Materials

Research

18 pages, 7274 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Pore Structure and Deformation Correlation of an Aluminum Foam Sandwich Subject to Three-Point Bending

by Xiaotong Lu, Lei Jing, Wenhao Zhou, Hui Yang, Pingyun Yuan and Xiaocheng Li

Materials 2024, 17(3), 567; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17030567 - 25 Jan 2024

Viewed by 575

An Al-Si matrix foam sandwich (AFS) with 6063 Al alloy cover sheets was fabricated by hot rolling combined with melt foaming. A foamable AlSiMg1/SiC_p matrix precursor was prepared by the melting route. Hot rolling at 480 °C was carried out to obtain [...] Read more.

An Al-Si matrix foam sandwich (AFS) with 6063 Al alloy cover sheets was fabricated by hot rolling combined with melt foaming. A foamable AlSiMg1/SiC_p matrix precursor was prepared by the melting route. Hot rolling at 480 °C was carried out to obtain a mechanical bonding interface between the cover sheet and the foamable precursor. Meanwhile, the pore structure of the AFS was deeply affected by the foaming temperature and foaming time during the foaming process. Different pore growth mechanics of the crack-like pore disappearance mechanism (CDM) and pore active expansion mechanism (AEM) were concluded based on the pressure difference in pores inside and outside. Three bending tests were applied to three types of AFSs with different pore structures to evaluate the relation between pore structures and AFS mechanical properties. The bending property of the AFS with fewer layers of pores is like that of a dense material. The bending property of the AFS with a pore size in the range of 0~1 mm presents a typical sandwich shear failure mode. The AFS with a uniform pore structure, in which the shapes of the pores are predominately polygons and the pore diameter is concentrated in the range of 0.5~3 mm, processes a good energy absorption capacity, and the bending stress–strain curve fluctuates greatly after the first stress drop. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Metal Matrix Functional Composites and Applications)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

15 pages, 1935 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Precipitation Kinetics of Water-Cooled Copper Mold Al-Mg-Si(-Mn, Zr) Alloy during Aging

by Hua Shen, Jianchao Shi, Yukun Zhou, Xiaofeng Wang and Guangchun Yao

Materials 2023, 16(23), 7424; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16237424 - 29 Nov 2023

Viewed by 601

Abstract

The aging precipitation behavior of 6061 aluminum alloy that underwent iron casting and water-cooled copper casting and 6061 aluminum with Mn and Zr elements added was studied. Firstly, the hardness curves, tensile properties, and fracture morphology of four aging alloys—6061 (iron mold casting), [...] Read more.

The aging precipitation behavior of 6061 aluminum alloy that underwent iron casting and water-cooled copper casting and 6061 aluminum with Mn and Zr elements added was studied. Firstly, the hardness curves, tensile properties, and fracture morphology of four aging alloys—6061 (iron mold casting), 6061 (water-cooled copper mold casting), 6061-0.15Mn-0.05Zr (iron mold casting), and 6061-0.15Mn-0.05Zr (water-cooled copper mold casting)—were studied. The results of the aging hardness curve show that the aging precipitated phase of the 6061 alloy cast with a water-cooled copper mold is dispersed. The addition of Mn increases the amount of coarse inclusion α-(AlMnFeSi) in the alloy, resulting in a decrease in the age hardening property. The addition of Zr is related to the nucleation and growth of the G.P. region in the early aging period, mainly changing the formation rate and quantity of the G.P. region, leading to the advancement of peak aging and an increase in hardness. After the G.P. region gradually transforms into the β phase, the hardness of the alloy increases with the increase in the volume fraction of the β phase. When the β″ phase is coarsened to the point where the fault line can be bypassed, the transitional metastable β′ phase begins to precipitate, and the coherent distortion around it weakens, indicating over-aging. Finally, the equilibrium phase Mg₂Si is formed. The results of the tensile tests indicate that the tensile strength and yield strength of the 6061-0.15Mn-0.05Zr alloy produced by water-cooled copper casting after aging are 356 Mpa and 230 Mpa, respectively. These values are 80 MPa and 75 MPa higher, respectively, than those of the 6061 aluminum alloy produced via iron casting. However, the elongation is by 5%. The fracture morphology of the tensile sample of the aging alloy shows that dislocation slip in the alloy results in dislocation plugging, stress concentration, and the initiation of crack cleavage on the surface. The fracture of the water-cooled copper mold-casting alloy is a ductile fracture of the microporous aggregation type, and the macroscopic fracture exhibits an obvious “neck shrinkage” phenomenon. The fracture analysis is consistent with the mechanical properties. The DSC curve shows that there is no enrichment process of solute atoms during the heating process, and the aging precipitation process after homogenization is as follows: G.P. zone → β″ phase → β′ phase. The aging precipitation process of the water-cooled copper casting alloy after homogenization treatment is as follows: β″ phase → β′ phase (no precipitation in the G.P. zone was observed). The results of the differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) analysis show that the main strengthening phase in the experimental alloy system is the β″ phase. The activation energies for the β″ phase precipitation were calculated and found to be 147 KJ/mol, 217 KJ/mol, 185 KJ/mol, and 235 KJ/mol, respectively. Additionally, a kinetic equation for the β″ phase precipitation during alloy aging was fitted. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Metal Matrix Functional Composites and Applications)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

17 pages, 10743 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Hot Deformation Behavior and Processing Maps of 26CrMo7S Steel Used in Oil Exploration

by Hemiao Jiang, Hongying Li, Dianyuan Huang, Yinghui Zhao, Jiwen Liu, Qing Gao, Hang He and Ximao Liu

Materials 2023, 16(21), 7056; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16217056 - 06 Nov 2023

Viewed by 793

Abstract

The hot deformation behavior and flow stress characteristics of experimental 26CrMo7S steel were analyzed using a thermal simulator under a range of conditions, including a strain rate range of 0.01~10 s⁻¹, a temperature range of 850~1250 °C, and a maximum deformation [...] Read more.

The hot deformation behavior and flow stress characteristics of experimental 26CrMo7S steel were analyzed using a thermal simulator under a range of conditions, including a strain rate range of 0.01~10 s⁻¹, a temperature range of 850~1250 °C, and a maximum deformation amount of 70%. The Arrhenius constitutive model was built for the corresponding conditions, and the model’s accuracy was verified through error analysis. Additionally, hot processing maps were constructed to analyze the processing zone of the steel under different hot deformation conditions. Finally, the microstructure of the processing zones was observed and verified using the electron backscattered diffraction (EBSD). The results indicate that the interaction of work hardening and dynamic softening influences the hot deformation behavior of 26CrMo7S steel. The Arrhenius constitutive equation with a value of the correlation coefficient (r = 0.99523) accurately predicts the flow behavior of 26CrMo7S steel under different strains. The optimal processing zone obtained with the hot processing maps is within a deformation range of 1010~1190 °C and a strain rate range of 0.01~10^−1.5 s⁻¹, and the obtained microstructure is in good agreement with the analysis results. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Metal Matrix Functional Composites and Applications)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

16 pages, 3787 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Probabilistic Relative Entropy in Homogenization of Fibrous Metal Matrix Composites (MMCs)

by Marcin Kamiński

Materials 2023, 16(18), 6112; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16186112 - 07 Sep 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 608

Abstract

The main aim of this work is to deliver uncertainty propagation analysis for the homogenization process of fibrous metal matrix composites (MMCs). The homogenization method applied here is based on the comparison of the deformation energy of the Representative Volume Element (RVE) for [...] Read more.

The main aim of this work is to deliver uncertainty propagation analysis for the homogenization process of fibrous metal matrix composites (MMCs). The homogenization method applied here is based on the comparison of the deformation energy of the Representative Volume Element (RVE) for the original and for the homogenized material. This part is completed with the use of the Finite Element Method (FEM) plane strain analysis delivered in the ABAQUS system. The probabilistic goal is achieved by using the response function method, where computer recovery with a few FEM tests enables approximations of polynomial bases for the RVE displacements, and further—algebraic determination of all necessary uncertainty measures. Expected values, standard deviations, and relative entropies are derived in the symbolic algebra system MAPLE; a few different entropy models have been also contrasted including the most popular Kullback–Leibler measure. These characteristics are used to discuss the influence of the uncertainty propagation in the MMCs’ effective material tensor components, but may serve in the reliability assessment by quantification of the distance between extreme responses and the corresponding admissible values. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Metal Matrix Functional Composites and Applications)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

13 pages, 26096 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Improving the Mechanical Properties of a Lattice Structure Composed of Struts with a Tri-Directional Elliptical Cylindrical Section via Selective Laser Melting

by Xiong Xiao, Liangwen Xie, Xianyong Zhu, Jiaan Liu, Yanru Luo, Peng Song, Jiali Zhao, Jinyuan Zhang, Chen Wang, Song Yang, Peng Wu, Xiangmi You and Cheng Jiang

Materials 2023, 16(15), 5487; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16155487 - 06 Aug 2023

Viewed by 982

Abstract

In recent years, lattice structures produced via additive manufacturing have been increasingly investigated for their unique mechanical properties and the flexible and diverse approaches available to design them. The design of a strut with variable cross-sections in a lattice structure is required to [...] Read more.

In recent years, lattice structures produced via additive manufacturing have been increasingly investigated for their unique mechanical properties and the flexible and diverse approaches available to design them. The design of a strut with variable cross-sections in a lattice structure is required to improve the mechanical properties. In this study, a lattice structure design method based on a strut cross-section composed of a mixture of three ellipses named a tri-directional elliptical cylindrical section (TEC) is proposed. The lattice structures were fabricated via the selective laser melting of 316L alloy. The finite element analysis results show that the TEC strut possessed the high mechanical properties of lattice structures. Compression experiments confirmed that the novel lattice structure with the TEC strut exhibited increases in the elastic modulus, compressive yield strength, and energy absorption capacity of 24.99%, 21.66%, and 20.50%, respectively, compared with the conventional lattice structure at an equal level of porosity. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Metal Matrix Functional Composites and Applications)

► Show Figures

Graphical abstract

13 pages, 1580 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Fluoride Evaporation of Low-Fluoride CaF₂-CaO-Al₂O₃-MgO-TiO₂-(Na₂O-K₂O) Slag for Electroslag Remelting

by Bo An, Yue Gu, Jiantao Ju and Kun He

Materials 2023, 16(7), 2777; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16072777 - 30 Mar 2023

Viewed by 937

Abstract

To elucidate the behavior of fluoride evaporation in an electroslag remelting process, the non-isothermal evaporation of the low-fluoride CaF₂-CaO-Al₂O₃-MgO-TiO₂-(Na₂O-K₂O) slag is studied using thermogravimetric analysis. The evaporation law of the melted [...] Read more.

To elucidate the behavior of fluoride evaporation in an electroslag remelting process, the non-isothermal evaporation of the low-fluoride CaF₂-CaO-Al₂O₃-MgO-TiO₂-(Na₂O-K₂O) slag is studied using thermogravimetric analysis. The evaporation law of the melted slag is further verified using thermodynamic calculations. Fourier transformation infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy is used to evaluate the change in slag structure. It is discovered that the principal evaporating substances are CaF₂, KF, and NaF, while the evaporation of MgF₂, AlF₃, and AlOF is less. KF evaporates absolutely in the early stage of the reaction, and CaF₂ evaporates in a large proportion during the late reaction period. At 1500 °C, the order of vapor pressure is KF > CaF₂. When K₂O and Na₂O are added to the residue sample at the same time, the evaporation ability of KF is stronger than that of CaF₂ and NaF. As the K₂O content increases from 0 to 8.3 wt%, evaporation increases from 0.76% to 1.21%. The evaporation rates of samples containing more K₂O and those containing more Na₂O are 1.48% and 1.32%, respectively. Under the same conditions, K₂O has a greater effect on evaporation than Na₂O. FTIR results show that the addition of K₂O depolymerizes the network structure and that K₂O can depolymerize the network structure better than Na₂O. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Metal Matrix Functional Composites and Applications)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

15 pages, 4839 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Fatigue of an Aluminum Foam Sandwich Formed by Powder Metallurgy

by Sitian Liu, Peng Huang, Xi Sun, Wenqi Zeng, Jiatong Zhang and Guoyin Zu

Materials 2023, 16(3), 1226; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16031226 - 31 Jan 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1214

Abstract

In this paper, an aluminum foam sandwich (AFS) was prepared by the rolling composite-powder metallurgy method, and its fatigue properties were studied. It was compared with an AFS made by the adhesive method to study its fatigue properties more directly. In this experiment, [...] Read more.

In this paper, an aluminum foam sandwich (AFS) was prepared by the rolling composite-powder metallurgy method, and its fatigue properties were studied. It was compared with an AFS made by the adhesive method to study its fatigue properties more directly. In this experiment, the fatigue performance was investigated by studying the microscopic interface, fatigue life, deflection curve, and failure mode. The results show that the fatigue life of an AFS with the rolling composite-powder metallurgy method is much longer than that with the adhesive method. The failure mode of an AFS made by the rolling composite-powder metallurgy method is shear failure, and that of an AFS made by the adhesive method is shear failure and interface debonding. An AFS with the rolling composite-powder metallurgy method has better fatigue properties. This paper also explored the fatigue damage model using the fatigue modulus method, and the polynomial fitting method has a higher fitting degree. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Metal Matrix Functional Composites and Applications)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

11 pages, 5418 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Microstructures and Mechanical Properties of V-Modified Ti-Zr-Cu-Ni Filler Metals

by Lu Feng, Quanming Liu, Weimin Long, Guoxiang Jia, Haiying Yang and Yangyang Tang

Materials 2023, 16(1), 199; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16010199 - 26 Dec 2022

Viewed by 1101

Abstract

TA2 titanium alloy was brazed with Ti-Zr-Cu-Ni-V filler metals developed in a laboratory. The melting properties, the microstructures, phase compositions of filler metals and wettability, erosion properties, tensile properties of the brazed joint were studied in detail. The results show that with the [...] Read more.

TA2 titanium alloy was brazed with Ti-Zr-Cu-Ni-V filler metals developed in a laboratory. The melting properties, the microstructures, phase compositions of filler metals and wettability, erosion properties, tensile properties of the brazed joint were studied in detail. The results show that with the increase of V content, the solidus–liquidus temperature of Ti-Zr-Cu-Ni-V filler metals increased, but the temperature difference basically remained unchanged, trace V element had a limited influence on the melting temperature range of Ti-Zr-Cu-Ni filler metals. The microstructure of Ti-Zr-Cu-Ni-1.5V filler metal was composed of Ti, Zr matrix, (Zr, Cu) solid solution and crystal phase. With the addition of V content, these phases containing V such as Ni₃VZr₂, NiV₃, Ni₂V in the molten filler metals increased. V was more inclined to combine with Ni to slow down the diffusion of Ni to titanium matrix. The wettability of filler metal with trace (≤0.5 wt.%) V to TA2 titanium alloy became worse, the wettability improved significantly with continuous increase of V content. The thickness of embrittlement layer and intergranular infiltration region decreased significantly by adding V. With the increase of V content, V could regulate the brazing interface reaction, more strengthened phases generated, which resulted the significant increase of the strength (302.72 MPa) and plasticity index (16.3%) of the brazed joint with Ti-Zr-Cu-Ni-1.5V filler metal. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Metal Matrix Functional Composites and Applications)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

18 pages, 12417 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effect of Mg Powder’s Particle Size on Structure and Mechanical Properties of Ti Foam Synthesized by Space Holder Technique

by Hongjie Luo, Jiahao Zhao, Hao Du, Wei Yin and Yang Qu

Materials 2022, 15(24), 8863; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15248863 - 12 Dec 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1095

Abstract

Titanium foam has been the focus of special attention for its specific structure and potential applications in purification, catalyst substrate, heat exchanger, biomaterial, aerospace and naval industries. However, the liquid-state foaming techniques are difficult to use in fabricating Ti foam because of its [...] Read more.

Titanium foam has been the focus of special attention for its specific structure and potential applications in purification, catalyst substrate, heat exchanger, biomaterial, aerospace and naval industries. However, the liquid-state foaming techniques are difficult to use in fabricating Ti foam because of its high melting temperature and strong chemical reactivity with atmospheric gases. Here, the fabrication of Ti foams via the powder metallurgy route was carried out by utilizing both magnesium powders and magnesium particles as spacer holders, and Ti powders as matrix metal. The green compacts containing Ti powder, Mg powder and Mg particles were heated to a certain temperature to remove the magnesium and obtain the Ti foam. The results show that the porosities of the obtained Ti foam are about 35–65%, and Young’s modulus and yield strength are found to be in the ranges of 22–126 MPa and 0.063–1.18 GPa, respectively. It is found that the magnesium powders play a more important role than the magnesium particles in the deformation and the densification of the green compact during the pressing, and the pore structure of Ti foam depends on the amount and the size of the magnesium spacer holders after sintering. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Metal Matrix Functional Composites and Applications)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

16 pages, 4988 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Prediction of the Sound Absorption Coefficient of Three-Layer Aluminum Foam by Hybrid Neural Network Optimization Algorithm

by Han Mi, Wenlong Guo, Lisi Liang, Hongyue Ma, Ziheng Zhang, Yanli Gao and Linbo Li

Materials 2022, 15(23), 8608; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15238608 - 02 Dec 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1031

Abstract

The combination of multilayer aluminum foam can have high sound absorption coefficients (SAC) at low and medium frequencies, and predicting its absorption coefficient can help the optimal structural design. In this study, a hybrid EO-GRNN model was proposed for predicting the sound absorption [...] Read more.

The combination of multilayer aluminum foam can have high sound absorption coefficients (SAC) at low and medium frequencies, and predicting its absorption coefficient can help the optimal structural design. In this study, a hybrid EO-GRNN model was proposed for predicting the sound absorption coefficient of the three-layer composite structure of the aluminum foam. The generalized regression neural network (GRNN) model was used to predict the sound absorption coefficient of three-layer composite structural aluminum foam due to its outstanding nonlinear problem-handling capability. An equilibrium optimization (EO) algorithm was used to determine the parameters in the neuronal network. The prediction results show that this method has good accuracy and high precision. The calculation result shows that this proposed hybrid model outperforms the single GRNN model, the GRNN model optimized by PSO (PSO-GRNN), and the GRNN model optimized by FOA(FOA-GRNN). The prediction results are expressed in terms of root mean square error (RMSE), absolute error, and relative error, and this method performs well with an average RMSE of only 0.011. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Metal Matrix Functional Composites and Applications)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

18 pages, 9682 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Dynamic Response and Numerical Simulation of Closed-Cell Al Foams

by Yinzheng Xia, Jianchao Shi and Yongliang Mu

Materials 2022, 15(22), 8207; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15228207 - 18 Nov 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1013

Abstract

The drop hammer impact test was carried out to investigate the dynamic response of closed-cell Al foams. A relatively reasonable method was also developed to evaluate the velocity sensitivity of cellular material. The typical impact load–displacement curve exhibited two stages containing the initial [...] Read more.

The drop hammer impact test was carried out to investigate the dynamic response of closed-cell Al foams. A relatively reasonable method was also developed to evaluate the velocity sensitivity of cellular material. The typical impact load–displacement curve exhibited two stages containing the initial compression stage and the progressive crushing stage. Three compressive damage behaviors and four failure modes of closed-cell Al foams were revealed, while the effect of velocity on the impact properties and the energy absorption capacity of different specimens were investigated. The results showed that the specific energy absorption of the specimens increased with the increasing density of the specimen and the impact velocity. However, the specimens with higher specific energy absorption seemed not to indicate better cushioning performance due to the shorter crushing displacement. In addition, the uniaxial impact simulation of two-dimensional (2D) Voronoi-based foam specimens was conducted at higher impact velocities. The simulation results of impact properties and deformation behavior agreed reasonably well with the experimental results, exhibiting similar velocity insensitivity of peak loads and deformation morphologies during uniaxial impact. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Metal Matrix Functional Composites and Applications)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

16 pages, 4350 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Numerical Simulation of Copper-Aluminum Composite Plate Casting and Rolling Process and Composite Mechanism

by Qinghua Chang, Peikai Gao, Junyi Zhang, Yiqang Huo, Zheng Zhang and Jingpei Xie

Materials 2022, 15(22), 8139; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15228139 - 16 Nov 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1325

Abstract

This paper uses ANSYS Workbench platform to simulate the casting and rolling composite process, taking the horizontal type casting and rolling machine as the research object, and conducts the numerical simulation study of copper-aluminum composite solid-liquid casting and rolling heat-flow coupling, mainly to [...] Read more.

This paper uses ANSYS Workbench platform to simulate the casting and rolling composite process, taking the horizontal type casting and rolling machine as the research object, and conducts the numerical simulation study of copper-aluminum composite solid-liquid casting and rolling heat-flow coupling, mainly to study different walking speed, aluminum pouring temperature, casting and rolling zone length, heat transfer coefficient on the temperature field, liquid phase rate influence law, and use it as a theoretical guide for copper-aluminum solid-liquid casting. The experiments of copper-aluminum solid-liquid casting-rolling composite were carried out to optimize the process parameters and to verify the experiments, so as to prepare a well-bonded copper-aluminum composite plate. The composite mechanism in the preparation of copper-aluminum composite plate was analyzed, and it was clarified that the interfacial layer was formed through four stages: contact between copper and aluminum surfaces, contact surface activation, mutual diffusion of copper and aluminum atoms, and reaction diffusion. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Metal Matrix Functional Composites and Applications)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

20 pages, 9945 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Prediction and Numerical Study of Thermal Performance of Gradient Porous Structures Based on Voronoi Tessellation Design

by Xiang Zhang, Minghao Zhang, Chenping Zhang, Tian Zhou, Xuncheng Wu and Xuezheng Yue

Materials 2022, 15(22), 8046; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15228046 - 14 Nov 2022

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1527

Abstract

Porous materials are a new type of engineering material with both functional and structural properties. Compared with regular porous structures and random porous structures, a gradient porous structure is a porous structure with a spatial variation mechanism, which can adjust the layout of [...] Read more.

Porous materials are a new type of engineering material with both functional and structural properties. Compared with regular porous structures and random porous structures, a gradient porous structure is a porous structure with a spatial variation mechanism, which can adjust the layout of the structure by changing its own load and boundary conditions according to different situations, thus obtaining better performance. In this paper, three spatial Voronoi structures with different spatial gradients are designed using the spatial Voronoi tessellation method. The differences in thermal protection performances between the Voronoi spatial gradient structure and the regular structure and the effects of porosity, gradient direction and heat flow density on the three-dimensional Voronoi stochastic gradient structure were investigated via data simulation. The results show that the effective thermal conductivity of the Voronoi spatial gradient structure is lower than that of the regular structure. The effective thermal conductivity of the structure gradually decreases with increasing porosity. Taking the gradient Voronoi structure consisting of 3 × 3 × 3 units as an example, when the porosity increases from 83% to 94.98%, its effective thermal conductivity decreases from 0.586 to 0.149 Wm

^{- 1}

K

^{- 1}

. The anisotropy of the random structure leads to effective thermal conductivity errors of more than 5% in all three gradient directions. In addition, according to the principle of thermal resistance superposition, we designed a battery pack set for calculating the effective thermal conductivities of pillar-based porous materials, including three-dimensional Voronoi gradient random porous materials on the Grasshopper platform. In this way, the effective thermal conductivity of a pillar-based porous material can be predicted more accurately. The predicted calculation results and the simulation results basically agree with each other, and the relative errors of both are within 10%. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Metal Matrix Functional Composites and Applications)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

Journal Menu

Journal Browser

Advanced Metal Matrix Functional Composites and Applications

Share This Special Issue

Special Issue Editors

Special Issue Information

Keywords

Published Papers (13 papers)

Research

Further Information

Guidelines

MDPI Initiatives

Follow MDPI