Wenk, Joshua J. Gooley and Federico Torta

Metabolites 2021, 11(2), 104; https://doi.org/10.3390/metabo11020104 - 11 Feb 2021

Cited by 13 | Viewed by 3032

Abstract

Lipids in breastmilk play a critical role in infant growth and development. However, few studies have investigated sources of variability of both high- and low-abundant milk lipids. The objective of our study was to investigate individual and morning–evening differences in the human milk [...] Read more.

Lipids in breastmilk play a critical role in infant growth and development. However, few studies have investigated sources of variability of both high- and low-abundant milk lipids. The objective of our study was to investigate individual and morning–evening differences in the human milk lipidome. In this study, a modified two-phase method (MTBE: Methanol 7:2) was validated for the extraction of lipids from human breastmilk. This method was then applied to samples from a group of 20 healthy women to measure inter- and intra-individual (morning versus evening) variability of the breastmilk lipidome. We report here the levels of 237 lipid species from 13 sub-classes using reversed-phase liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (RP-LCMS) and direct-infusion mass spectrometry (DI-MS). About 85% of lipid species showed stable inter-individual differences across time points. Half of lipid species showed higher concentrations in the evening compared with the morning, with phosphatidylethanolamines (PEs) and triacylglycerols (TAGs) exhibiting the largest changes. In morning and evening samples, the biological variation was greater for diacylglycerols (DAGs) and TAGs compared with phospholipids and sphingolipids, and the variation in DAGs and TAGs was greater in evening samples compared with morning samples. These results demonstrate that variation in the milk lipidome is strongly influenced by individual differences and time of day. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Multi-Omics Methods in Dairy Research)

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Review

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21 pages, 9296 KiB

Open AccessReview

Integration of Multiplied Omics, a Step Forward in Systematic Dairy Research

by Yingkun Zhu, Dengpan Bu and Lu Ma

Metabolites 2022, 12(3), 225; https://doi.org/10.3390/metabo12030225 - 04 Mar 2022

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 3033

Abstract

Due to their unique multi-gastric digestion system highly adapted for rumination, dairy livestock has complicated physiology different from monogastric animals. However, the microbiome-based mechanism of the digestion system is congenial for biology approaches. Different omics and their integration have been widely applied in [...] Read more.

Due to their unique multi-gastric digestion system highly adapted for rumination, dairy livestock has complicated physiology different from monogastric animals. However, the microbiome-based mechanism of the digestion system is congenial for biology approaches. Different omics and their integration have been widely applied in the dairy sciences since the previous decade for investigating their physiology, pathology, and the development of feed and management protocols. The rumen microbiome can digest dietary components into utilizable sugars, proteins, and volatile fatty acids, contributing to the energy intake and feed efficiency of dairy animals, which has become one target of the basis for omics applications in dairy science. Rumen, liver, and mammary gland are also frequently targeted in omics because of their crucial impact on dairy animals’ energy metabolism, production performance, and health status. The application of omics has made outstanding contributions to a more profound understanding of the physiology, etiology, and optimizing the management strategy of dairy animals, while the multi-omics method could draw information of different levels and organs together, providing an unprecedented broad scope on traits of dairy animals. This article reviewed recent omics and multi-omics researches on physiology, feeding, and pathology on dairy animals and also performed the potential of multi-omics on systematic dairy research. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Multi-Omics Methods in Dairy Research)

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22 pages, 1017 KiB

Open AccessReview

Foodomic-Based Approach for the Control and Quality Improvement of Dairy Products

by Rubén Agregán, Noemí Echegaray, Asad Nawaz, Christophe Hano, Gholamreza Gohari, Mirian Pateiro and José M. Lorenzo

Metabolites 2021, 11(12), 818; https://doi.org/10.3390/metabo11120818 - 29 Nov 2021

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2238

Abstract

The food quality assurance before selling is a needed requirement intended for protecting consumer interests. In the same way, it is also indispensable to promote continuous improvement of sensory and nutritional properties. In this regard, food research has recently contributed with studies focused [...] Read more.

The food quality assurance before selling is a needed requirement intended for protecting consumer interests. In the same way, it is also indispensable to promote continuous improvement of sensory and nutritional properties. In this regard, food research has recently contributed with studies focused on the use of ‘foodomics’. This review focuses on the use of this technology, represented by transcriptomics, proteomics, and metabolomics, for the control and quality improvement of dairy products. The complex matrix of these foods requires sophisticated technology able to extract large amounts of information with which to influence their aptitude for consumption. Thus, throughout the article, different applications of the aforementioned technologies are described and discussed in essential matters related to food quality, such as the detection of fraud and/or adulterations, microbiological safety, and the assessment and improvement of transformation industrial processes (e.g., fermentation and ripening). The magnitude of the reported results may open the door to an in-depth transformation of the most conventional analytical processes, with the introduction of new techniques that allow a greater understanding of the biochemical phenomena occurred in this type of food. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Multi-Omics Methods in Dairy Research)

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17 pages, 2079 KiB

Open AccessReview

Overview of Metabolomic Analysis and the Integration with Multi-Omics for Economic Traits in Cattle

by Dan Hao, Jiangsong Bai, Jianyong Du, Xiaoping Wu, Bo Thomsen, Hongding Gao, Guosheng Su and Xiao Wang

Metabolites 2021, 11(11), 753; https://doi.org/10.3390/metabo11110753 - 30 Oct 2021

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 3154

Abstract

Metabolomics has been applied to measure the dynamic metabolic responses, to understand the systematic biological networks, to reveal the potential genetic architecture, etc., for human diseases and livestock traits. For example, the current published results include the detected relevant candidate metabolites, identified metabolic [...] Read more.

Metabolomics has been applied to measure the dynamic metabolic responses, to understand the systematic biological networks, to reveal the potential genetic architecture, etc., for human diseases and livestock traits. For example, the current published results include the detected relevant candidate metabolites, identified metabolic pathways, potential systematic networks, etc., for different cattle traits that can be applied for further metabolomic and integrated omics studies. Therefore, summarizing the applications of metabolomics for economic traits is required in cattle. We here provide a comprehensive review about metabolomic analysis and its integration with other omics in five aspects: (1) characterization of the metabolomic profile of cattle; (2) metabolomic applications in cattle; (3) integrated metabolomic analysis with other omics; (4) methods and tools in metabolomic analysis; and (5) further potentialities. The review aims to investigate the existing metabolomic studies by highlighting the results in cattle, integrated with other omics studies, to understand the metabolic mechanisms underlying the economic traits and to provide useful information for further research and practical breeding programs in cattle. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Multi-Omics Methods in Dairy Research)

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