Editorial

4 pages, 187 KiB

Open AccessEditorial

Ship Structures

by Joško Parunov and Yordan Garbatov

J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2022, 10(3), 374; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse10030374 - 06 Mar 2022

Viewed by 1885

This book contains fifteen recent research studies in the broad field of ship structural design, analysis and degradation, where two studies deal with corrosion degradation in ship structures, while the remaining contributions belong to three major steps in the efficient design and analysis [...] Read more.

This book contains fifteen recent research studies in the broad field of ship structural design, analysis and degradation, where two studies deal with corrosion degradation in ship structures, while the remaining contributions belong to three major steps in the efficient design and analysis of ship structures, i [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Ship Structures)

Research

Jump to: Editorial, Review

17 pages, 14979 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Methods for Fitting the Limit State Function of the Residual Strength of Damaged Ships

by Zhiyao Zhu, Huilong Ren, Xiuhuan Wang, Nan Zhao and Chenfeng Li

J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2022, 10(1), 102; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse10010102 - 13 Jan 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1218

Abstract

The limit state function is important for the assessment of the longitudinal strength of damaged ships under combined bending moments in severe waves. As the limit state function cannot be obtained directly, the common approach is to calculate the results for the residual [...] Read more.

The limit state function is important for the assessment of the longitudinal strength of damaged ships under combined bending moments in severe waves. As the limit state function cannot be obtained directly, the common approach is to calculate the results for the residual strength and approximate the limit state function by fitting, for which various methods have been proposed. In this study, four commonly used fitting methods are investigated: namely, the least-squares method, the moving least-squares method, the radial basis function neural network method, and the weighted piecewise fitting method. These fitting methods are adopted to fit the limit state functions of four typically sample distribution models as well as a damaged tanker and damaged bulk carrier. The residual strength of a damaged ship is obtained by an improved Smith method that accounts for the rotation of the neutral axis. Analysis of the results shows the accuracy of the linear least-squares method and nonlinear least-squares method, which are most commonly used by researchers, is relatively poor, while the weighted piecewise fitting method is the better choice for all investigated combined-bending conditions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Ship Structures)

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19 pages, 5133 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Method for Prediction of Extreme Wave Loads Based on Ship Operability Analysis Using Hindcast Wave Database

by Tamara Petranović, Antonio Mikulić, Marko Katalinić, Maro Ćorak and Joško Parunov

J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2021, 9(9), 1002; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse9091002 - 14 Sep 2021

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 2289

Abstract

The method for the prediction of extreme vertical wave bending moments on a passenger ship based on the hindcast database along the shipping route is presented. Operability analysis is performed to identify sea states when the ship is not able to normally operate [...] Read more.

The method for the prediction of extreme vertical wave bending moments on a passenger ship based on the hindcast database along the shipping route is presented. Operability analysis is performed to identify sea states when the ship is not able to normally operate and which are likely to be avoided. Closed-form expressions are used for the calculation of transfer functions of ship motions and loads. Multiple operability criteria are used and compared to the corresponding limiting values. The most probable extreme wave bending moments for the short-term sea states at discrete locations along the shipping route are calculated, and annual maximum extreme values are determined. Gumbel probability distribution is then fitted to the annual extreme values, and wave bending moments corresponding to a return period of 20 years are determined for discrete locations. The system reliability approach is used to calculate combined extreme vertical wave bending moment along the shipping route. The method is employed on the example of a passenger ship sailing across the Adriatic Sea (Split, Croatia, to Ancona, Italy). The contribution of the study is the method for the extreme values of wave loads using the hindcast wave database and accounting for ship operational restrictions. Full article

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16 pages, 3185 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Improvement of the Ship Emergency Response Procedure in Case of Collision Accident Considering Crack Propagation during Salvage Period

by Ivana Gledić, Antonio Mikulić and Joško Parunov

J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2021, 9(7), 737; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse9070737 - 03 Jul 2021

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2172

Abstract

Specialized procedures to help in the emergency response situations following ship accidents have been under development by the Classification Societies. Such procedures consider the hull-girder collapse as the most important failure mode, without the possibility of crack propagation caused by fluctuating wave loads. [...] Read more.

Specialized procedures to help in the emergency response situations following ship accidents have been under development by the Classification Societies. Such procedures consider the hull-girder collapse as the most important failure mode, without the possibility of crack propagation caused by fluctuating wave loads. In the present study, the fatigue crack propagation in the main deck of the oil tanker damaged in collision during salvage is investigated. The shape and size of the damage are modelled using the realistic bow shape of the striking ship and historical data of ship accidents. The stress intensity factor (SIF) across the main deck of the struck ship is calculated numerically and by the method based on the available experimental results of the crack propagation in the stiffened panel. Fluctuating wave–induced stresses in short-term sea conditions during salvage are obtained by Monte Carlo simulation (MC) based on Rayleigh distribution. Cycle-by-cycle crack propagation is calculated using Paris law. Many salvage simulations are performed to cover different possible time-histories of the fatigue loading. Results of the analysis are presented as histogram of the crack increase during salvage. Parametric analysis is performed to investigate the influence of the sea state severity, initial crack size, and towing duration on the final crack size. The proposed procedure can be considered as a part of a software tool for emergency response action during salvage of damaged ship. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Ship Structures)

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15 pages, 6161 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Multi-Pass Welding Distortion Analysis Using Layered Shell Elements Based on Inherent Strain

by Jaemin Lee, Diego Perrera and Hyun Chung

J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2021, 9(6), 632; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse9060632 - 06 Jun 2021

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2166

Abstract

In this article, a layered shell element-based, elastic finite element method for predicting welding distortion in multi-pass welding is developed. The welding distortion generated in each pass can be predicted by employing layer-by-layer equivalent plastic strains as thermal expansion coefficients and using the [...] Read more.

In this article, a layered shell element-based, elastic finite element method for predicting welding distortion in multi-pass welding is developed. The welding distortion generated in each pass can be predicted by employing layer-by-layer equivalent plastic strains as thermal expansion coefficients and using the heat-affected zone (HAZ) width as the mesh size. The final distortion can be expressed as the sum of the distortions for each pass. This study focuses on extraction of the equivalent plastic strain and HAZ width through 3D thermal elastic plastic analysis (TEPA) for each pass. The input variables extracted from each pass can be converted and added to simulate the final distortion of the multi-pass welding. A 10 mm thick, multi-pass butt-welded joint, subjected to three passes, is simulated via the proposed method. The predicted welding distortion is compared with the 3D TEPA results and the measured experimental data. The outcome indicates that good agreement can be obtained. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Ship Structures)

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25 pages, 5266 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Comprehensive Wind and Wave Statistics and Extreme Values for Design and Analysis of Marine Structures in the Adriatic Sea

by Marko Katalinić and Joško Parunov

J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2021, 9(5), 522; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse9050522 - 12 May 2021

Cited by 13 | Viewed by 3093

Abstract

Wind and waves present the main causes of environmental loading on seagoing ships and offshore structures. Thus, its detailed understanding can improve the design and maintenance of these structures. Wind and wave statistical models are developed based on the WorldWaves database for the [...] Read more.

Wind and waves present the main causes of environmental loading on seagoing ships and offshore structures. Thus, its detailed understanding can improve the design and maintenance of these structures. Wind and wave statistical models are developed based on the WorldWaves database for the Adriatic Sea: for the entire Adriatic Sea as a whole, divided into three regions and for 39 uniformly spaced locations across the offshore Adriatic. Model parameters are fitted and presented for each case, following the conditional modelling approach, i.e., the marginal distribution of significant wave height and conditional distribution of peak period and wind speed. Extreme significant wave heights were evaluated for 20-, 50- and 100-year return periods. The presented data provide a consistent and comprehensive description of metocean (wind and wave) climate in the Adriatic Sea that can serve as input for almost all kind of analyses of ships and offshore structures. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Ship Structures)

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12 pages, 4246 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Long-Term Marine Environment Exposure Effect on Butt-Welded Shipbuilding Steel

by Goran Vukelic, Goran Vizentin, Josip Brnic, Marino Brcic and Florian Sedmak

J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2021, 9(5), 491; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse9050491 - 01 May 2021

Cited by 18 | Viewed by 2810

Abstract

Extreme environments, such as marine environments, have negative impacts on welded steel structures, causing corrosion, reduced structural integrity and, consequently, failures. That is why it is necessary to perform an experimental research sea exposure effect on such structures and materials. Research presented in [...] Read more.

Extreme environments, such as marine environments, have negative impacts on welded steel structures, causing corrosion, reduced structural integrity and, consequently, failures. That is why it is necessary to perform an experimental research sea exposure effect on such structures and materials. Research presented in this paper deals with the mechanical behavior of butt-welded specimens made of AH36 shipbuilding steel when they are exposed to a natural marine environment (water, seawater, sea splash) for prolonged periods (3, 6, 12, 24, and 36 months). The usual approach to such research is to perform accelerated tests in a simulated laboratory environment. Here, relative mass change due to corrosion over time is given along with calculated corrosion rates. Corroded surfaces of specimens were inspected using optical and scanning electron microscopy and comparison, based on the numbers and dimensions of the corrosion pits (diameter and depth) in the observed area. As a result, it can be concluded that exposure between 3 and 6 months shows significant influence on mass loss of specimens. Further, sea splash generally has the most negative impact on corrosion rate due to the combined chemical and mechanical degradation of material. Pit density is the highest at the base metal area of the specimen. The diameters of the corrosion pits grow over the time of exposure as the pits coalesce and join. Pit depths are generally greatest in the heat affected zone area of the specimen. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Ship Structures)

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25 pages, 13259 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Small–Scale Experimental Investigation of Fatigue Performance Improvement of Ship Hatch Corner with Shot Peening Treatments by Considering Residual Stress Relaxation

by Jin Gan, Zi’ang Gao, Yiwen Wang, Zhou Wang and Weiguo Wu

J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2021, 9(4), 419; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse9040419 - 13 Apr 2021

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 1931

Abstract

Ship hatch corner is a common structure in a ship and its fatigue problem has always been one of the focuses in ship engineering due to the long–term high–stress concentration state during the ship’s life. For investigating the fatigue life improvement of the [...] Read more.

Ship hatch corner is a common structure in a ship and its fatigue problem has always been one of the focuses in ship engineering due to the long–term high–stress concentration state during the ship’s life. For investigating the fatigue life improvement of the ship hatch corner under different shot peening (SP) treatments, a series of fatigue tests, residual stress and surface topography measurements were conducted for SP specimens. Furthermore, the distributions of the surface residual stress are measured with varying numbers of cyclic loads, investigating the residual stress relaxation during cyclic loading. The results show that no matter which SP process parameters are used, the fatigue lives of the shot–peened ship hatch corner specimens are longer than those at unpeened specimens. The relaxation rate of the residual stress mainly depends on the maximum compressive residual stress (σ^RS_max) and the depth of the maximum compressive residual stress (δ_max). The larger the values of σ^RS_max and δ_max, the slower the relaxation rates of the residual stress field. The results imply that the effect of residual stress field and surface roughness should be considered comprehensively to improve the fatigue life of the ship hatch corner with SP treatment. The increase in peening intensity (PI) within a certain range can increase the depth of the compressive residual stress field (CRSF), so the fatigue performance of the ship hatch corner is improved. Once the PI exceeds a certain value, the surface damage caused by the increase in surface roughness will not be offset by the CRSF and the fatigue life cannot be improved optimally. This research provides an approach of fatigue performance enhancement for ship hatch corners in engineering application. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Ship Structures)

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15 pages, 3985 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Fatigue Characteristic of Designed T-Type Specimen under Two-Step Repeating Variable Amplitude Load with Low-Amplitude Load below the Fatigue Limit

by Jin Gan, Di Sun, Hui Deng, Zhou Wang, Xiaoli Wang, Li Yao and Weiguo Wu

J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2021, 9(2), 107; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse9020107 - 20 Jan 2021

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1865

Abstract

In order to investigate the non-linear fatigue cumulative damage of joints in ocean structural parts, one type of low carbon steel Q345D was employed to prepare designed T-type specimens, and a series of fatigue experiments were carried out on the specimens under two-step [...] Read more.

In order to investigate the non-linear fatigue cumulative damage of joints in ocean structural parts, one type of low carbon steel Q345D was employed to prepare designed T-type specimens, and a series of fatigue experiments were carried out on the specimens under two-step repeating variable amplitude loading condition. The chosen high cyclic loads were larger than the constant amplitude fatigue limit (CAFL) and the chosen low cyclic loads were below the CAFL. Firstly, the S-N curve of designed T-type specimen was obtained via different constant amplitude fatigue tests. Then, a series of two-step repeating variable load were carried out on designed T-type specimens with the aim of calculating the cumulative damage of specimen under the variable fatigue load. The discussions about non-linear fatigue cumulative damage of designed T-type specimens and the interaction effect between the high and low amplitude loadings on the fatigue life were carried out, and some meaningful conclusions were obtained according to the series of fatigue tests. The results show that fatigue cumulative damage of designed T-type specimens calculated based on Miner’s rule ranges from 0.513 to 1.756. Under the same cycle ratio, the cumulative damage increases with the increase of high cyclic stress, and at the same stress ratio, the cumulative damage increases linearly with the increase of cycle ratio. Based on the non-linear damage evaluation method, it is found that the load interaction effect between high and low stress loads exhibits different damage or strengthening effects with the change of stress ratio and cycle ratio. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Ship Structures)

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17 pages, 12165 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

A Proposal of Mode Polynomials for Efficient Use of Component Mode Synthesis and Methodology to Simplify the Calculation of the Connecting Beams

by Jeong Hee Park and Duck Young Yoon

J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2021, 9(1), 20; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse9010020 - 26 Dec 2020

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1771

Abstract

Analytical method using Rayleigh–Ritz method has not been widely used recently due to intensive use of finite element analysis (FEA). However as long as suitable mode functions together with component mode synthesis (CMS) can be provided, Rayleigh–Ritz method is still useful for the [...] Read more.

Analytical method using Rayleigh–Ritz method has not been widely used recently due to intensive use of finite element analysis (FEA). However as long as suitable mode functions together with component mode synthesis (CMS) can be provided, Rayleigh–Ritz method is still useful for the vibration analysis of many local structures in a ship such as tanks and supports for an equipment. In this study, polynomials which combines a simple and a fixed support have been proposed for the satisfaction of boundary conditions at a junction. Higher order polynomials have been generated using those suggested by Bhat. Since higher order polynomials used only satisfy geometrical boundary conditions, two ways are tried. One neglects moment continuity and the other satisfies moment continuity by sum of mode polynomials. Numerical analysis have been performed for typical shapes, which can generate easily more complicated structures. Comparison with FEA result shows good agreements enough to be used for practical purpose. Frequently dynamic behavior of one specific subcomponent is more concerned. In this case suitable way to estimate dynamic and static coupling of subcomponents connected to this specific subcomponent should be provided, which is not easy task. Elimination of generalized coordinates for subcomponents by mode by mode satisfaction of boundary conditions has been proposed. These results are still very useful for initial guidance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Ship Structures)

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19 pages, 5308 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Effect of Residual Stresses on the Elastoplastic Behavior of Welded Steel Plates

by José Manuel Gordo

J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2020, 8(9), 702; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse8090702 - 10 Sep 2020

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2450

Abstract

A robust methodology to simulate virtually the residual stresses pattern in welded steel plates is presented. The methodology is applied to the structural analysis of typical welded plates belonging to ship structures, and the effect of residual stresses on the elastoplastic behavior of [...] Read more.

A robust methodology to simulate virtually the residual stresses pattern in welded steel plates is presented. The methodology is applied to the structural analysis of typical welded plates belonging to ship structures, and the effect of residual stresses on the elastoplastic behavior of plates loaded axially is analyzed in comparison to the residual stress free case, both for tension and compression and including initial imperfections. Residual stresses affect in different manner plates with different geometries; thus a parametric study is performed covering the usual range of variation of the most important plate parameters that control the strength of the plates, more precisely the slenderness and the aspect ratio. The results from finite elements analysis are compared with codes and most established formulations and recommendations of applicability in the prediction of load-shortening curves for hull’s bending strength evaluation, ultimate strength and ultimate strain of plate elements are made. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Ship Structures)

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21 pages, 6223 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

A Hybrid Wind Load Estimation Method for Container Ship Based on Computational Fluid Dynamics and Neural Networks

by Jasna Prpić-Oršić, Marko Valčić and Zoran Čarija

J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2020, 8(7), 539; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse8070539 - 20 Jul 2020

Cited by 12 | Viewed by 2608

Abstract

The estimation of wind loads on ships and other marine objects represents a continuous challenge because of its implication for various aspects of exposed structure exploitation. An extended method for estimating the wind loads on container ships is presented. The method uses the [...] Read more.

The estimation of wind loads on ships and other marine objects represents a continuous challenge because of its implication for various aspects of exposed structure exploitation. An extended method for estimating the wind loads on container ships is presented. The method uses the Generalized Regression Neural Network (GRNN), which is trained with Elliptic Fourier Descriptors (EFD) of sets of frontal and lateral closed contours as inputs. Wind load coefficients (C_x, C_y, C_N), used as outputs for network training, are derived from 3D steady RANS CFD analysis. This approach is very suitable for assessing wind loads on container ships wherever there is a wind load database for a various container configuration. In this way, the cheaper and faster calculation can bridge the gap for the container configurations for which calculations or experiments have not already been made. The results obtained by trained GRNN are in line with available experimental measurements of the wind loads on various container configuration on the deck of a 9000+ TEU container ship obtained through a series of wind tunnel tests, as well as with performed CFD simulation for the same conditions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Ship Structures)

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16 pages, 2906 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Probabilistic Method for Estimating the Percentage of Corrosion Depth on the Inner Bottom Plates of Aging Bulk Carriers

by Špiro Ivošević, Romeo Meštrović and Nataša Kovač

J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2020, 8(6), 442; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse8060442 - 16 Jun 2020

Cited by 13 | Viewed by 2411

Abstract

This paper presents an approach for the model estimating the probabilistic percent corrosion depth for inner bottom plates of fuel oil tanks located in the double bottom of aging bulk carriers. Assuming that corrosion begins after four years of exploitation, a statistical approach [...] Read more.

This paper presents an approach for the model estimating the probabilistic percent corrosion depth for inner bottom plates of fuel oil tanks located in the double bottom of aging bulk carriers. Assuming that corrosion begins after four years of exploitation, a statistical approach to investigations on the ratio of the corrosion rate and the average initial inner bottom plate’s thickness of considered bulk carriers is given. We consider this ratio to be a random variable since it is included in the usual linear corrosion model. By applying adequate statistical tests to the available empirical dataset, three best fitted three-parameter distributions for estimating the cumulative density function and the probability density function of the random variable were obtained. These three distributions were further used to estimate the studied percentage of corrosion depth. Lastly, we present the corresponding numerical and graphical results concerning the obtained statistical and empirical results and give concluding remarks. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Ship Structures)

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18 pages, 3611 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Uncertainties of Estimating Extreme Significant Wave Height for Engineering Applications Depending on the Approach and Fitting Technique—Adriatic Sea Case Study

by Marko Katalinić and Joško Parunov

J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2020, 8(4), 259; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse8040259 - 06 Apr 2020

Cited by 16 | Viewed by 6037

Abstract

Studies on the extrapolation of extreme significant wave height, based on long-term databases, are extensively covered in literature. An engineer, working in the field of naval architecture, marine engineering, or maritime operation planning, when tackling the problem of extreme wave prediction, would typically [...] Read more.

Studies on the extrapolation of extreme significant wave height, based on long-term databases, are extensively covered in literature. An engineer, working in the field of naval architecture, marine engineering, or maritime operation planning, when tackling the problem of extreme wave prediction, would typically follow relevant codes and standards. Currently, authorities in the field of offshore operation within its guidelines propose several methods: the initial-distribution, extreme value, and peak-over threshold approaches. Furthermore, for each proposed method, different mathematical fitting techniques are applicable to optimize the candidate distribution parameters: the least-square method, the method of moments, and the maximum likelihood method. A comprehensive analysis was done to determine the difference in the results depending on the choice of method and fitting technique. All combinations were tested on a long-term database for a location in the Adriatic Sea. The variability of the results and trends of extreme wave height estimates for long return periods are presented, and the limitations of certain methods and techniques are noted. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Ship Structures)

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21 pages, 16085 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Strength Assessment of Rectangular Plates Subjected to Extreme Cyclic Load Reversals

by Mesut Tekgoz and Yordan Garbatov

J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2020, 8(2), 65; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse8020065 - 21 Jan 2020

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2960

Abstract

The objective of this study is to investigate the strength of the rectangular plates subjected to cyclic load reversals with varying strain ranges. The finite element solution is implemented to estimate the load-carrying capacity. The influence of the initial imperfections, plate thicknesses and [...] Read more.

The objective of this study is to investigate the strength of the rectangular plates subjected to cyclic load reversals with varying strain ranges. The finite element solution is implemented to estimate the load-carrying capacity. The influence of the initial imperfections, plate thicknesses and aspect ratio parameters have been accounted for. The cyclic response is predicted by using the material model assumed to follow the combined non-linear isotropic and kinematic strain hardening rules with Von Misses yield criterion accounting for the Bauschinger effect. It has been shown that the type of plastic formation during the cyclic load has a significant influence on the structural capacity and stiffness reduction. The initial imperfection has a significant impact on the ultimate load capacity reduction where the uni-modal initial imperfection type leads to a more stable load transition and plastic formation, reducing the structural capacity during the cyclic load exposure. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Ship Structures)

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Review

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20 pages, 766 KiB

Open AccessReview

Collapse Strength of Intact Ship Structures

by Mesut Tekgoz and Yordan Garbatov

J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2021, 9(10), 1079; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse9101079 - 01 Oct 2021

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2828

Abstract

Ship structures are subjected to complex sea loading conditions, leading to a sophisticated structural design to withstand and avoid structural failure. Structural capacity assessment, particularly of the longitudinal strength, is crucial to ensure the safety of ships, crews, the marine environment, and the [...] Read more.

Ship structures are subjected to complex sea loading conditions, leading to a sophisticated structural design to withstand and avoid structural failure. Structural capacity assessment, particularly of the longitudinal strength, is crucial to ensure the safety of ships, crews, the marine environment, and the cargoes carried. This work aims to overview the ultimate strength assessment of intact ship structures in recent decades. Particular attention is paid to the ultimate strength of plates, stiffened panels, box girders, and entire ship hull structures. A discussion about numerical and experimental analyses is also provided. Finally, some conclusions and suggestions about potential future work are noted. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Ship Structures)

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