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Medicina
Special Issues
Retinal and Choroidal Vascular Disease
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Retinal and Choroidal Vascular Disease

A special issue of Medicina (ISSN 1648-9144). This special issue belongs to the section "Ophthalmology".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 20 June 2024 | Viewed by 4577

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Francesco Petrillo

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Section of Ophthalmology, Department of surgical Science, Eye Clinic, University of Turin, Catania, Italy
Interests: retinal disease; retinal vascular disease; choroidal vascular disease; ocular surface disease
Dr. Maria Consiglia Trotta

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale, Università degli studi della Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Naples, Italy
Interests: diabetic retinopathy
Dr. Matteo Scaramuzzi

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Section of Ophthalmology, Department of surgical Science, Eye Clinic, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
Interests: retinal disease; pediatrics ophtalmology; strabismus

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Retinal vascular diseases and choroidal vascular diseases are among the most important eye diseases due to their very important socio-economic impact.

Among the vascular diseases of the retina, diabetic retinopathy and retinal vein occlusions are the two most relevant pathologies in terms of incidence and severity. In fact, diabetic retinopathy is the leading cause of blindness in individuals of working age in industrialized countries.

Among the vascular diseases of the choroid, the two most important pathologies are wet age-related macular degeneration and central serous chorioretinopathy.

Age-related macular degeneration is the leading cause of blindness in individuals over the age of 65. Central serous chorioretinopathy is the 4th cause of maculopathy after diabetic macular edema, macular edema associated with vascular occlusion and age-related macular degeneration.

The aim of this Special Issue is to allow the scientific spread of works concerning the most important ocular pathologies in terms of incidence and severity.

We invite experts to contribute with their original research, whether basic or clinical, on retinal and choroidal vascular disease, to this Special Issue. Authors can also submit review articles describing the evolution of scientific discoveries.

Dr. Francesco Petrillo
Dr. Maria Consiglia Trotta
Dr. Matteo Scaramuzzi
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Medicina is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 1800 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • macular edema
  • diabetic retinopathy
  • diabetic macular edema
  • age related macular disease
  • macular neovascularization
  • retinal vein occlusion
  • central serous chorioretinopathy

Published Papers (4 papers)

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11 pages, 1017 KiB  
Article
Acute Central Serous Chorioretinopathy Outbreak during the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Pilot Study
by Tal Yahalomi, Yael Sara Pikkel, Roee Arnon, Michael Kinori, Keren Wood and Joseph Pikkel
Medicina 2024, 60(1), 122; https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina60010122 - 09 Jan 2024
Viewed by 846
Abstract
Background and Objectives: This study aims to investigate the potential association between the COVID-19 pandemic and a new presentation of central serous chorioretinopathy (CSCR). Materials and Methods: A retrospective analysis was conducted, comparing the incidence of new-onset CSCR cases among ophthalmology [...] Read more.
Background and Objectives: This study aims to investigate the potential association between the COVID-19 pandemic and a new presentation of central serous chorioretinopathy (CSCR). Materials and Methods: A retrospective analysis was conducted, comparing the incidence of new-onset CSCR cases among ophthalmology patients in a regional medical facility in southern Israel between two distinct periods: the COVID-19 pandemic era in Israel, which occurred from 27 February 2020 to 20 December 2020, and the non-pandemic period from calendar years 2018 to 2021, excluding the specific epidemic phase mentioned. Disease severity was evaluated based on recovery time, visual acuity loss, and central macular thickness via OCT. Results: Over the four-year period, 35 new cases of CSCR were recorded. During the COVID-19 pandemic, 17 new cases (0.005% per population) were identified, compared with 18 new cases (0.002% per population) in the preceding three years. The odds ratio for acute CSCR during the pandemic was 2.83 (95% CI, 1.46–5.50) with a p-value of 0.02. CSCR cases during the pandemic seemed to exhibit worse clinical characteristics, though not statistically significant. Additionally, 22.2% of the COVID-19 pandemic group had confirmed COVID-19 cases, which was statistically significantly higher than the general population’s reported cases (6%). Conclusion: The study revealed a statistically significant increase of over 2.5 times in acute CSCR incidence during the COVID-19 pandemic compared with non-pandemic periods. The findings suggest that the pandemic’s stressful changes may have unintended consequences on the occurrence of CSCR, highlighting the importance of mental health support and psychoeducation for affected patients. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Retinal and Choroidal Vascular Disease)
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14 pages, 1352 KiB  
Article
Changes in Circulating Acylated Ghrelin and Neutrophil Elastase in Diabetic Retinopathy
by Maria Consiglia Trotta, Carlo Gesualdo, Marina Russo, Caterina Claudia Lepre, Francesco Petrillo, Maria Giovanna Vastarella, Maddalena Nicoletti, Francesca Simonelli, Anca Hermenean, Michele D’Amico and Settimio Rossi
Medicina 2024, 60(1), 118; https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina60010118 - 08 Jan 2024
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Abstract
Background and Objectives: The role and the levels of ghrelin in diabetes-induced retinal damage have not yet been explored. The present study aimed to measure the serum levels of total ghrelin (TG), and its acylated (AG) and des-acylated (DAG) forms in patients [...] Read more.
Background and Objectives: The role and the levels of ghrelin in diabetes-induced retinal damage have not yet been explored. The present study aimed to measure the serum levels of total ghrelin (TG), and its acylated (AG) and des-acylated (DAG) forms in patients with the two stages of diabetic retinopathy (DR), non-proliferative (NPDR) and proliferative (PDR). Moreover, the correlation between serum ghrelin and neutrophil elastase (NE) levels was investigated. Materials and Methods: The serum markers were determined via enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays in 12 non-diabetic subjects (CTRL), 15 diabetic patients without DR (Diabetic), 15 patients with NPDR, and 15 patients with PDR. Results: TG and AG serum levels were significantly decreased in Diabetic (respectively, p < 0.05 and p < 0.01 vs. CTRL), NPDR (p < 0.01 vs. Diabetic), and in PDR patients (p < 0.01 vs. NPDR). AG serum levels were inversely associated with DR abnormalities (microhemorrhages, microaneurysms, and exudates) progression (r = −0.83, p < 0.01), serum neutrophil percentage (r = −0.74, p < 0.01), and serum NE levels (r = −0.73, p < 0.01). The latter were significantly increased in the Diabetic (p < 0.05 vs. CTRL), NPDR (p < 0.01 vs. Diabetic), and PDR (p < 0.01 vs. PDR) groups. Conclusions: The two DR stages were characterized by decreased AG and increased NE levels. In particular, serum AG levels were lower in PDR compared to NPDR patients, and serum NE levels were higher in the PDR vs. the NPDR group. Together with the greater presence of retinal abnormalities, this could underline a distinctive role of AG in PDR compared to NPDR. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Retinal and Choroidal Vascular Disease)
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11 pages, 3079 KiB  
Article
Brolucizumab Intravitreal Injections for Wet Age-Related Macular Degeneration: Real-Life Study on a Cohort of Italian Patients
by Carlo Gesualdo, Settimio Rossi, Clemente Maria Iodice, Francesco Guarino, Mariachiara Petrella, Fabiana Anna D’Agostino, Raffaele Perrotta and Francesca Simonelli
Medicina 2023, 59(6), 1110; https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina59061110 - 08 Jun 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1247
Abstract
Background and Objectives: To report the real-life Brolucizumab therapeutical outcomes of treatment-naïve and non-treatment-naïve eyes with neovascular age-related macular degeneration (nAMD) and to analyze the incidence of therapy-related adverse events. Materials and Methods: A total of 56 eyes of 54 patients diagnosed with [...] Read more.
Background and Objectives: To report the real-life Brolucizumab therapeutical outcomes of treatment-naïve and non-treatment-naïve eyes with neovascular age-related macular degeneration (nAMD) and to analyze the incidence of therapy-related adverse events. Materials and Methods: A total of 56 eyes of 54 patients diagnosed with nAMD were retrospectively evaluated over a 3-month follow-up. Naïve eyes received a 3-month loading phase, whereas non-naïve eyes were treated with one intravitreal injection + ProReNata scheme. The main outcome measures were best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) and central retinal thickness (CRT) change. In addition, patients were stratified on the basis of fluid accumulation site, whether intra-retinal (IRF), sub-retinal (SRF), or sub-retinal pigmented epithelium (SRPE), to separately assess the eventual BCVA change in each subgroup. Finally, the incidence of ocular adverse events was evaluated. Results: In naïve eyes, a significant improvement of BCVA (LogMar) was observed at all timepoints from baseline (1 month-Mean Difference (MD): −0.13; 2 months MD: −0.17; 3 months MD: −0.24). In non-naïve eyes, a significant mean change was observed at all timepoints, with the exception of 1-month follow-up (2 months MD: −0.08; 3 months MD: −0.05). CRT significantly changed in both groups at all timepoints at a similar pace within the first two months, with naïve eyes displaying a larger overall thickness decrease at the end of the follow-up (Group 1 = MD: −123.91 µm; Group 2 = MD: −110.33 µm). With respect to the location of the edema, a significant BCVA change was observed in naïve patients with fluid in all three sites at the end of the follow-up (SRPE = MD: −0.13 (p = 0.043); SR = MD: −0.15 (p = 0.019); IR = MD: −0.19 (p = 0.041). Non-naïve patients exhibited significant mean BCVA changes only with respect to SR and IR fluid presence (SRPE = MD: −0.13 (p = 0.152); SR = MD: −0.15 (p = 0.007); IR = MD: −0.06 (p = 0.011). One naïve patient experienced acute-onset anterior and intermediate uveitis which completely resolved after therapy. Conclusions: Brolucizumab was demonstrated to be a safe and efficient alternative in improving both the anatomical and functional parameters of eyes with nAMD in this small, uncontrolled, series of patients. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Retinal and Choroidal Vascular Disease)
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9 pages, 2531 KiB  
Case Report
Peripheral Exudative Hemorrhagic Chorioretinopathy (PEHCR): Diagnostic and Therapeutic Challenges
by Kevin F. Elwood, Paige J. Richards, Kathleen R. Schildroth and Mihai Mititelu
Medicina 2023, 59(9), 1507; https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina59091507 - 22 Aug 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1151
Abstract
Background and Objectives: Peripheral exudative hemorrhagic chorioretinopathy (PEHCR) is a peripheral retinal vascular abnormality that is likely underreported. We review the differential diagnoses, etiology, and treatment options for PEHCR. Methods: We present a case of an asymptomatic 72-year-old female referred following left eye [...] Read more.
Background and Objectives: Peripheral exudative hemorrhagic chorioretinopathy (PEHCR) is a peripheral retinal vascular abnormality that is likely underreported. We review the differential diagnoses, etiology, and treatment options for PEHCR. Methods: We present a case of an asymptomatic 72-year-old female referred following left eye fundus photography finding of the peripheral lesion. Results: Fundus photography demonstrated a large temporal pigment epithelial detachment (PED) with adjacent fibrovascular membrane. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) confirmed the PED with trace subretinal fluid. Fluorescein angiography (FA) demonstrated early and late hypofluorescence of the PED with late leakage of the adjacent temporal fibrovascular membrane. Observation was elected, visual acuity remained unaffected, and the PED spontaneously resolved. Conclusions: Due to the peripheral location, patients often present as asymptomatic; however, vision loss can occur due to vitreous hemorrhage or extension of subretinal fluid, hemorrhage, or exudate to the macula. Commonly, these lesions are referred with concern for choroidal melanoma due to their large, dark, elevated presentation in the peripheral retina. Multimodal testing using B-scan, FA, and OCT is important in establishing the proper diagnosis. PEHCR lesions can often be observed without treatment, though intravitreal injection of anti-VEGF is increasingly used to prevent secondary causes of vision loss. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Retinal and Choroidal Vascular Disease)
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