International Journal of Molecular Sciences

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17 pages, 4472 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Conventional Co-Housing Modulates Murine Gut Microbiota and Hematopoietic Gene Expression

by Jichun Chen, Shuling Zhang, Xingmin Feng, Zhijie Wu, Wendy Dubois, Vishal Thovarai, Sonia Ahluwalia, Shouguo Gao, Jinguo Chen, Tyler Peat, Shurjo K. Sen, Giorgio Trinchieri, Neal S. Young and Beverly A. Mock

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2020, 21(17), 6143; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21176143 - 26 Aug 2020

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 3411

Abstract

Specific-pathogen-free (SPF) mice have improved hematopoietic characteristics relative to germ-free mice, however, it is not clear whether improvements in hematopoietic traits will continue when the level of microorganism exposure is further increased. We co-housed SPF C57BL/6 mice in a conventional facility (CVT) and [...] Read more.

Specific-pathogen-free (SPF) mice have improved hematopoietic characteristics relative to germ-free mice, however, it is not clear whether improvements in hematopoietic traits will continue when the level of microorganism exposure is further increased. We co-housed SPF C57BL/6 mice in a conventional facility (CVT) and found a significant increase in gut microbiota diversity along with increased levels of myeloid cells and T cells, especially effector memory T cells. Through single cell RNA sequencing of sorted KL (c-Kit⁺Lin⁻) cells, we imputed a decline in long-term hematopoietic stem cells and an increase in granulocyte-monocyte progenitors in CVT mice with up-regulation of genes associated with cell survival. Bone marrow transplantation through competitive repopulation revealed a significant increase in KSL (c-Kit⁺Sca-1⁺Lin⁻) cell reconstitution in recipients of CVT donor cells which occurred when donors were co-housed for both one and twelve months. However, there was minimal to no gain in mature blood cell engraftment in recipients of CVT donor cells relative to those receiving SPF donor cells. We conclude that co-housing SPF mice with mice born in a conventional facility increased gut microbiota diversity, augmented myeloid cell production and T cell activation, stimulated KSL cell reconstitution, and altered hematopoietic gene expression. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Gut Microbiota-Host Interactions: From Symbiosis to Dysbiosis)

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Review

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19 pages, 841 KiB

Open AccessReview

Gut Microbiota–Host Interactions in Inborn Errors of Immunity

by Riccardo Castagnoli, Francesca Pala, Marita Bosticardo, Amelia Licari, Ottavia M. Delmonte, Anna Villa, Gian Luigi Marseglia and Luigi Daniele Notarangelo

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2021, 22(3), 1416; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22031416 - 31 Jan 2021

Cited by 17 | Viewed by 5011

Abstract

Inborn errors of immunity (IEI) are a group of disorders that are mostly caused by genetic mutations affecting immune host defense and immune regulation. Although IEI present with a wide spectrum of clinical features, in about one third of them various degrees of [...] Read more.

Inborn errors of immunity (IEI) are a group of disorders that are mostly caused by genetic mutations affecting immune host defense and immune regulation. Although IEI present with a wide spectrum of clinical features, in about one third of them various degrees of gastrointestinal (GI) involvement have been described and for some IEI the GI manifestations represent the main and peculiar clinical feature. The microbiome plays critical roles in the education and function of the host’s innate and adaptive immune system, and imbalances in microbiota-immunity interactions can contribute to intestinal pathogenesis. Microbial dysbiosis combined to the impairment of immunosurveillance and immune dysfunction in IEI, may favor mucosal permeability and lead to inflammation. Here we review how immune homeostasis between commensals and the host is established in the gut, and how these mechanisms can be disrupted in the context of primary immunodeficiencies. Additionally, we highlight key aspects of the first studies on gut microbiome in patients affected by IEI and discuss how gut microbiome could be harnessed as a therapeutic approach in these diseases. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Gut Microbiota-Host Interactions: From Symbiosis to Dysbiosis)

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21 pages, 394 KiB

Open AccessReview

Gut Microbial Signatures in Sporadic and Hereditary Colorectal Cancer

by Giorgia Mori and Maria Rosalia Pasca

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2021, 22(3), 1312; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22031312 - 28 Jan 2021

Cited by 14 | Viewed by 3542

Abstract

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the fourth most common cause of cancer-related death and the third most common cancer in the world. Depending on the origin of the mutation, colorectal carcinomas are classified as sporadic or hereditary. Cancers derived from mutations appearing during life, [...] Read more.

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the fourth most common cause of cancer-related death and the third most common cancer in the world. Depending on the origin of the mutation, colorectal carcinomas are classified as sporadic or hereditary. Cancers derived from mutations appearing during life, affecting individual cells and their descendants, are called sporadic and account for almost 95% of the CRCs. Less than 5% of CRC cases result from constitutional mutations conferring a very high risk of developing cancer. Screening for hereditary-related cancers is offered to individuals at risk for hereditary CRC, who have either not undergone genetic evaluation or have uncertain genetic test results. In this review, we briefly summarize the main findings on the correlation between sporadic CRC and the gut microbiota, and we specifically focus on the few evidences about the role that gut microorganisms have on the development of CRC hereditary syndromes. The characterization of a gut microbiota associated with an increased risk of developing CRC could have a profound impact for prevention purposes. We also discuss the potential role of the gut microbiota as therapeutic treatment. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Gut Microbiota-Host Interactions: From Symbiosis to Dysbiosis)

14 pages, 326 KiB

Open AccessReview

Gut Microbiota and Intestinal Trans-Epithelial Permeability

by Bénédicte Allam-Ndoul, Sophie Castonguay-Paradis and Alain Veilleux

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2020, 21(17), 6402; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21176402 - 03 Sep 2020

Cited by 156 | Viewed by 9935

Abstract

Constant remodeling of tight junctions to regulate trans-epithelial permeability is essential in maintaining intestinal barrier functions and thus preventing diffusion of small molecules and bacteria to host systemic circulation. Gut microbiota dysbiosis and dysfunctional gut barrier have been correlated to a large number [...] Read more.

Constant remodeling of tight junctions to regulate trans-epithelial permeability is essential in maintaining intestinal barrier functions and thus preventing diffusion of small molecules and bacteria to host systemic circulation. Gut microbiota dysbiosis and dysfunctional gut barrier have been correlated to a large number of diseases such as obesity, type 2 diabetes and inflammatory bowel disease. This led to the hypothesis that gut bacteria-epithelial cell interactions are key regulators of epithelial permeability through the modulation of tight junctions. Nevertheless, the molecular basis of host-pathogen interactions remains unclear mostly due to the inability of most in vitro models to recreate the differentiated tissue structure and components observed in the normal intestinal epithelium. Recent advances have led to the development of a novel cellular model derived from intestinal epithelial stem cells, the so-called organoids, encompassing all epithelial cell types and reproducing physiological properties of the intestinal tissue. We summarize herein knowledge on molecular aspects of intestinal barrier functions and the involvement of gut bacteria-epithelial cell interactions. This review also focuses on epithelial organoids as a promising model for epithelial barrier functions to study molecular aspects of gut microbiota-host interaction. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Gut Microbiota-Host Interactions: From Symbiosis to Dysbiosis)

22 pages, 326 KiB

Open AccessReview

Multidrug-Resistant Gram-Negative Bacteria Decolonization in Immunocompromised Patients: A Focus on Fecal Microbiota Transplantation

by Laura Alagna, Emanuele Palomba, Davide Mangioni, Giorgio Bozzi, Andrea Lombardi, Riccardo Ungaro, Valeria Castelli, Daniele Prati, Maurizio Vecchi, Antonio Muscatello, Alessandra Bandera and Andrea Gori

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2020, 21(16), 5619; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21165619 - 05 Aug 2020

Cited by 15 | Viewed by 3803

Abstract

Antimicrobial resistance is an important issue for global health; in immunocompromised patients, such as solid organ and hematological transplant recipients, it poses an even bigger threat. Colonization by multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria was acknowledged as a strong risk factor to subsequent infections, especially in [...] Read more.

Antimicrobial resistance is an important issue for global health; in immunocompromised patients, such as solid organ and hematological transplant recipients, it poses an even bigger threat. Colonization by multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria was acknowledged as a strong risk factor to subsequent infections, especially in individuals with a compromised immune system. A growing pile of studies has linked the imbalance caused by the dominance of certain taxa populating the gut, also known as intestinal microbiota dysbiosis, to an increased risk of MDR bacteria colonization. Several attempts were proposed to modulate the gut microbiota. Particularly, fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) was successfully applied to treat conditions like Clostridioides difficile infection and other diseases linked to gut microbiota dysbiosis. In this review we aimed to provide a look at the data gathered so far on FMT, focusing on its possible role in treating MDR colonization in the setting of immunocompromised patients and analyzing its efficacy and safety. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Gut Microbiota-Host Interactions: From Symbiosis to Dysbiosis)

17 pages, 681 KiB

Open AccessReview

Gut Microbiome Modulation for Preventing and Treating Pediatric Food Allergies

by Margherita Di Costanzo, Laura Carucci, Roberto Berni Canani and Giacomo Biasucci

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2020, 21(15), 5275; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21155275 - 25 Jul 2020

Cited by 20 | Viewed by 4936

Abstract

The increasing prevalence and severity of pediatric food allergies (FA) demands innovative preventive and therapeutic strategies. Emerging evidence suggests a pivotal role for the gut microbiome in modulating susceptibility to FA. Studies have demonstrated that alteration of gut microbiome could precede FA, and [...] Read more.

The increasing prevalence and severity of pediatric food allergies (FA) demands innovative preventive and therapeutic strategies. Emerging evidence suggests a pivotal role for the gut microbiome in modulating susceptibility to FA. Studies have demonstrated that alteration of gut microbiome could precede FA, and that particular microbial community structures early in life could influence also the disease course. The identification of gut microbiome features in pediatric FA patients is driving new prevention and treatment approaches. This review is focused on the potential role of the gut microbiome as a target for FA prevention and treatment. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Gut Microbiota-Host Interactions: From Symbiosis to Dysbiosis)

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14 pages, 558 KiB

Open AccessReview

Cognitive-Behavioural Correlates of Dysbiosis: A Review

by Maria Luca, Siriporn C. Chattipakorn, Sirawit Sriwichaiin and Antonina Luca

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2020, 21(14), 4834; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21144834 - 08 Jul 2020

Cited by 19 | Viewed by 2951

Abstract

Evidence suggests an association between an altered gut microbiota (dysbiosis), cognitive performance and behaviour. This paper provides an overview of the current literature regarding the cognitive-behavioural correlates of dysbiosis, with special attention on the clinical and biochemical mechanisms underlying the association between dysbiosis, [...] Read more.

Evidence suggests an association between an altered gut microbiota (dysbiosis), cognitive performance and behaviour. This paper provides an overview of the current literature regarding the cognitive-behavioural correlates of dysbiosis, with special attention on the clinical and biochemical mechanisms underlying the association between dysbiosis, cognition (mild cognitive impairment and dementia) and behaviour (depression, schizophrenia, addiction). After providing an overview of the evidence, the review discusses the molecular aspects that could account for the cognitive-behavioural correlates of dysbiosis. Shedding light on this topic could provide insights regarding the pathogenesis of these burdening neuropsychiatric disorders and even suggest future therapeutic strategies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Gut Microbiota-Host Interactions: From Symbiosis to Dysbiosis)

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16 pages, 1628 KiB

Open AccessReview

The Influence of Small Intestinal Bacterial Overgrowth in Digestive and Extra-Intestinal Disorders

by Giuseppe Losurdo, Fulvio Salvatore D’Abramo, Giuseppe Indellicati, Chiara Lillo, Enzo Ierardi and Alfredo Di Leo

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2020, 21(10), 3531; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21103531 - 16 May 2020

Cited by 35 | Viewed by 11704

Abstract

Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth (SIBO) is a condition hallmarked by an increase in the concentration of colonic-type bacteria in the small bowel. Watery diarrhea, bloating, abdominal pain and distension are the most common clinical manifestations. Additionally, malnutrition and vitamin (B12, D, A, and [...] Read more.

Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth (SIBO) is a condition hallmarked by an increase in the concentration of colonic-type bacteria in the small bowel. Watery diarrhea, bloating, abdominal pain and distension are the most common clinical manifestations. Additionally, malnutrition and vitamin (B12, D, A, and E) as well as minerals (iron and calcium) deficiency may be present. SIBO may mask or worsen the history of some diseases (celiac disease, irritable bowel disease), may be more common in some extra-intestinal disorders (scleroderma, obesity), or could even represent a pathogenetic link with some diseases, in which a perturbation of intestinal microbiota may be involved. On these bases, we performed a review to explore the multiple links between SIBO and digestive and extra-intestinal diseases. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Gut Microbiota-Host Interactions: From Symbiosis to Dysbiosis)

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