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Molecular and Cellular Research on Adipose Tissue Development and Functions
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Molecular and Cellular Research on Adipose Tissue Development and Functions

A special issue of International Journal of Molecular Sciences (ISSN 1422-0067). This special issue belongs to the section "Molecular Biology".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 30 June 2024 | Viewed by 5016

Special Issue Editor

Dr. Younghoon Jang

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Biology and Chemistry, Changwon National University, Changwon 51140, Republic of Korea
Interests: gene expression; cell signaling; adipose and cancer biology; metabolic diseases

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

The prevalence of obese people is increasing dramatically worldwide. Adipose tissue, as a central organ of energy homeostasis, directly affects weight change and causes obesity. Understanding adipose tissue development may contribute to identifying novel and targeted therapies for obesity and related metabolic diseases. Murine knockout mouse models and in vitro adipocyte differentiation are commonly used to study adipose tissue development and adipogenesis. Adipogenesis is classified as a two-step cell fate transition: The early stages of adipogenesis are controlled by the master adipogenic transcription factors PPAR-γ and CEBP-α. The later stages of adipogenesis are regulated by lipogenic transcription factors, such as ChREBP and SREBP. Mammals have two types of adipose tissue: white adipose tissue (WAT), for energy storage, and brown adipose tissue (BAT), for thermogenesis. Unlike WAT, which contains large uniocular lipid droplets and few mitochondria, BAT has multiple small multilocular lipid droplets and higher mitochondrial density. While the factors and molecular mechanisms of early adipogenesis are shared by both white and brown adipogenesis, late adipogenesis is more important for postnatal fat expansion in WAT.

Potential topics include, but are not limited to, the following:

  • Transcriptional and epigenomic regulation of adipose tissue development;
  • Metabolic signaling in adipocytes;
  • Heterogeneity of white, brown, and beige adipose tissue;
  • Genetic mouse models and recent molecular techniques for adipose tissue studies;
  • Obesity, lipodystrophy, fibrosis, inflammation, and other fat-related diseases.

Dr. Younghoon Jang
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. International Journal of Molecular Sciences is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. There is an Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal. For details about the APC please see here. Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • adipose tissue
  • development
  • expansion
  • white adipose tissue
  • brown adipose tissue
  • beige adipose tissue
  • adipocytes
  • adipogenesis
  • lipogenesis
  • peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPAR-γ)
  • CCAAT enhancer binding proteins (CEBP-α, CEBP-β, and CEBP-δ)
  • carbohydrate response element binding protein (ChREBP)

Published Papers (5 papers)

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Research

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18 pages, 15548 KiB  
Article
Verification of Key Target Molecules for Intramuscular Fat Deposition and Screening of SNP Sites in Sheep from Small-Tail Han Sheep Breed and Its Cross with Suffolk
by Lingjuan Fu, Jinping Shi, Quanlu Meng, Zhixiong Tang, Ting Liu, Quanwei Zhang and Shuru Cheng
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2024, 25(5), 2951; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25052951 - 03 Mar 2024
Viewed by 573
Abstract
Intramuscular fat (IMF) is vital for meat tenderness and juiciness. This study aims to explore the IMF deposition mechanism and the related molecular markers in sheep. Two populations, Small-tail Han Sheep (STH) and STH × Suffolk (SFK) F1 (SFK × STH), were [...] Read more.
Intramuscular fat (IMF) is vital for meat tenderness and juiciness. This study aims to explore the IMF deposition mechanism and the related molecular markers in sheep. Two populations, Small-tail Han Sheep (STH) and STH × Suffolk (SFK) F1 (SFK × STH), were used as the research object. Histological staining techniques compared the differences in the longissimus dorsi muscle among populations. A combination of transcriptome sequencing and biological information analysis screened and identified IMF-related target genes. Further, sequencing technology was employed to detect SNP loci of target genes to evaluate their potential as genetic markers. Histological staining revealed that the muscle fiber gap in the SFK × STH F1 was larger and the IMF content was higher. Transcriptome analysis revealed that PIK3R1 and PPARA were candidate genes. Histological experiments revealed that the expressions of PIK3R1 mRNA and PPARA mRNA were lower in SFK × STH F1 compared with the STH. Meanwhile, PIK3R1 and PPARA proteins were located in intramuscular adipocytes and co-located with the lipid metabolism marker molecule (FASN). SNP locus analysis revealed a mutation site in exon 7 of the PIK3R1 gene, which served as a potential genetic marker for IMF deposition. This study’s findings will provide a new direction for meat quality breeding in sheep. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Molecular and Cellular Research on Adipose Tissue Development and Functions)
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12 pages, 2108 KiB  
Article
Role of Adipose Tissue Hormones in Pathogenesis of Cryptoglandular Anal Fistula
by Marcin Włodarczyk, Jakub Włodarczyk, Kasper Maryńczak, Anna Waśniewska-Włodarczyk, Urszula Doboszewska, Piotr Wlaź, Łukasz Dziki and Jakub Fichna
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2024, 25(3), 1501; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25031501 - 25 Jan 2024
Viewed by 616
Abstract
The cryptoglandular perianal fistula is a common benign anorectal disorder that is managed mainly with surgery and in some cases may be an extremely challenging condition. Perianal fistulas are often characterized by significantly decreased patient quality of life. Lack of fully recognized pathogenesis [...] Read more.
The cryptoglandular perianal fistula is a common benign anorectal disorder that is managed mainly with surgery and in some cases may be an extremely challenging condition. Perianal fistulas are often characterized by significantly decreased patient quality of life. Lack of fully recognized pathogenesis of this disease makes it difficult to treat it properly. Recently, adipose tissue hormones have been proposed to play a role in the genesis of cryptoglandular anal fistulas. The expression of adipose tissue hormones and epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) factors were characterized based on 30 samples from simple fistulas and 30 samples from complex cryptoglandular perianal fistulas harvested during surgery. Tissue levels of leptin, resistin, MMP2, and MMP9 were significantly elevated in patients who underwent operations due to complex cryptoglandular perianal fistulas compared to patients with simple fistulas. Adiponectin and E-cadherin were significantly lowered in samples from complex perianal fistulas in comparison to simple fistulas. A negative correlation between leptin and E-cadherin levels was observed. Resistin and MMP2 levels, as well as adiponectin and E-cadherin levels, were positively correlated. Complex perianal cryptoglandular fistulas have a reduced level of the anti-inflammatory adipokine adiponectin and have an increase in the levels of proinflammatory resistin and leptin. Abnormal secretion of these adipokines may affect the integrity of the EMT in the fistula tract. E-cadherin, MMP2, and MMP9 expression levels were shifted in patients with more advanced and complex perianal fistulas. Our results supporting the idea of using mesenchymal stem cells in the treatment of cryptoglandular perianal fistulas seem reasonable, but further studies are warranted. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Molecular and Cellular Research on Adipose Tissue Development and Functions)
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14 pages, 1858 KiB  
Article
Resistance and Aerobic Training Were Effective in Activating Different Markers of the Browning Process in Obesity
by Lidia Passinho Paz Pontes, Fernanda Cristina Alves Nakakura, Nelson Inácio Pinto Neto, Valter Tadeu Boldarine, Paloma Korehisa Maza, Paloma Freire Santos, Felipe Avila, Artur Francisco Silva-Neto, Hanna Karen Moreira Antunes, Ana Raimunda Dâmaso and Lila Missae Oyama
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2024, 25(1), 275; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25010275 - 24 Dec 2023
Viewed by 867
Abstract
Lifestyle changes regarding diet composition and exercise training have been widely used as a non-pharmacological clinical strategy in the treatment of obesity, a complex and difficult-to-control disease. Taking the potential of exercise in the browning process and in increasing thermogenesis into account, the [...] Read more.
Lifestyle changes regarding diet composition and exercise training have been widely used as a non-pharmacological clinical strategy in the treatment of obesity, a complex and difficult-to-control disease. Taking the potential of exercise in the browning process and in increasing thermogenesis into account, the aim of this paper was to evaluate the effect of resistance, aerobic, and combination training on markers of browning of white adipose tissue from rats with obesity who were switched to a balanced diet with normal calorie intake. Different types of training groups promote a reduction in the adipose tissue and delta mass compared to the sedentary high-fat diet group (HS). Interestingly, irisin in adipose tissues was higher in the resistance exercise (RE) and aerobic exercise (AE) groups compared to control groups. Moreover, in adipose tissue, the fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21), coactivator 1 α (PGC1α), and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) were higher in response to resistance training RE compared with the control groups, respectively. Additionally, uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1) showed higher levels in response to group AE compared to the HS group. In conclusion, the browning process in white adipose tissue responds differently toward different training exercise protocols, with resistance and aerobic training efficient in activating different biomarkers of the browning process, upregulating irisin, FGF21, PGC1α, PPARγ, and UCP1 in WAT, which together may suggest an improvement in the thermogenic process in the adipose tissue. Considering the experimental conditions of the present investigation, we suggest future research to pave new avenues to be applied in clinical practices to combat obesity. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Molecular and Cellular Research on Adipose Tissue Development and Functions)
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14 pages, 7695 KiB  
Article
Diversity in Cell Morphology, Composition, and Function among Adipose Depots in River Buffaloes
by Xintong Yang, Ruirui Zhu, Ziyi Song, Deshun Shi and Jieping Huang
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2023, 24(9), 8410; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms24098410 - 07 May 2023
Viewed by 1198
Abstract
Fat deposition is a significant economic trait in livestock animals. Adipose tissues (ATs) developed in subcutaneous and visceral depots are considered waste whereas those within muscle are highly valued. In river buffaloes, lipogenesis is highly active in subcutaneous (especially in the sternum subcutaneous) [...] Read more.
Fat deposition is a significant economic trait in livestock animals. Adipose tissues (ATs) developed in subcutaneous and visceral depots are considered waste whereas those within muscle are highly valued. In river buffaloes, lipogenesis is highly active in subcutaneous (especially in the sternum subcutaneous) and visceral depots but not in muscle tissue. Revealing the features and functions of ATs in different depots is significant for the regulation of their development. Here, we characterize the cell size, composition, and function of six AT depots in river buffaloes. Our data support that the subcutaneous AT depots have a larger cell size than visceral AT depots, and the subcutaneous AT depots, especially the sternum subcutaneous AT, are mainly associated with the extracellular matrix whereas the visceral AT depots are mainly associated with immunity. We found that sternum subcutaneous AT is significantly different from ATs in other depots, due to the high unsaturated fatty acid content and the significant association with metabolic protection. The perirenal AT is more active in FA oxidation for energy supply. In addition, the expression of HOX paralogs supports the variable origins of ATs in different depots, indicating that the development of ATs in different depots is mediated by their progenitor cells. The present study enhances our understanding of the cellular and molecular features, metabolism, and origin of AT depots in buffaloes, which is significant for the regulation of fat deposition and provides new insights into the features of AT depots in multiple discrete locations. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Molecular and Cellular Research on Adipose Tissue Development and Functions)
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Review

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24 pages, 2706 KiB  
Review
Molecular and Cellular Mechanisms of Intramuscular Fat Development and Growth in Cattle
by Zhendong Tan and Honglin Jiang
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2024, 25(5), 2520; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25052520 - 21 Feb 2024
Viewed by 1037
Abstract
Intramuscular fat, also referred to as marbling fat, is the white fat deposited within skeletal muscle tissue. The content of intramuscular fat in the skeletal muscle, particularly the longissimus dorsi muscle, of cattle is a critical determinant of beef quality and value. In [...] Read more.
Intramuscular fat, also referred to as marbling fat, is the white fat deposited within skeletal muscle tissue. The content of intramuscular fat in the skeletal muscle, particularly the longissimus dorsi muscle, of cattle is a critical determinant of beef quality and value. In this review, we summarize the process of intramuscular fat development and growth, the factors that affect this process, and the molecular and epigenetic mechanisms that mediate this process in cattle. Compared to other species, cattle have a remarkable ability to accumulate intramuscular fat, partly attributed to the abundance of sources of fatty acids for synthesizing triglycerides. Compared to other adipose depots such as subcutaneous fat, intramuscular fat develops later and grows more slowly. The commitment and differentiation of adipose precursor cells into adipocytes as well as the maturation of adipocytes are crucial steps in intramuscular fat development and growth in cattle. Each of these steps is controlled by various factors, underscoring the complexity of the regulatory network governing adipogenesis in the skeletal muscle. These factors include genetics, epigenetics, nutrition (including maternal nutrition), rumen microbiome, vitamins, hormones, weaning age, slaughter age, slaughter weight, and stress. Many of these factors seem to affect intramuscular fat deposition through the transcriptional or epigenetic regulation of genes directly involved in the development and growth of intramuscular fat. A better understanding of the molecular and cellular mechanisms by which intramuscular fat develops and grows in cattle will help us develop more effective strategies to optimize intramuscular fat deposition in cattle, thereby maximizing the quality and value of beef meat. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Molecular and Cellular Research on Adipose Tissue Development and Functions)
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