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Recent Clinical and Basic Research on Endocrine Surgery

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A special issue of Medicina (ISSN 1648-9144). This special issue belongs to the section "Surgery".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 10 August 2024 | Viewed by 8409

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Dr. Jin Wook Yi

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Guest Editor

Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, Inha University Hospital, Incheon 400-711, Korea
Interests: surgery of thyroid, parathyroid, and adrenal glands; minimally invasive and robotic surgery; surgical oncology; biomedical informatics

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

First of all, I would like to appreciate to doctors in worldwide for the dedication of patients care in COVID-19 pandemic situation. Endocrine surgery is the field of surgery for thyroid, parathyroid, and adrenal diseases, and the role of surgical treatment is the most important aspect of patients’ care. In particular, endocrine surgery is an area where advanced surgical techniques are used, such as the endoscopic and robotic approach with various minimally invasive techniques. Furthermore, endocrine surgeons are leaders in basic research, including cancer genomics and biomedical informatics.

In this Special Issue, we want to share the up-to-date experiences of clinical care and basic research conducted by endocrine surgeons from around the world. All topics are suitable, and our aim is to facilitate free sharing and interaction between various endocrine surgeons from around the world.

Dr. Jin Wook Yi
Guest Editor

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Keywords

surgery for thyroid, parathyroid, and adrenal glands
endoscopic and robotic surgery
basic research of thyroid, parathyroid, and adrenal glands

Published Papers (7 papers)

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10 pages, 479 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Diagnostic Accuracy of Ultrasound and Fine-Needle Aspiration Cytology in Thyroid Malignancy

by Maria Boudina, Michael Katsamakas, Angeliki Chorti, Panagiotis Panousis, Eleni Tzitzili, Georgios Tzikos, Alexandra Chrisoulidou, Rosalia Valeri, Aris Ioannidis and Theodossis Papavramidis

Medicina 2024, 60(5), 722; https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina60050722 (registering DOI) - 26 Apr 2024

Viewed by 177

Abstract

Introduction: Thyroid nodule incidence is increasing due to the widespread application of ultrasonography. Fine-needle aspiration cytology is widely applied for the detection of malignancies. The aim of this study was to evaluate the predictive value of ultrasonography in thyroid cancer. Methods: This retrospective study included patients that underwent total thyroidectomy for benign thyroid disease or well-differentiated thyroid carcinoma from January 2017 to December 2022. The study population was divided into groups: the well-differentiated thyroid cancer group and the control group with benign histopathological reports. Results: In total, 192 patients were enrolled in our study; 159 patients were included in the well-differentiated thyroid cancer group and 33 patients in the control group. Statistical analysis demonstrated that ultrasonographic findings such as microcalcifications (90.4%), hypoechogenicity (89.3%), irregular margins (92.2%) and taller-than-wide shape (90.5%) were correlated to malignancy (p < 0.001). Uni- and multivariate analysis revealed that both US score (OR: 2.177; p < 0.001) and Bethesda System (OR: 1.875; p = 0.002) could predict malignancies. In terms of diagnostic accuracy, the US score displayed higher sensitivity (64.2% vs. 33.3%) and better negative predictive value (34.5% vs. 24.4%) than the Bethesda score, while both scoring systems displayed comparable specificities (90.9% vs. 100%) and positive predictive values (97.1% vs. 100%). Discussion: The malignant potential of thyroid nodules is a crucial subject, leading the decision for surgery. Ultrasonography and fine-needle aspiration cytology are pivotal examinations in the diagnostic process, with ultrasonography demonstrating better negative predictive value. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Clinical and Basic Research on Endocrine Surgery)

9 pages, 274 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Frequency of Thyroid Microcarcinoma in Patients Who Underwent Total Thyroidectomy with Benign Indication—A 5-Year Retrospective Review

by Vasiliki Magra, Kassiani Boulogeorgou, Eleni Paschou, Christina Sevva, Vasiliki Manaki, Ioanna Mpotani, Stylianos Mantalovas, Styliani Laskou, Isaak Kesisoglou, Triantafyllia Koletsa and Konstantinos Sapalidis

Medicina 2024, 60(3), 468; https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina60030468 - 12 Mar 2024

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Abstract

Background and Objectives: Incidental thyroid cancers (ITCs) are often microcarcinomas. The most frequent histologic type is a papillary microcarcinoma. Papillary thyroid microcarcinomas are defined as papillary thyroid tumours measuring less than 10 mm at their greatest diameter. They are clinically occult and frequently diagnosed incidentally in histopathology reports after a thyroidectomy. The aim of this study is to evaluate the rate of papillary thyroid microcarcinomas (PTMC) in patients who were thyroidectomised with indications of benign disease. Materials and Methods: We retrospectively evaluated the histological incidence of PTMC in 431 consecutive patients who, in a 5 year period, underwent a thyroidectomy with benign indications. Patients with benign histology and with known or suspected malignancy were excluded. Results: Histopathology reports from 540 patients who underwent a total thyroidectomy in our department between 2016 and 2021 were reviewed. A total of 431 patients were thyroidectomised for presumed benign thyroid disease. A total of 395 patients had confirmed benign thyroid disease in the final histopathology, while 36 patients had incidental malignant lesions (33 PTMC—7.67%, one multifocal PTC without microcarcinomas—0.23%, two follicular thyroid carcinoma—0.46%). Out of the PTMC patients, 29 were female and four were male (7.2:1 female–male ratio). The mean age was 54.2 years old. A total of 24 out of 33 patients had multifocal lesions, 11 of which co-existed with macro PTC. Nine patients had unifocal lesions. A total of 21 of these patients were initially operated on for multinodular goitre (64%), while 13 were operated on for Hashimoto/Lymphocytic thyroiditis (36%). Conclusions: PTMC—often multifocal—is not an uncommon, incidental finding after thyroidectomy for benign thyroid lesions (7.67% in our series) and often co-exists with other incidental malignant lesions (8.35% in our series). The possibility of an underlying papillary microcarcinoma should be taken into account in the management of patients with benign—especially nodular—thyroid disease, and total thyroidectomy should be considered. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Clinical and Basic Research on Endocrine Surgery)

11 pages, 1561 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Utility of 4D-CT Imaging in Primary Hyperparathyroidism Management in a Low-Volume Center

by Marko Murruste, Martin Kivilo, Karri Kase, Ülle Kirsimägi, Annika Tähepõld and Kaia Tammiksaar

Medicina 2023, 59(8), 1415; https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina59081415 - 03 Aug 2023

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Abstract

Background: Ultrasonography (US) and the 99mTc-sestamibi parathyroid scan (SPS) may have suboptimal accuracy when detecting the localization of enlarged parathyroid gland(s) (PTG). Therefore, the more accurate four-dimensional computed tomography scan (4D-CT) has been employed for PTG imaging. Currently, there is a paucity of data evaluating the utility of 4D-CT in low caseload settings. Aim and Objectives: To evaluate the impact of PTG imaging, using 4D-CT in conjunction with its intraoperatively displayed results, on the outcomes of surgical PTX. Materials and Methods: A single-center retrospective analysis of surgically treated patients with pHPT from 01/2010 to 01/2021 was conducted. An evaluation of the impact of the preoperative imaging modalities on the results of surgical treatment was carried out. Results: During the study period, 290 PTX were performed; 45 cases were excluded due to surgery for secondary, tertiary or recurrent HPT, or due to the use of alternative imaging techniques. The remaining 245 patients were included in the study. US was carried out for PTG imaging in 236 (96.3%), SPS in 93 (38.0%), and 4D-CT in 52 patients (21.2%). The use of 4D-CT was associated with a significantly higher rate of successful localization of enlarged PTG (49 cases, 94.2%) compared to US and SPS (74 cases, 31.4%, and 54 cases, 58.1%, respectively). We distinguished between three groups of patients based on preoperative imaging: (1) PTG lateralization via US or SPS in 106 (43.3%) cases; (2) precise localization of PTG via 4D-CT in 49 (20.0%) patients; and (3) in 90 cases (36.7%), PTG imaging failed to localize an enlarged gland. The group of 4D-CT localization had significantly shorter operative time, lower rate of simultaneous thyroid resections, as well as lower rate of removal of ≥2 PTG, compared to the other groups. The 4D-CT imaging was also associated with the lowest perioperative morbidity and with the lowest median PTH in the one month follow-up; however, compared to the other groups, these differences were statistically not significant. The implementation of 4D-CT (since 01/2018) was associated with a decrease in the need for redo surgery (from 11.5% to 7.3%) and significantly increased the annual case load of PTX at our institution (from 15.3 to 41.0) compared to the period before 4D-CT diagnostics. Conclusions: 4D-CT imaging enabled to precisely locate almost 95% of enlarged PTG in patients with pHPT. Accurate localization and intraoperatively displayed imaging results are useful guides for surgeons to make PTX a faster and safer procedure in a low-volume center. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Clinical and Basic Research on Endocrine Surgery)

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9 pages, 2019 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Comparative Analysis of Laparoscopic and Robotic Transperitoneal Adrenalectomy Performed at a Single Institution

by Yun Suk Choi, Ji Sun Lee and Jin Wook Yi

Medicina 2022, 58(12), 1747; https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina58121747 - 29 Nov 2022

Viewed by 1997

Abstract

Background and Objectives: Laparoscopic adrenalectomy (LA) is the standard surgical approach for adrenalectomy. At present, robotic adrenalectomy (RA) has been introduced at various hospitals. This study evaluated our initial experience with robotic adrenalectomy compared with conventional laparoscopic adrenalectomy. Materials and Methods: From October 2018 to March 2022, 56 adrenalectomies were performed by a single endocrine surgeon. Thirty-two patients underwent LA (LA group), and twenty-four patients underwent RA (RA group). Results: Patients in the RA group were significantly younger than those in the LA group (48.6 ± 9.7 years vs. 55.1 ± 11.4 years, p = 0.013). The RA group had a shorter operation time than the LA group (76.1 ± 28.2 min vs. 118.0 ± 54.3 min, p < 0.001). The length of hospital stay and postoperative pain level between the two groups were similar. There were no complications in the RA group. There was no significant difference in the pathologic diagnosis between the two groups. The cost of surgery was significantly higher in the RA group than in the LA group (5288.5 US dollars vs. 441.5 ± 136.8 US dollars, p < 0.001). Conclusions: In our initial experience, RA showed a shorter operation time than LA and no complications. RA could be a viable alternative surgical option for adrenalectomy, notwithstanding its higher cost. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Clinical and Basic Research on Endocrine Surgery)

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9 pages, 282 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Safety and Feasibility of Single-Port Trans-Axillary Robotic Thyroidectomy: Experience through Consecutive 100 Cases

by Il Ku Kang, Joonseon Park, Ja Seong Bae, Jeong Soo Kim and Kwangsoon Kim

Medicina 2022, 58(10), 1486; https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina58101486 - 19 Oct 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1373

Abstract

Background and Objectives: Recently, the single-port (SP) robotic system was introduced for minimally invasive operative techniques. Thus, this study aimed to validate the safety and feasibility of SP trans-axillary robotic thyroidectomy (SP-TART) through experiences in a single tertiary institution. Materials and Methods: This study retrospectively analyzed 100 consecutive patients who underwent SP-TART from October 2021 to June 2022 in Seoul St. Mary’s Hospital in Seoul, Korea. We analyzed the clinicopathological characteristics and perioperative outcomes, including complications. Results: Less than total thyroidectomy (LTT) was performed in 81, total thyroidectomy (TT) in 16, and TT with modified radical neck dissection (mRND) in 3 patients. The mean operation time (min) was 53.3 ± 13.7, 86.3 ± 15.1, and 245.7 ± 36.7 in LTT, TT, and TT with mRND, respectively. The mean postoperative hospital stay was 2.0 ± 0.2, 2.1 ± 0.3, and 3.7 ± 1.5 days, respectively. A total of 84 cases of thyroid cancer were included, and 97.6% of them (82 cases) were papillary carcinoma and the rest were follicular and poorly differentiated carcinomas. Regarding complications, five cases had major complications, including three cases of vocal cord palsy and two cases of transient hypoparathyroidism. Conclusions: SP-TART is safe and feasible with a short operation time and a short length of hospital stay. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Clinical and Basic Research on Endocrine Surgery)

11 pages, 953 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Single-Center Experience of Parathyroidectomy Using Intraoperative Parathyroid Hormone Monitoring

by Seong Hoon Kim, Si Yeon Lee, Eun Ah Min, Young Mi Hwang, Yun Suk Choi and Jin Wook Yi

Medicina 2022, 58(10), 1464; https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina58101464 - 16 Oct 2022

Viewed by 1353

Abstract

Background and Objectives: Hyperparathyroidism (HPT) is a rare endocrine disease associated with the elevated metabolism of calcium, vitamin D, and phosphate by the hyperfunctioning of the parathyroid glands. Here, we report our experience of parathyroidectomy using intraoperative parathyroid hormone (IOPTH) monitoring in a single tertiary hospital. Materials and Methods: From October 2018 to January 2022, a total of 47 patients underwent parathyroidectomy for HPT. We classified the patients into two groups—primary HPT (PHPT, n = 37) and renal HPT (RHPT, n = 10)—and then reviewed the patients’ data, including their general characteristics, laboratory results, and perioperative complications. Results: Thirty-five of the thirty-seven patients in the PHPT group underwent focused parathyroidectomy, while all ten patients in the RHPT group underwent subtotal parathyroidectomy. IOPTH monitoring based on the Milan criteria was used in all cases. Preoperative and 2-week, 6-month, and 12-month postoperative parathyroid hormone (PTH) levels were within the normal range in the PHPT group, whereas they were higher than normal in the RHPT group. Transient hypocalcemia occurred only in the RHPT group, with calcium levels returning to normal levels 12 months after surgery. Conclusions: Parathyroidectomy with IOPTH monitoring in our hospital showed favorable clinical outcomes. However, owing to the small number of patients due to the low frequency of parathyroid disease, long-term, prospective studies are needed in the future. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Clinical and Basic Research on Endocrine Surgery)

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16 pages, 2276 KiB

Open AccessCase Report

Pitfalls of DualTracer 99m-Technetium (Tc) Pertechnetate and Sestamibi Scintigraphy before Parathyroidectomy: Between Primary-Hyperparathyroidism-Associated Parathyroid Tumour and Ectopic Thyroid Tissue

by Mara Carsote, Mihaela Stanciu, Florina Ligia Popa, Oana-Claudia Sima, Eugenia Petrova, Anca-Pati Cucu and Claudiu Nistor

Medicina 2024, 60(1), 15; https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina60010015 - 21 Dec 2023

Viewed by 1046

Abstract

Diagnosis of primary hyperparathyroidism (PHP) is based on blood assessments in terms of synchronous high calcium and PTH (parathormone), but further management, particularly parathyroid surgery that provides the disease cure in 95–99% of cases, requires an adequate localisation of the parathyroid tumour/tumours as the originating source, with ultrasound and 99m-Technetium (99m-Tc) sestamibi scintigraphy being the most widely used. We aimed to introduce an adult female case diagnosed with PHP displaying unexpected intra-operatory findings (ectopic thyroid tissue) in relation to concordant pre-operatory imaging modalities (ultrasound + dual-phase 99m-Tc pertechnetate and sestamibi scintigraphy + computed tomography) that indicated bilateral inferior parathyroid tumours. A sudden drop in PTH following the removal of the first tumour was the clue for performing an extemporaneous exam for the second mass that turned out to be non-malignant ectopic thyroid tissue. We overviewed some major aspects starting from this case in point: the potential pitfalls of pre-operatory imaging in PHP; the concordance/discordance of pre-parathyroidectomy localisation modalities; the need of using an additional intra-operatory procedure; and the clues of providing a distinction between pathological parathyroids and thyroid tissue. This was a case of adult PHP, whereas triple localisation methods were used before parathyroidectomy, showing concordant results; however, the second parathyroid adenoma was a false positive image and an ectopic thyroid tissue was confirmed. The pre-operatory index of suspicion was non-existent in this patient. Hybrid imaging modalities are most probably required if both thyroid and parathyroid anomalies are suspected, but, essentially, awareness of the potential pitfalls is mandatory from the endocrine and surgical perspectives. Current gaps in imaging knowledge to guide us in this area are expected to be solved by the significant progress in functional imaging modalities. However, the act of surgery, including the decision of a PTH assay or extemporaneous exam (as seen in our case), represents the key to a successful removal procedure. Moreover, many parathyroid surgeons may currently perform 4-gland exploration routinely, precisely to avoid the shortcomings of preoperative localisation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Clinical and Basic Research on Endocrine Surgery)

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