Search for Articles:
Title / Keyword
Author / Affiliation / Email
Journal
Article Type
 
 
Advanced Search
 
Section
Special Issue
Volume
Issue
Number
Page
 
5.2
3.4
Journals
Materials
Special Issues
Structure and Mechanical Properties of Alloys
materials-logo
Submit to Materials Review for Materials Propose a Special Issue

Journal Menu

► Journal Menu

Journal Browser

► Journal Browser
share announcement

Structure and Mechanical Properties of Alloys

A special issue of Materials (ISSN 1996-1944). This special issue belongs to the section "Metals and Alloys".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (15 May 2021) | Viewed by 89198

Special Issue Editor

Prof. Dr. Tomasz Tański

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Engineering Materials and Biomaterials, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Silesian University of Technology, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
Interests: nanotechnology; thin layers; material properties; structure; heat; surface; plastic treatment
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

The dynamic industry development is demanding higher and higher requirements for present constructions and elements in relation to the anticipated working conditions and existing real needs, thus supporting as well as directing the progress in the field of material engineering and favouring the production, testing, and analysis of new materials. Modern, advanced engineering materials allow for the design of more advanced, safe-to-use, and energy-saving constructions, characterised by significantly better corrosion resistance and higher mechanical strength compared to the materials used until recently. Contemporary trends in material engineering related to metallic materials concern mainly the reduction of their grain size, structure modifications using thermal, chemical, and mechanical treatment, as well as the decrease of the specific weight of the finished elements by using light metal alloys such as those containing aluminium, magnesium, and titanium. This Special Issue will focus on the influence of special treatment processes on the evolution of the microstructure and the properties of metal alloys.

Prof. Tomasz Tański
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Materials is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • metallic alloys
  • non-ferrous alloys
  • mechanical properties
  • manufacturing
  • heat treatment
  • nanostructured, structure–property correlations
  • advanced materials characterization

Published Papers (34 papers)

Download All Papers
Order results
Result details
Show export options expand_more Show export options expand_less
Select all
Export citation of selected articles as:

Research

16 pages, 5202 KiB  
Article
Effect of Heat Input on the Ballistic Performance of Armor Steel Weldments
by Branko Savic and Aleksandar Cabrilo
Materials 2021, 14(13), 3617; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14133617 - 29 Jun 2021
Cited by 13 | Viewed by 2128
Abstract
The purpose of this study is to examine the projectile penetration resistance of the base metal and heat-affected zones of armor steel weldments. To ensure the proper quality of armor steel welded joints and associated ballistic protection, it is important to find the [...] Read more.
The purpose of this study is to examine the projectile penetration resistance of the base metal and heat-affected zones of armor steel weldments. To ensure the proper quality of armor steel welded joints and associated ballistic protection, it is important to find the optimum heat input for armor steel welding. A total of two armor steel weldments made at heat inputs of 1.29 kJ/mm and 1.55 kJ/mm were tested for ballistic protection performance. The GMAW welding carried out employing a robot-controlled process. Owing to a higher ballistic limit, the heat-affected zone (HAZ) of the 1.29 kJ/mm weldment was found to be more resistant to projectile penetration than that of the 1.55 kJ/mm weldment. The ballistic performance of the weldments was determined by analyzing the microstructure of weldment heat-affected zones, the hardness gradients across the weldments and the thermal history of the welding heat inputs considered. The result showed that the ballistic resistance of heat affected zone exist as the heat input was decreased on 1.29 kJ/mm. It was found that 1.55 kJ/mm does not have ballistic resistance. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Structure and Mechanical Properties of Alloys)
►▼ Show Figures

Figure 1

11 pages, 2793 KiB  
Communication
Mechanical Properties Enhancement of the Au-Cu-Al Alloys via Phase Constitution Manipulation
by Kang-Wei Goo, Wan-Ting Chiu, Ayano Toriyabe, Masahiro Homma, Akira Umise, Masaki Tahara, Kenji Goto, Takumi Sannomiya and Hideki Hosoda
Materials 2021, 14(11), 3122; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14113122 - 07 Jun 2021
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2266
Abstract
To enhance the mechanical properties (e.g., strength and elongation) of the face-centered cubic (fcc) α-phase in the Au-Cu-Al system, this study focused on the introduction of the martensite phase (doubled B19 (DB19) crystal structure of Au2CuAl) via the manipulation of alloy [...] Read more.
To enhance the mechanical properties (e.g., strength and elongation) of the face-centered cubic (fcc) α-phase in the Au-Cu-Al system, this study focused on the introduction of the martensite phase (doubled B19 (DB19) crystal structure of Au2CuAl) via the manipulation of alloy compositions. Fundamental evaluations, such as microstructure observations, phase identifications, thermal analysis, tensile behavior examinations, and reflectance analysis, have been conducted. The presence of fcc annealing twins was observed in both the optical microscope (OM) and the scanning electron microscope (SEM) images. Both strength and elongation of the alloys were greatly promoted while the DB19 martensite phase was introduced into the alloys. Amongst all the prepared specimens, the 47Au41Cu12Al and the 44Au44Cu12Al alloys performed the optimized mechanical properties. The enhancement of strength and ductility in these two alloys was achieved while the stress plateau was observed during the tensile deformation. A plot of the ultimate tensile strength (UTS) against fracture strain was constructed to illustrate the effects of the introduction of the DB19 martensite phase on the mechanical properties of the alloys. Regardless of the manipulation of the alloy compositions and the introduction of the DB19 martensite phase, the reflectance stayed almost identical to pure Au. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Structure and Mechanical Properties of Alloys)
►▼ Show Figures

Figure 1

32 pages, 17727 KiB  
Article
Coupled Thermomechanical Response Measurement of Deformation of Nickel-Based Superalloys Using Full-Field Digital Image Correlation and Infrared Thermography
by Krzysztof Żaba, Tomasz Trzepieciński, Sandra Puchlerska, Piotr Noga and Maciej Balcerzak
Materials 2021, 14(9), 2163; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14092163 - 23 Apr 2021
Cited by 9 | Viewed by 2057
Abstract
The paper is devoted to highlighting the potential application of the quantitative imaging technique through results associated with work hardening, strain rate and heat generated during elastic and plastic deformation. The aim of the research presented in this article is to determine the [...] Read more.
The paper is devoted to highlighting the potential application of the quantitative imaging technique through results associated with work hardening, strain rate and heat generated during elastic and plastic deformation. The aim of the research presented in this article is to determine the relationship between deformation in the uniaxial tensile test of samples made of 1-mm-thick nickel-based superalloys and their change in temperature during deformation. The relationship between yield stress and the Taylor–Quinney coefficient and their change with the strain rate were determined. The research material was 1-mm-thick sheets of three grades of Inconel alloys: 625 HX and 718. The Aramis (GOM GmbH, a company of the ZEISS Group) measurement system and high-sensitivity infrared thermal imaging camera were used for the tests. The uniaxial tensile tests were carried out at three different strain rates. A clear tendency to increase the sample temperature with an increase in the strain rate was observed. This conclusion applies to all materials and directions of sample cutting investigated with respect to the sheet-rolling direction. An almost linear correlation was found between the percent strain and the value of the maximum surface temperature of the specimens. The method used is helpful in assessing the extent of homogeneity of the strain and the material effort during its deformation based on the measurement of the surface temperature. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Structure and Mechanical Properties of Alloys)
►▼ Show Figures

Figure 1

12 pages, 3073 KiB  
Article
Development of Precipitation-Strengthened Al0.8NbTiVM (M = Co, Ni) Light-Weight Refractory High-Entropy Alloys
by Kangjin Lee, Yunjong Jung, Junhee Han, Sung Hwan Hong, Ki Buem Kim, Peter K. Liaw, Chanho Lee and Gian Song
Materials 2021, 14(8), 2085; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14082085 - 20 Apr 2021
Cited by 12 | Viewed by 2896
Abstract
Single-phase solid-solution refractory high-entropy alloys (RHEAs) have been receiving significant attention due to their excellent mechanical properties and phase stability at elevated temperatures. Recently, many studies have been reported regarding the precipitation-enhanced alloy design strategy to further improve the mechanical properties of RHEAs [...] Read more.
Single-phase solid-solution refractory high-entropy alloys (RHEAs) have been receiving significant attention due to their excellent mechanical properties and phase stability at elevated temperatures. Recently, many studies have been reported regarding the precipitation-enhanced alloy design strategy to further improve the mechanical properties of RHEAs at elevated temperatures. In this study, we attempted to develop precipitation-hardened light-weight RHEAs via addition of Ni or Co into Al0.8NbTiV HEA. The added elements were selected due to their smaller atomic radius and larger mixing enthalpy, which is known to stimulate the formation of precipitates. The addition of the Ni or Co leads to the formation of the sigma precipitates with homogeneous distribution. The formation and homogeneous distribution of sigma particles plays a critical role in improvement of yield strength. Furthermore, the Al0.8NbTiVM0.2 (M = Co, Ni) HEAs show excellent specific yield strength compared to single-phase AlNbTiV and NbTiVZr RHEA alloys and conventional Ni-based superalloy (Inconel 718) at elevated temperatures. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Structure and Mechanical Properties of Alloys)
►▼ Show Figures

Graphical abstract

14 pages, 5475 KiB  
Article
Comparison of Different Cermet Coatings Sprayed on Magnesium Alloy by HVOF
by Ewa Jonda, Leszek Łatka and Wojciech Pakieła
Materials 2021, 14(7), 1594; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14071594 - 24 Mar 2021
Cited by 13 | Viewed by 2094
Abstract
In the present study, two different cermet coatings, WC–CrC–Ni and Cr3C2–NiCr, manufactured by the high-velocity oxy-fuel (HVOF) method were studied. They are labeled as follows: WC–CrC–Ni coating—WC and Cr3C2–NiCr coating—CrC. These coatings were deposited onto [...] Read more.
In the present study, two different cermet coatings, WC–CrC–Ni and Cr3C2–NiCr, manufactured by the high-velocity oxy-fuel (HVOF) method were studied. They are labeled as follows: WC–CrC–Ni coating—WC and Cr3C2–NiCr coating—CrC. These coatings were deposited onto a magnesium alloy (AZ31) substrate. The goal of the study was to compare these two types of cermet coating, which were investigated in terms of microstructure features and selected mechanical properties, such as hardness, instrumented indentation, fracture toughness, and wear resistance. The results reveal that the WC content influenced the hardness and Young’s modulus. The most noticeable effect of WC addition was observed for the wear resistance. WC coatings had a wear intensity value that was almost two times lower, equal to 6.5·10−6 mm3/N·m, whereas for CrC ones it was equal to 12.6·10−6 mm3/N·m. On the other hand, the WC coating exhibited a lower value of fracture toughness. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Structure and Mechanical Properties of Alloys)
►▼ Show Figures

Figure 1

16 pages, 30979 KiB  
Article
Effect of Molybdenum on the Impact Toughness of Heat-Affected Zone in High-Strength Low-Alloy Steel
by Xiaoyan Wu, Pengcheng Xiao, Shujing Wu, Chunliang Yan, Xuegang Ma, Zengxun Liu, Wei Chen, Liguang Zhu and Qingjun Zhang
Materials 2021, 14(6), 1430; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14061430 - 15 Mar 2021
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 1920
Abstract
The microstructure, precipitates, and austenite grain in high-strength low-alloy steel were characterized by optical microscope, transmission electron microscope, and laser scanning confocal microscopy to investigate the effect of Mo on the toughness of steel. The microstructure was refined and the toughness was enhanced [...] Read more.
The microstructure, precipitates, and austenite grain in high-strength low-alloy steel were characterized by optical microscope, transmission electron microscope, and laser scanning confocal microscopy to investigate the effect of Mo on the toughness of steel. The microstructure was refined and the toughness was enhanced after the addition of 0.07% Mo in steel. The addition of Mo can suppress the Widmanstätten ferrite (WF) formation and promote the transformation of acicular ferrite (AF), leading to the fine transformed products in the heat-affected zone (HAZ). The chemical composition of precipitates changed from Nb(C, N) to (Nb, Mo)(C, N) because of the addition of Mo. The calculated lattice misfit between Nb(C, N) and ferrite was approximately 11.39%, while it was reduced to 5.40% for (Nb, Mo)(C, N), which significantly affected the size and number density of precipitates. A detailed analysis of the precipitates focusing on the chemical composition, size, and number density has been undertaken to understand the contribution of Mo on the improvement of steel toughness. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Structure and Mechanical Properties of Alloys)
►▼ Show Figures

Figure 1

16 pages, 4260 KiB  
Article
Effect of Specimen Thickness and Stress Intensity Factor Range on Plasticity-Induced Fatigue Crack Closure in A7075-T6 Alloy
by Kenichi Masuda, Sotomi Ishihara and Noriyasu Oguma
Materials 2021, 14(3), 664; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14030664 - 31 Jan 2021
Cited by 9 | Viewed by 2102
Abstract
Fatigue crack growth experiments are performed using A7075-T6 compact tension (CT) specimens with various thicknesses t (1–21 mm). The stress intensity factor at the crack opening level Kop is measured, and the effects of t and the stress intensity factor range ΔK [...] Read more.
Fatigue crack growth experiments are performed using A7075-T6 compact tension (CT) specimens with various thicknesses t (1–21 mm). The stress intensity factor at the crack opening level Kop is measured, and the effects of t and the stress intensity factor range ΔK on Kop are investigated. In addition, the change in Kop value due to specimen surface removal is investigated. Furthermore, we clarify that the radius of curvature of the leading edge of the fatigue crack decreases as t becomes thinner. Using the three-dimensional elastoplastic finite element method, the amount of plastic lateral contraction (depression depth d) at the crack tip after fatigue loading is calculated quantitatively. The following main experimental results are obtained: In the region where ΔK is 5 MPam1/2 or higher, the rate of fatigue crack growth da/dN at a constant ΔK value increases as t increases from 1 to 11 mm. The da/dN between t = 11 and 21 mm is the same. Meanwhile, in the region where ΔK is less than 5 MPam1/2, the effect of t on da/dN is not observed. The effects of t and ΔK on the da/dN–ΔK relationship are considered physically and quantitatively based on d. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Structure and Mechanical Properties of Alloys)
►▼ Show Figures

Figure 1

21 pages, 11663 KiB  
Article
Microstructure, Tensile Properties, and Fatigue Behavior of Linear Friction-Welded Ti-6Al-2Sn-4Zr-2Mo-0.1Si
by Sidharth Rajan, Priti Wanjara, Javad Gholipour and Abu Syed Kabir
Materials 2021, 14(1), 30; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14010030 - 23 Dec 2020
Cited by 13 | Viewed by 2728
Abstract
This paper presents the microstructural characteristics and mechanical properties of linear friction-welded (LFWed) Ti-6Al-2Sn-4Zr-2Mo-0.1Si (Ti-6242) in as-welded (AWed) and stress relief-annealed (SRAed) conditions. The weld center (WC) of the AWed Ti-6242 consisted of recrystallized prior-β grains with α’ martensite that were tempered during [...] Read more.
This paper presents the microstructural characteristics and mechanical properties of linear friction-welded (LFWed) Ti-6Al-2Sn-4Zr-2Mo-0.1Si (Ti-6242) in as-welded (AWed) and stress relief-annealed (SRAed) conditions. The weld center (WC) of the AWed Ti-6242 consisted of recrystallized prior-β grains with α’ martensite that were tempered during SRA at 800 °C for 2 h and transformed into an acicular α + β microstructure. The peak hardness values, obtained in the AWed joints at the WC, sharply decreased through the thermomechanically affected zones (TMAZs) to the heat-affected zone (HAZ) of the Ti-6242 parent metal (PM). The SRA lowered the peak hardness values at the WC slightly and fully recovered the observed softening in the HAZ. The tensile mechanical properties of the welds in the AWed and SRAed conditions surpassed the minimum requirements in the AMS specifications for the Ti-6242 alloy. Fatigue tests, performed on the SRAed welds, indicated a fatigue limit of 468 MPa at 107 cycles, just slightly higher than that of the Ti-6242 PM (434 MPa). During tensile and fatigue testing, the welds failed in the PM region, which confirms the high mechanical integrity of the joints. Both the tensile and fatigue fracture surfaces exhibited characteristic features of ductile Ti-6242 PM. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Structure and Mechanical Properties of Alloys)
►▼ Show Figures

Figure 1

13 pages, 9819 KiB  
Article
Effects of Graphene Nanoplates on the Mechanical Behavior and Strengthening Mechanism of 7075Al Alloy
by Jinfeng Leng, Yunfan Dong, Binghui Ren, Ran Wang and Xinying Teng
Materials 2020, 13(24), 5808; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13245808 - 19 Dec 2020
Cited by 9 | Viewed by 1694
Abstract
7075Al alloy is the preferred material for lightweight automotive applications, but the existing problem is that it is difficult to combine high strength and high toughness. This paper presents our research aimed at obtaining high strength and high toughness materials by adding a [...] Read more.
7075Al alloy is the preferred material for lightweight automotive applications, but the existing problem is that it is difficult to combine high strength and high toughness. This paper presents our research aimed at obtaining high strength and high toughness materials by adding a nano-phase to realize microstructure refinement. Graphene nanoplates (GNP)/7075Al composites and 7075Al alloy were prepared by a stirring casting method in the present study. In comparison to 7075Al, the tensile strength of GNP/7075Al composites was increased from 572 MPa to 632 MPa while maintaining good uniform elongation of 8% to 10%. The increased strength behavior of GNP/7075Al composites while maintaining the plasticity is discussed in terms of grain refinement and dislocation evolution by analyzing the composite microstructure and quantitatively analyzing the contributions of grain boundary strengthening, solid solution strengthening, precipitation strengthening and dislocation strengthening. GNP’s strengthening of GNP/7075Al composites is mainly attributed to the refinement of grain size and the increase of dislocation density. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Structure and Mechanical Properties of Alloys)
►▼ Show Figures

Figure 1

17 pages, 7643 KiB  
Article
A Study on Material Properties of Intermetallic Phases in a Multicomponent Hypereutectic Al-Si Alloy with the Use of Nanoindentation Testing
by Mirosław Tupaj, Antoni Władysław Orłowicz, Marek Mróz, Andrzej Trytek, Anna Janina Dolata and Andrzej Dziedzic
Materials 2020, 13(24), 5612; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13245612 - 09 Dec 2020
Cited by 10 | Viewed by 2274
Abstract
The paper concerns modeling the microstructure of a hypereutectic aluminum-silicon alloy developed by the authors with the purpose of application for automobile cylinder liners showing high resistance to abrasive wear at least equal to that of cast-iron liners. With the use of the [...] Read more.
The paper concerns modeling the microstructure of a hypereutectic aluminum-silicon alloy developed by the authors with the purpose of application for automobile cylinder liners showing high resistance to abrasive wear at least equal to that of cast-iron liners. With the use of the nanoindentation method, material properties of intermetallic phases and matrix in a hypereutectic Al-Si alloy containing Mn, Cu, Cr, Ni, V, Fe, and Mg as additives were examined. The scanning electron microscope equipped with an adapter for chemical composition microanalysis was used to determine the chemical composition of intermetallics and of the alloy matrix. Intermetallic phases, such as Al(Fe,Mn,M)Si, Al(Cr,V,M)Si, AlFeSi, AlFeNiM, AlCuNi, Al2Cu, and Mg2Si, including those supersaturated with various alloying elements (M), were identified based on results of X-ray diffraction (XRD) tests and microanalysis of chemical composition carried out with the use of X-ray energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS). Shapes of the phases included regular, irregular, or elongated polygons. On the disclosed intermetallic phases, silicon precipitations, the matrix, values of the indentation hardness (HIT), and the indentation modulus (EIT) were determined by performing nanoindentation tests with the use of a Nanoindentation Tester NHT (CSM Instruments) equipped with a Berkovich B-L 32 diamond indenter. The adopted maximum load value was 20 mN. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Structure and Mechanical Properties of Alloys)
►▼ Show Figures

Figure 1

15 pages, 17184 KiB  
Article
Research on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Rheological Die Forging Parts of Al-6.54Zn-2.40Cu-2.35Mg-0.10Zr(-Sc) Alloy
by Hansen Zheng, Zhifeng Zhang, Yuelong Bai and Yongtao Xu
Materials 2020, 13(24), 5591; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13245591 - 08 Dec 2020
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1662
Abstract
High-strength aluminum alloy (mainly refers to the 7xxx series) is the optimum material for lightweight military equipment. However, this type of aluminum alloy is a wrought aluminum alloy. If it is directly formed by traditional casting methods, there will inevitably be problems such [...] Read more.
High-strength aluminum alloy (mainly refers to the 7xxx series) is the optimum material for lightweight military equipment. However, this type of aluminum alloy is a wrought aluminum alloy. If it is directly formed by traditional casting methods, there will inevitably be problems such as coarseness, unevenness, looseness, and hot cracking in the structure, which will greatly affect the final performance of the part. Based on the internal cooling with annular electromagnetic stirring (IC-AEMS) method, a new technology of rheological die forging is developed in this paper, and the scale-reduced parts of a brake hub of Al-6.54Zn-2.40Cu-2.35Mg-0.10Zr aluminum alloy were prepared. The influence of IC-AEMS and the addition of rare element Sc on the structure and mechanical properties of the parts was studied. An optical microscope and scanning electron microscope (SEM) were used to observe the microstructure evolution, energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) was used to analyze the phase distribution and composition, and the mechanical properties of the parts were tested by uniaxial tensile tests. The results show that the addition of Sc element can effectively refine the grains and improve the strength and elongation of the material; the application of IC-AEMS improves the cooling rate of the melt, increases the effective nucleation rate, and the grains are further refined. Through process optimization, scale-reduced parts of a brake hub with good formability and mechanical properties can be obtained, the ultimate tensile strength is 597.2 ± 3.1 MPa, the yield strength is 517.8 ± 4.3 MPa, and the elongation is 13.7 ± 1.3%. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Structure and Mechanical Properties of Alloys)
►▼ Show Figures

Figure 1

20 pages, 12050 KiB  
Article
Transient Microstructure Evolutions and Local Properties of Dual-Phase 980 MPa Grade Steel Via Friction Stir Spot Processing
by Koichi Taniguchi, Yong Chae Lim, Alexis Flores-Betancourt and Zhili Feng
Materials 2020, 13(19), 4406; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13194406 - 02 Oct 2020
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1829
Abstract
Friction stir processing is a novel solid-state process to modify microstructures and their properties by intense, localized plastic deformation. However, little research has been reported for microstructure evolutions of advanced high-strength steels during the process. The present work focuses on the study of [...] Read more.
Friction stir processing is a novel solid-state process to modify microstructures and their properties by intense, localized plastic deformation. However, little research has been reported for microstructure evolutions of advanced high-strength steels during the process. The present work focuses on the study of transient microstructure changes and local mechanical properties for friction stir spot processed dual-phase (DP) 980 MPa grade steel (DP980) under different peak temperatures. A pinless silicon nitride ceramic tool was used to produce relatively simple material deformation and flow near the tool. Friction stir spot processed steel samples were characterized by optical and electron microscopies. Furthermore, Vickers microhardness and nano-indentation measurements were used to study local mechanical properties for correlation with microstructures. A swallow layer of refined grains (<0.6 µm) was obtained with a low peak temperature (under 400 °C), whereas higher peak temperatures (>Ac1) led to a change in grain size with different microstructures (fine-grained DP or martensite). Electron back-scattered diffraction characterizations revealed a large deformation in the as-received microstructures (mixture of ferrite and tempered martensite) induced by friction stir spot processing, leading to recrystallization and grain refinement around the stirred zone. Also, nano-indentation measurements showed a higher hardness than the hardness of the as-received DP980. Friction stir processing with different process conditions effectively changed microstructures and local mechanical properties. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Structure and Mechanical Properties of Alloys)
►▼ Show Figures

Figure 1

12 pages, 3321 KiB  
Article
Selective Laser Melting of 18NI-300 Maraging Steel
by Mariusz Król, Przemysław Snopiński, Jiří Hajnyš, Marek Pagáč and Dariusz Łukowiec
Materials 2020, 13(19), 4268; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13194268 - 25 Sep 2020
Cited by 25 | Viewed by 3574
Abstract
In the present study, 18% Ni 300 maraging steel powder was processed using a selective laser melting (SLM) technique to study porosity variations, microstructure, and hardness using various process conditions, while maintaining a constant level of energy density. Nowadays, there is wide range [...] Read more.
In the present study, 18% Ni 300 maraging steel powder was processed using a selective laser melting (SLM) technique to study porosity variations, microstructure, and hardness using various process conditions, while maintaining a constant level of energy density. Nowadays, there is wide range of utilization of metal technologies and its products can obtain high relative density. A dilatometry study revealed that, through heating cycles, two solid-state effects took place, i.e., precipitation of intermetallic compounds and the reversion of martensite to austenite. During the cooling process, one reaction took place (i.e., martensitic transformation), which was confirmed by microstructure observation. The improvements in the Rockwell hardness of the analyzed material from 42 ± 2 to 52 ± 0.5 HRC was improved as a result of aging treatment at 480 °C for 5 h. The results revealed that the relative density increased using laser speed (340 mm/s), layer thickness (30 µm), and hatch distance (120 µm). Relative density was found approximately 99.3%. Knowledge about the influence of individual parameters in the SLM process on porosity will enable potential manufacturers to produce high quality components with desired properties. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Structure and Mechanical Properties of Alloys)
►▼ Show Figures

Figure 1

13 pages, 4798 KiB  
Article
Optimizing the Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Vacuum Counter-Pressure Casting ZL114A Aluminum Alloy via Ultrasonic Treatment
by Gang Lu, Pengpeng Huang, Qingsong Yan, Pian Xu, Fei Pan, Hongxing Zhan and Yisi Chen
Materials 2020, 13(19), 4232; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13194232 - 23 Sep 2020
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2059
Abstract
The effect of ultrasonic temperature on density, microstructure and mechanical properties of vacuum counter-pressure casting ZL114A alloy during solidification was investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscope (SEM) and a tensile test. The results show that compared with the traditional vacuum counter-pressure [...] Read more.
The effect of ultrasonic temperature on density, microstructure and mechanical properties of vacuum counter-pressure casting ZL114A alloy during solidification was investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscope (SEM) and a tensile test. The results show that compared with the traditional vacuum counter-pressure casting aluminum alloy, the primary phase and eutectic silicon of the alloy with ultrasonic treatment has been greatly refined due to the dendrites broken by ultrasonic vibration. However, the refining effect of ultrasonic treatment on vacuum counter-pressure casting aluminum alloy will be significantly affected by ultrasonic temperature. When the ultrasonic temperature increases from 680 °C to 720 °C, the primary phase is gradually refined, and the morphology of eutectic silicon also changes from coarse needle-like flakes to fine short rods. With a further increase in the ultrasonic temperature, the microstructure will coarse again. The tensile strength and elongation of vacuum counter-pressure casting ZL114A alloy increases first and then decreases with the increase of ultrasonic temperature. The optimal mechanical properties were achieved with tensile strength of 327 MPa and the elongation of 5.57% at ultrasonic temperature of 720 °C, which is 6.3% and 8.2%, respectively, higher than that of alloy without ultrasonic treatment. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Structure and Mechanical Properties of Alloys)
►▼ Show Figures

Figure 1

18 pages, 11098 KiB  
Article
Structure and Properties of ZnO Coatings Obtained by Atomic Layer Deposition (ALD) Method on a Cr-Ni-Mo Steel Substrate Type
by Marcin Staszuk, Daniel Pakuła, Łukasz Reimann, Mariusz Król, Marcin Basiaga, Dominika Mysłek and Antonín Kříž
Materials 2020, 13(19), 4223; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13194223 - 23 Sep 2020
Cited by 13 | Viewed by 2464
Abstract
This paper aimed to investigate the structure and physicochemical and tribological properties of ZnO coatings deposited by ALD on 316L stainless steel for biomedical applications. To obtain ZnO films, diethylzinc (DEZ) and water were used as ALD precursors. Zinc oxide layers were deposited [...] Read more.
This paper aimed to investigate the structure and physicochemical and tribological properties of ZnO coatings deposited by ALD on 316L stainless steel for biomedical applications. To obtain ZnO films, diethylzinc (DEZ) and water were used as ALD precursors. Zinc oxide layers were deposited at the same temperature of 200 °C using three types of ALD cycles: 500, 1000 and 1500. The structure and morphology of ZnO coatings were examined using SEM and AFM microscopes. The XRD and GIXRD methods were used for the phase analysis of the obtained coatings. To determine the resistance to pitting corrosion, potentiodynamic investigations and impedance spectroscopy were conducted in a Ringer solution at a temperature of 37 °C. The obtained results showed that the number of ALD cycles had a significant impact on the structure, morphology and corrosion resistance of the ZnO layers. It was found that after increasing the coating thickness of the ZnO on the material, its electrochemical properties determining the corrosion resistance also increased. Moreover, on the basis of the ball-on-plate tribological investigations, we found a significant reduction in the friction coefficient of the samples with the investigated coatings in relation to the noncoated substrates. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Structure and Mechanical Properties of Alloys)
►▼ Show Figures

Figure 1

11 pages, 8864 KiB  
Article
Copper Oxides on a Cu Sheet Substrate Made by Laser Technique
by Małgorzata Musztyfaga-Staszuk, Damian Janicki, Katarzyna Gawlińska-Nęcek, Robert Socha, Grzegorz Putynkowski and Piotr Panek
Materials 2020, 13(17), 3794; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13173794 - 27 Aug 2020
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2072
Abstract
This paper presents results from the production of copper oxide layers on a Cu sheet substrate using diode and Yb:YAG disc lasers operating in the wavelength ranges of 808–940 nm and 1030 nm. The parameters of these layers were compared with the layer [...] Read more.
This paper presents results from the production of copper oxide layers on a Cu sheet substrate using diode and Yb:YAG disc lasers operating in the wavelength ranges of 808–940 nm and 1030 nm. The parameters of these layers were compared with the layer obtained in the thermal process of copper oxidation at 300 °C in an infrared (IR) furnace in a natural atmosphere. Investigations into the layers mentioned above, concerning their topography, chemical composition and roughness, were made using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM). A hot-point probe was used to determine and check the type of conductivity of the copper oxide layers formed. The optical band gap energy was estimated by applying the Kubelka–Munk method based on spectrophotometric data. Cross-sections and the element distribution maps were made using transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The phase analysis was investigated by the X-ray diffraction method (XRD). In sum, controlled laser oxidations of copper sheets allow for the formation of a mixture of Cu2O and CuO phases. The diode laser allows the production of a layer of copper oxides with a phase composition comparable to the oxides produced by the thermal oxidation method, while the distribution of high phase uniformity in the cross-section of the layer enables the process using a Yb:YAG disc laser. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Structure and Mechanical Properties of Alloys)
►▼ Show Figures

Figure 1

25 pages, 16020 KiB  
Article
Joining of Dissimilar Alloys Ti-6Al-4V and Ti-6Al-2Sn-4Zr-2Mo-0.1Si Using Linear Friction Welding
by Sidharth Rajan, Priti Wanjara, Javad Gholipour and Abu Syed Kabir
Materials 2020, 13(17), 3664; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13173664 - 19 Aug 2020
Cited by 24 | Viewed by 3050
Abstract
Dissimilar joints between Ti-6Al-4V (Ti-64) and Ti-6Al-2Sn-4Zr-2Mo-0.1Si (Ti-6242) were manufactured using linear friction welding. The weld quality, in terms of the microstructure and mechanical properties, was investigated after stress relief annealing (SRA) at 750 °C for 2 h and compared with the as-welded [...] Read more.
Dissimilar joints between Ti-6Al-4V (Ti-64) and Ti-6Al-2Sn-4Zr-2Mo-0.1Si (Ti-6242) were manufactured using linear friction welding. The weld quality, in terms of the microstructure and mechanical properties, was investigated after stress relief annealing (SRA) at 750 °C for 2 h and compared with the as-welded (AWed) results. The central weld zone (CWZ) microstructure in the AWed condition consisted of recrystallized prior-β grains with α’ martensite, which transformed into an acicular α+β structure after SRA. The hardness in the AWed condition was highest in the CWZ and decreased sharply through the thermomechanically affected zones (TMAZ) to the parent materials (PMs). After SRA, the hardness of the CWZ decreased, mainly due to tempering of the α’ martensite microstructure. Static tensile testing of the dissimilar welds in both the AWed and stress relief annealed (SRAed) conditions resulted in ductile fracture occurring exclusively in the Ti-6Al-4V side of the joint. The promising results on joining of Ti-64 to Ti-6242 provide valuable insight for tailoring performance of next-generation aero-engine products. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Structure and Mechanical Properties of Alloys)
►▼ Show Figures

Figure 1

12 pages, 3656 KiB  
Article
The Effect of Copper Content on the Mechanical and Tribological Properties of Hypo-, Hyper- and Eutectoid Ti-Cu Alloys
by Yiku Xu, Jianli Jiang, Zehui Yang, Qinyang Zhao, Yongnan Chen and Yongqing Zhao
Materials 2020, 13(15), 3411; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13153411 - 03 Aug 2020
Cited by 12 | Viewed by 2849
Abstract
Titanium alloys are widely used in aerospace, chemical, biomedical and other important fields due to outstanding properties. The mechanical behavior of Ti alloys depends on microstructural characteristics and type of alloying elements. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of [...] Read more.
Titanium alloys are widely used in aerospace, chemical, biomedical and other important fields due to outstanding properties. The mechanical behavior of Ti alloys depends on microstructural characteristics and type of alloying elements. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of different Cu contents (2.5 wt.%, 7 wt.% and 14 wt.%) on mechanical and frictional properties of titanium alloys. The properties of titanium alloy were characterized by tensile test, electron microscope, X-ray diffraction, differential scanning calorimetry, reciprocating friction and wear test. The results show that the intermediate phase that forms the eutectoid structure with α-Ti was identified as FCC Ti2Cu, and no primary β phase was formed. With the increase of Cu content, the Ti2Cu phase precipitation in the alloy increases. Ti2Cu particles with needle structure increase the dislocation pinning effect on grain boundary and improve the strength and hardness of titanium alloy. Thus, Ti-14Cu shows the lowest elongation, the best friction and wear resistance, which is caused by the existence of Ti2Cu phases. It has been proved that the mechanical and frictional properties of Ti-Cu alloys can be adjusted by changing the Cu content, so as to better meet its application in the medical field. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Structure and Mechanical Properties of Alloys)
►▼ Show Figures

Figure 1

8 pages, 6243 KiB  
Communication
Tribological Performance of Porous Ti–Nb–Ta–Fe–Mn Alloy in Dry Condition
by Carolina Guerra, Magdalena Walczak, Mamié Sancy, Carola Martínez, Claudio Aguilar and Marek Kalbarczyk
Materials 2020, 13(15), 3284; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13153284 - 23 Jul 2020
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1550
Abstract
The tribological properties of a novel porous Ti–Nb–Ta–Fe–Mn alloy with 0%, 30%, and 60% porosity were evaluated for biomedical applications. The tribotesting was performed using a ball-on-disc under dry conditions, using an alumina ball and 1 N of a load. The coefficient of [...] Read more.
The tribological properties of a novel porous Ti–Nb–Ta–Fe–Mn alloy with 0%, 30%, and 60% porosity were evaluated for biomedical applications. The tribotesting was performed using a ball-on-disc under dry conditions, using an alumina ball and 1 N of a load. The coefficient of friction at the early stage of the porous samples was lower than that of the bulk, 0.2 and 0.7, respectively, but the samples with 30% porosity shift toward the bulk value after a variable number of cycles, while the samples with 60% remained stable after 100,000 cycles. The wear rate of the specimen with 60% porosity was twice as low as that of the bulk. The results are explained by shift in wear mechanism associated with the modified bearing ratio of the porous surface and by the accumulation of wear debris inside the pores, which prevented the development of three-body abrasion. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Structure and Mechanical Properties of Alloys)
►▼ Show Figures

Graphical abstract

12 pages, 14618 KiB  
Article
Precipitation Strengthening of Cu–Ni–Si Alloy
by Beata Krupińska, Zbigniew Rdzawski, Mariusz Krupiński and Wojciech Pakieła
Materials 2020, 13(5), 1182; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13051182 - 06 Mar 2020
Cited by 9 | Viewed by 2392
Abstract
The work examines the effect of rhenium addition on the structure and properties of Cu–2Ni–1Si alloys. The aim of this work was to answer the question of how the addition of rhenium will affect the strengthening mechanisms of rhenium-modified, saturated, plastically deformed and [...] Read more.
The work examines the effect of rhenium addition on the structure and properties of Cu–2Ni–1Si alloys. The aim of this work was to answer the question of how the addition of rhenium will affect the strengthening mechanisms of rhenium-modified, saturated, plastically deformed and aged Cu–2Ni–1Si alloys. How will this affect the crystallization process? What effect will it have on the properties? Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and analysis of chemical composition in microareas (energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, EDS), light microscopy, measurements of microhardness and conductivity of the alloys were used for the investigations. Research on chemical and phase composition were carried out with application of transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM). Modification with rhenium has caused an increase in hardness as a result of precipitation of small phases with rhenium. As the effect of supersaturation, cold plastic treatment as well as aging small phases with rhenium with a size of 200 nm to 600 nm causes both reinforcement of the alloy and makes recrystallization impossible. Re-addition also influences the stabilization of the structure. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Structure and Mechanical Properties of Alloys)
►▼ Show Figures

Figure 1

19 pages, 7116 KiB  
Article
A Novel Approach to Predict Wrinkling of Aluminum Alloy During Warm/Hot Sheet Hydroforming Based on an Improved Yoshida Buckling Test
by Gaoshen Cai, Jubo Fu, Dongxing Zhang, Jinlin Yang, Yongfeng Yuan, Lihui Lang and Sergei Alexandrov
Materials 2020, 13(5), 1165; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13051165 - 05 Mar 2020
Cited by 11 | Viewed by 2524
Abstract
In order to predict the wrinkling of sheet metal under the influence of fluid pressure and temperature during warm/hot hydroforming, a numerical simulation model for sheet wrinkling prediction was established, taking into account through-thickness normal stress induced by fluid pressure. From simulations using [...] Read more.
In order to predict the wrinkling of sheet metal under the influence of fluid pressure and temperature during warm/hot hydroforming, a numerical simulation model for sheet wrinkling prediction was established, taking into account through-thickness normal stress induced by fluid pressure. From simulations using linear and quadratic elements, respectively, it was found that the latter gave results that were much closer to experimental data. A novel experimental method based on an improved Yoshida Buckling Test (YBT) was proposed for testing the wrinkling properties of sheets under the through-thickness normal stress. A wrinkling coefficient suitable for predicting wrinkling was also presented. Based on the numerical simulations, an experimental validation of wrinkling performance was conducted. Ridge-height curves measured along the main diagonal tensile direction of the sheet were presented and showed that the wrinkling prediction criterion provided good discrimination. Furthermore, the wrinkling properties of several different materials were simulated to evaluate the accuracy of the prediction method, and the results revealed that the improved YBT gave good predictions for wrinkling in the conventional sheet metal forming process, while the prediction results for wrinkling in warm/hot sheet hydroforming were also accurate with the fluid pressure of zero. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Structure and Mechanical Properties of Alloys)
►▼ Show Figures

Figure 1

15 pages, 3333 KiB  
Article
Modal Performance of Two-Fiber Orthogonal Gradient Composite Laminates Embedded with SMA
by Yizhe Huang, Zhifu Zhang, Chaopeng Li, Kuanmin Mao and Qibai Huang
Materials 2020, 13(5), 1102; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13051102 - 02 Mar 2020
Cited by 11 | Viewed by 2201
Abstract
A gradient composite laminate that was composed of two-phase fibers, a shape memory alloy (SMA), and graphite was prepared to investigate modal performance and improve vibration behavior. The stress-strain relation of the single-layer composite plates was derived from Kirchhoff thin plate theory and [...] Read more.
A gradient composite laminate that was composed of two-phase fibers, a shape memory alloy (SMA), and graphite was prepared to investigate modal performance and improve vibration behavior. The stress-strain relation of the single-layer composite plates was derived from Kirchhoff thin plate theory and the material constitutive of the SMA. A gradient distribution model and the eigenvalue equations of gradient composite laminates were developed. The influence of the fiber component content gradient distribution, pre-strain, the two-phase fiber volume fraction, and geometric parameters on the modal performance was analyzed. This study provides a method to avoid the structural resonance of composite laminates that are embedded with an SMA through the gradient distribution of two-phase fiber content that leads to the interaction of the material properties. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Structure and Mechanical Properties of Alloys)
►▼ Show Figures

Figure 1

24 pages, 13311 KiB  
Article
Influence Mechanism of Silicon on Carbide Phase Precipitation of a Corrosion Resistance Nickel Based Superalloy
by Tao Liu, Mei Yang, Fenfen Han and Jiasheng Dong
Materials 2020, 13(4), 959; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13040959 - 21 Feb 2020
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2658
Abstract
The effect of silicon on diffusion behavior of the carbide forming elements in Ni-Mo-Cr-Fe based corrosion-resistant alloy is studied by diffusion couple experiment. One group of diffusion couples are made of the alloy with a different silicon content, another group of diffusion couples [...] Read more.
The effect of silicon on diffusion behavior of the carbide forming elements in Ni-Mo-Cr-Fe based corrosion-resistant alloy is studied by diffusion couple experiment. One group of diffusion couples are made of the alloy with a different silicon content, another group of diffusion couples are made of pure nickel and the alloy with different silicon content (0Si, 2Si). Two groups of alloys with same silicon content and different carbon content are also prepared, the microstructure of solution and aging state of these two groups alloys are analyzed, and their stress rupture properties are tested. The effect of silicon on the diffusion of alloy elements and the interaction effect of carbon and silicon on the microstructure and stress rupture properties of the alloy are analyzed. The mechanism of Si on the precipitation behavior of carbide phase in Ni-Mo-Cr-Fe corrosion resistant alloy is discussed. The results show that silicon can promote the diffusion of carbide forming elements and the formation of carbide. The precipitation behavior of the secondary phase is the result of the interaction effect of silicon and carbon, and is related to the thermal history of the alloy. Combined with the characteristic of primary carbides, it is confirmed that the precipitation of M12C type secondary carbide is caused by the relative lack of carbon element and the relative enrichment of carbide forming elements such as molybdenum. The stress rupture properties of two silicon-containing alloys with different carbon contents in solution and aging state are tested. The stress rupture life of low carbon alloy is lower compared with high carbon alloy at solution state, but after aging treatment, the stress rupture life of low carbon alloy is significantly improved, and higher than that of high carbon alloy. The main aim of this research is to reveal the influence mechanism of silicon on carbide phase precipitation of a Ni-Mo-Cr-Fe based corrosion-resistant superalloy, which provides theoretical basis and reference for later alloy design and engineering application. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Structure and Mechanical Properties of Alloys)
►▼ Show Figures

Figure 1

12 pages, 6641 KiB  
Article
Investigation of Microstructure Evolution and Phase Selection of Peritectic Cuce Alloy During High-Temperature Gradient Directional Solidification
by Yiku Xu, Zhaohao Huang, Yongnan Chen, Junxia Xiao, Jianmin Hao, Xianghui Hou and Lin Liu
Materials 2020, 13(4), 911; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13040911 - 19 Feb 2020
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1952
Abstract
In this work, a CuCe alloy was prepared using a directional solidification method at a series of withdrawal rates of 100, 25, 10, 8, and 5 μm/s. We found that the primary phase microstructure transforms from cellular crystals to cellular peritectic coupled growth [...] Read more.
In this work, a CuCe alloy was prepared using a directional solidification method at a series of withdrawal rates of 100, 25, 10, 8, and 5 μm/s. We found that the primary phase microstructure transforms from cellular crystals to cellular peritectic coupled growth and eventually, changes into dendrites as the withdrawal rate increases. The phase constituents in the directionally solidified samples were confirmed to be Cu2Ce, CuCe, and CuCe + Ce eutectics. The primary dendrite spacing was significantly refined with an increasing withdrawal rate, resulting in higher compressive strength and strain. Moreover, the cellular peritectic coupled growth at 10 μm/s further strengthened the alloy, with its compressive property reaching the maximum value of 266 MPa. Directional solidification was proven to be an impactful method to enhance the mechanical properties and produce well-aligned in situ composites in peritectic systems. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Structure and Mechanical Properties of Alloys)
►▼ Show Figures

Figure 1

10 pages, 3113 KiB  
Article
Microstructure Evolution and Properties Tailoring of Rheo-Extruded Al-Sc-Zr-Fe Conductor via Thermo-Mechanical Treatment
by Di Tie, Yu Wang, Xiang Wang, Renguo Guan, Lufei Yan, Jin Zhang, Zhihui Cai, Yang Zhao, Fei Gao and Haifeng Liu
Materials 2020, 13(4), 845; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13040845 - 13 Feb 2020
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2006
Abstract
Low-cost heat-resistant Al-Sc-Zr-Fe conductor wires were successfully manufactured by continuous rheo-extrusion process, and the mechanical and conductive properties of the materials were analyzed and compared after three different thermo-mechanical treatment methods. The coarse plate-shape Al3Fe phase transformed to small sized rod-like [...] Read more.
Low-cost heat-resistant Al-Sc-Zr-Fe conductor wires were successfully manufactured by continuous rheo-extrusion process, and the mechanical and conductive properties of the materials were analyzed and compared after three different thermo-mechanical treatment methods. The coarse plate-shape Al3Fe phase transformed to small sized rod-like phase after solid solution treatment at 630 °C for 21 h. Direct aging treatment at 300 °C for 24 h led to the refinement and spheroidization of Al3Fe phase with a diameter of 200 nm. After the subsequent aging treatment at 300 °C for 24 h, the tensile strength and conductivity of the alloy wire significantly increased due to the homogeneous precipitation of the coherent spherical Al3(Sc, Zr) phase with an average size of 15 nm. The tensile strength, elongation, and conductivity of the alloy conductor wire after optimized thermo-mechanical treatment reached 165.7 MPa, 7.3%, and 60.26% International Annealed Copper Standard (IACS), respectively. The thermal resistance of the present alloy wire was superior to that of standard AT1 type alloy conductor according to IEC international standard. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Structure and Mechanical Properties of Alloys)
►▼ Show Figures

Graphical abstract

16 pages, 8934 KiB  
Article
Methodology for Revealing the Phases and Microstructural Constituents of the CMSX-4 Nickel-Based Superalloy Implicating Their Computer-Aided Detection for Image Analysis
by Agnieszka Szczotok and Hannah Reichel
Materials 2020, 13(2), 341; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13020341 - 11 Jan 2020
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 3159
Abstract
The paper presents the findings of a research on the selection of methodology for revealing the microstructure in metallographic investigations on the example of the single-crystalline CMSX-4 nickel-based superalloy. A set of chemical and electrochemical methods of etching has been selected. The metallographic [...] Read more.
The paper presents the findings of a research on the selection of methodology for revealing the microstructure in metallographic investigations on the example of the single-crystalline CMSX-4 nickel-based superalloy. A set of chemical and electrochemical methods of etching has been selected. The metallographic specimens from the analyzed material have been treated with the etchants. After every etching procedure, microphotographs of the microstructure were taken by means of an optical microscope and a scanning electron microscope. Both useful and disadvantageous effects of etching with the respective etchants have been displayed. The etchant application for a qualitative and quantitative analysis has been considered on the basis of the enclosed microphotographs. As a result, examples of a computer-aided detection of the phases and microstructural constituents present in the analyzed CMSX-4 alloy for the selected revealing methodologies have been demonstrated. The described investigations enable a better understanding of the essence of the selection of the microstructure revealing methodology and its influence on the obtained results. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Structure and Mechanical Properties of Alloys)
►▼ Show Figures

Figure 1

14 pages, 7472 KiB  
Article
Strengthening of AA5754 Aluminum Alloy by DRECE Process Followed by Annealing Response Investigation
by Przemysław Snopiński, Tomasz Tański, Klaudiusz Gołombek, Stanislav Rusz, Ondřej Hilser, Tibor Donič, Paweł M. Nuckowski and Marcin Benedyk
Materials 2020, 13(2), 301; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13020301 - 10 Jan 2020
Cited by 14 | Viewed by 2993
Abstract
In this study, a dual rolls equal channel extrusion (DRECE) process has been applied for improving the mechanical properties of the 5754 alloy. Supplementary experiments involving metallography, electron backscattered diffraction (EBSD), and XRD tests were carried out to evaluate the effect of the [...] Read more.
In this study, a dual rolls equal channel extrusion (DRECE) process has been applied for improving the mechanical properties of the 5754 alloy. Supplementary experiments involving metallography, electron backscattered diffraction (EBSD), and XRD tests were carried out to evaluate the effect of the DRECE process. XRD analysis showed that the maximum dislocation density was achieved after six DRECE passes, which were accompanied by the formation that is typical for low-strain structures. The increasing dislocation density, as well as grain refinement throughout DRECE deformation, resulted in an increase in the mechanical properties. Annealing of the as-deformed sample resulted in grain growth and strength reduction. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Structure and Mechanical Properties of Alloys)
►▼ Show Figures

Figure 1

19 pages, 10530 KiB  
Article
Parametric Formulae for Elastic Stress Concentration Factor at the Weld Toe of Distorted Butt-Welded Joints
by Yuxiao Luo, Renle Ma and Seiichiro Tsutsumi
Materials 2020, 13(1), 169; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13010169 - 01 Jan 2020
Cited by 13 | Viewed by 3127
Abstract
The evaluation of the stress concentration factor (SCF) at the notches of welds is of importance, especially for butt-welded joints that are widespread in the industry. Some empirical formulae can be found in the literature to estimate the SCF at the weld toes [...] Read more.
The evaluation of the stress concentration factor (SCF) at the notches of welds is of importance, especially for butt-welded joints that are widespread in the industry. Some empirical formulae can be found in the literature to estimate the SCF at the weld toes of butt-welded joints, while few solutions are available for the distorted joints under tensile fatigue test conditions. In the present study, the existing SCF formulae for butt-welded joints loaded in tension are examined and discussed. The influence of the weld width on SCF, which is commonly ignored or misestimated by existing solutions, is investigated comprehensively based on a large set of two-dimensional (2D) finite element analyses. Consequently, a new precise parametric formula for the elastic SCF at the weld toe of geometrically symmetric butt-welded joints under tension is proposed, together with a wide application range. Moreover, the analysis is also extended to consider joints with angular distortion. A two-step finite element analysis is employed to simulate the clamping and loading procedures in the fatigue test. Similarly, the parametric formulae for the assessment of clamping-induced stress and SCF caused by angular distortion are carried out as well based on the results from finite element analyses. The formulae proposed by this paper are finally tested and proved to be valid and precise. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Structure and Mechanical Properties of Alloys)
►▼ Show Figures

Graphical abstract

25 pages, 9882 KiB  
Article
Tailoring Strength and Ductility of a Cr-Containing High Carbon Steel by Cold-Working and Annealing
by Jing Wang, Yongfeng Shen, Yan Liu, Fuguo Wang and Nan Jia
Materials 2019, 12(24), 4136; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma12244136 - 10 Dec 2019
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 3533
Abstract
SEM, TEM characterizations, in combination with tensile tests, provided an intriguing observation that ultra-high-strength and good ductility could be achieved simultaneously by changing the ratio of large and small precipitates in high-carbon steel (1.0C-1.5Cr-0.31Mn-0.20Si, wt %). The high yield strength of 670 MPa, [...] Read more.
SEM, TEM characterizations, in combination with tensile tests, provided an intriguing observation that ultra-high-strength and good ductility could be achieved simultaneously by changing the ratio of large and small precipitates in high-carbon steel (1.0C-1.5Cr-0.31Mn-0.20Si, wt %). The high yield strength of 670 MPa, tensile-stress of 740 MPa, and good ductility (elongation of 26%) were obtained by adopting spheroidization annealing, cold rolling, recrystallization annealing, and cold drawing. This led to nanosized precipitates with a large ratio of big size to the small size of 0.28, promoting high dislocation storage of 1.39 × 1014 m−2. In addition, the finite element (FE) method was used to simulate the cold-rolling process, and the largest stress and strain were 830 MPa and 0.6 at a depth of 3 mm after the fourth pass of the 0.10C-1.50Cr steel, respectively. The stress and strain accumulation in the top layer was potentially caused by severe plastic deformation, as well as attrition rendered by the rollers. This explained the emergence of dense low-angle grain boundaries in the region close to the surface of the cold rolled steel. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Structure and Mechanical Properties of Alloys)
►▼ Show Figures

Figure 1

8 pages, 3628 KiB  
Article
Comparison between Mechanical Properties and Structures of a Rolled and a 3D-Printed Stainless Steel
by Stefano Natali, Andrea Brotzu and Daniela Pilone
Materials 2019, 12(23), 3867; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma12233867 - 23 Nov 2019
Cited by 21 | Viewed by 4482
Abstract
In this work selective laser melting was successfully utilized to produce 316 stainless steel bulk specimens. Although this technology provides many advantages compared to conventional shaping processes, little residual porosity may be a problem for some applications where high strength is required. The [...] Read more.
In this work selective laser melting was successfully utilized to produce 316 stainless steel bulk specimens. Although this technology provides many advantages compared to conventional shaping processes, little residual porosity may be a problem for some applications where high strength is required. The objective of this work was to determine, through data analysis, a mechanical and metallographic comparison between thin sheets made by using different manufacturing technologies: Cold rolling and additive manufacturing. This comparison was useful to understand whether it could be more advantageous to use the prototyping for new mechanical components. The results show that the additive manufactured steel, due to its microstructure, is characterized by a higher yield strength and by a lower elongation and ultimate tensile strength. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Structure and Mechanical Properties of Alloys)
►▼ Show Figures

Figure 1

18 pages, 48164 KiB  
Article
Effects of Corrosion on Mechanical Properties of Welded Carbon Steel Pipe in District Heating Water
by Sang-Jin Ko, Jeong-Hun An, Yong-Sang Kim, Woo-Cheol Kim and Jung-Gu Kim
Materials 2019, 12(22), 3682; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma12223682 - 08 Nov 2019
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2793
Abstract
This study examined the effect of corrosion on mechanical properties of welded carbon steel pipe in district heating water. To evaluate the corrosion properties, potentiodynamic tests were conducted and a galvanostatic test was used to accelerate corrosion. Tensile tests and microstructure observations were [...] Read more.
This study examined the effect of corrosion on mechanical properties of welded carbon steel pipe in district heating water. To evaluate the corrosion properties, potentiodynamic tests were conducted and a galvanostatic test was used to accelerate corrosion. Tensile tests and microstructure observations were performed to figure out the degradation of the corroded region, and stress intensity factors were calculated. As a result of the potentiodynamic tests, welded carbon steel pipe showed uniform corrosion and the total charge was calculated. Using the galvanostatic test, the current density at the equivalent aging time was applied to the specimens. The tensile tests showed that according to corrosion damages, mechanical properties were degraded due to corrosion. Through the microstructure observations and calculations of stress intensity factors, the corrosion of the welded carbon steel pipe induced the degradation of mechanical properties. The mode of fracture was changed from ductile to brittle fracture with increasing aging time. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Structure and Mechanical Properties of Alloys)
►▼ Show Figures

Figure 1

13 pages, 7626 KiB  
Article
Effect of Heat Treatment Temperature on Martensitic Transformation and Superelasticity of the Ti49Ni51 Shape Memory Alloy
by Peiyou Li, Yongshan Wang, Fanying Meng, Le Cao and Zhirong He
Materials 2019, 12(16), 2539; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma12162539 - 09 Aug 2019
Cited by 13 | Viewed by 2715
Abstract
The martensitic transformation and superelasticity of Ti49Ni51 shape memory alloy heat-treatment at different temperatures were investigated. The experimental results show that the microstructures of as-cast and heat-treated (723 K) Ni-rich Ti49Ni51 samples prepared by rapidly-solidified technology are [...] Read more.
The martensitic transformation and superelasticity of Ti49Ni51 shape memory alloy heat-treatment at different temperatures were investigated. The experimental results show that the microstructures of as-cast and heat-treated (723 K) Ni-rich Ti49Ni51 samples prepared by rapidly-solidified technology are composed of B2 TiNi phase, and Ti3Ni4 and Ti2Ni phases; the microstructures of heat-treated Ti49Ni51 samples at 773 and 823 K are composed of B2 TiNi phase, and of B2 TiNi and Ti2Ni phases, respectively. The martensitic transformation of as-cast Ti49Ni51 alloy is three-stage, A→R→M1 and R→M2 transformation during cooling, and two-stage, M→R→A transformation during heating. The transformations of the heat-treated Ti49Ni51 samples at 723 and 823 K are the A↔R↔M/A↔M transformation during cooling/heating, respectively. For the heat-treated alloy at 773 K, the transformations are the A→R/M→R→A during cooling/heating, respectively. For the heat-treated alloy at 773 K, only a small thermal hysteresis is suitable for sensor devices. The stable σmax values of 723 and 773 K heat-treated samples with a large Wd value exhibit high safety in application. The 773 and 823 K heat-treated samples have large stable strain–energy densities, and are a good superelastic alloy. The experimental data obtained provide a valuable reference for the industrial application of rapidly-solidified casting and heat-treated Ti49Ni51 alloy. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Structure and Mechanical Properties of Alloys)
►▼ Show Figures

Figure 1

16 pages, 25838 KiB  
Article
Mechanical and Corrosion Properties of Mg-Based Alloys with Gd Addition
by Aneta Kania, Ryszard Nowosielski, Agnieszka Gawlas-Mucha and Rafał Babilas
Materials 2019, 12(11), 1775; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma12111775 - 31 May 2019
Cited by 18 | Viewed by 2829
Abstract
Magnesium alloys with rare earth metals are very attractive materials for medical application because of satisfactory mechanical properties. Nevertheless, low corrosion resistance is an obstacle in the use of Mg alloys as resorbable orthopedic implants. The paper presents results of mechanical and corrosion [...] Read more.
Magnesium alloys with rare earth metals are very attractive materials for medical application because of satisfactory mechanical properties. Nevertheless, low corrosion resistance is an obstacle in the use of Mg alloys as resorbable orthopedic implants. The paper presents results of mechanical and corrosion properties of MgCa5-xZn1Gdx (x = 1, 2, and 3 wt. %) alloys. Based on the microscopic observations it was stated that the studied alloys show a dendritic microstructure with interdendritic solute rich regions. The phase analysis reveals an occurrence of α-Mg and Mg2Ca, Ca2Mg6Zn3 phases that are thermodynamic predictions, and stated Mg26Zn59Gd7 phases in MgCa5-xZn1Gdx (x = 1, 2, and 3 wt. %) alloys. The Mg26Zn59Gd7 phases are visible as lamellar precipitations along interdendritic regions. It was confirmed that an increase of Gd content from 1 to 3 wt. % improves ultimate tensile (Rm; from 74 to 89 MPa) and compressive strength (Rc; from 184 to 221 MPa). Moreover, the studied alloys are active in Ringer’s solution. They are characterized by an increase of corrosion potential (Ecorr) of about 150 mV in comparison with values of open circuit potential (EOCP). The best electrochemical parameters (e.g., corrosion current density, icorr, polarization resistance, Rp, and Ecorr) were obtained for the MgCa3Zn1Gd2 alloy. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Structure and Mechanical Properties of Alloys)
►▼ Show Figures

Figure 1

9 pages, 2340 KiB  
Article
Strengthening of the Fe-Ni Invar Alloy Through Chromium
by Qingshuang Sui, Jun He, Xin Zhang, Zhonghua Sun, Yunfei Zhang, Yingfei Wu, Zhixiang Zhu, Qiang Zhang and Huifen Peng
Materials 2019, 12(8), 1297; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma12081297 - 20 Apr 2019
Cited by 12 | Viewed by 3585
Abstract
Invar alloys with both high strength and low thermal expansion are urgently needed in fields such as overhead power transmission, aero-molds, and so on. In this paper, Cr was introduced as a cost-efficient alloying element into the Fe-36Ni binary invar alloy to increase [...] Read more.
Invar alloys with both high strength and low thermal expansion are urgently needed in fields such as overhead power transmission, aero-molds, and so on. In this paper, Cr was introduced as a cost-efficient alloying element into the Fe-36Ni binary invar alloy to increase its mechanical strength. Our results confirmed that fine Cr7C3 precipitants, together with some Fe3C, in the invar alloy aged at 425 °C could be obtained with a short aging time. Those precipitants then grew and aggregated at grain or sub-grain boundaries with an increase in aging time. Simultaneously, mechanical strength and coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) parabolically varied with the increase in aging time. The sample aged at 425 °C for 7 h presented a maximum strength of 644.4 MPa, together with a minimum coefficient of thermal expansion of 3.30 × 10−6 K−1 in the temperature range of 20–100 °C. This optimized result should be primarily attributed to the precipitation of the nanoscaled Cr7C3. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Structure and Mechanical Properties of Alloys)
►▼ Show Figures

Graphical abstract

Show export options expand_more Show export options expand_less
Select all
Export citation of selected articles as:
 
Displaying articles 1-34
Back to TopTop