Energies

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16 pages, 5260 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effect Quantification of BESS Providing Frequency Response on Penetration Limit of VER in Power Systems

by Woo Yeong Choi, Kyung Soo Kook and Hyeong-Jun Yoo

Energies 2022, 15(24), 9380; https://doi.org/10.3390/en15249380 - 11 Dec 2022

Viewed by 1393

Increasing the penetration of variable energy resources (VER) can reduce the inertia and frequency response performance of power systems supported by replacement synchronous power generation. Therefore, it is necessary to manage the VER penetration limit in power systems for stable operation and to [...] Read more.

Increasing the penetration of variable energy resources (VER) can reduce the inertia and frequency response performance of power systems supported by replacement synchronous power generation. Therefore, it is necessary to manage the VER penetration limit in power systems for stable operation and to increase the operability to the desired level. This study proposes a method to evaluate and quantify the effect of increasing the penetration limit of VER by controlling a battery energy storage system (BESS). The BESS can provide a fast response, but frequency response performance varies depending on the operating conditions. In the proposed quantification method, various control methods of a BESS, operating conditions of the power system, and penetration conditions of additional VER were analyzed, and the effect of the BESS on increasing the penetration limit of VER was evaluated. This evaluation and analysis enabled the selection of the BESS operating conditions to achieve the target VER capacity in the power system. The proposed quantification method was analyzed through simulations based on the Korean power system model. Therefore, it can contribute to estimating the required performance of the BESS for each system operating condition required to achieve the VER target. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Towards Sustainability of Safe and Flexible Energy — Selected Papers from the 9th international Conference on Advanced Power System Automation & Protection (APAP 2021))

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13 pages, 4603 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Degradation Evaluation Method with a Test Device for Aging Diagnosis in PV Modules

by Jian Shen, Byeong-Gill Han, Ji-Myung Kim, Sung-Moon Choi, Kyung-Hwa Kim, Hu-Dong Lee, Dong-Hyun Tae and Dae-Seok Rho

Energies 2022, 15(11), 3851; https://doi.org/10.3390/en15113851 - 24 May 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1285

Abstract

Generally, PV (photovoltaic) modules are known as devices which are used semi-permanently for more than 20 years, but the electrical performance and lifespan of PV modules can be significantly degraded due to various environmental factors. Thus, a proper evaluation method for aging phenomenon [...] Read more.

Generally, PV (photovoltaic) modules are known as devices which are used semi-permanently for more than 20 years, but the electrical performance and lifespan of PV modules can be significantly degraded due to various environmental factors. Thus, a proper evaluation method for aging phenomenon of PV modules is required. Although there already are methods which compare adjusted PV output power based on STC (standard test condition) with initial PV module specification, or perform direct comparison by conducting the test under STC, there are issues with objectivity or efficiency in the existing evaluation method of aging phenomenon due to the data distortion while adjusting measured data or difficulties in implementation. Therefore, in order to overcome the above-mentioned disadvantage of the existing evaluation method for deterioration in PV modules and evaluate the aging characteristics of PV modules based on on-site measurement data in an accurate and efficient manner, this paper implements a test device for aging diagnosis to measure and collect actual data from a PV module section, and presents a modeling of data analysis for aging phenomenon with MATLAB S/W in order to minimize the variability of PV output, communication error, delay, etc. Furthermore, this paper confirms the usefulness of the presented test device for aging diagnosis of the PV modules which is accurately evaluated by considering on-site measurement of PV output power by season. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Towards Sustainability of Safe and Flexible Energy — Selected Papers from the 9th international Conference on Advanced Power System Automation & Protection (APAP 2021))

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19 pages, 3810 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Multiagent-Based Distributed Coordination of Inverter-Based Resources for Optimal Operation of Microgrids Considering Communication Failures

by Woon-Gyu Lee, Thai-Thanh Nguyen and Hak-Man Kim

Energies 2022, 15(10), 3736; https://doi.org/10.3390/en15103736 - 19 May 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1173

Abstract

This paper proposes the distributed coordination of inverter-based resources, to optimize the operational cost of a microgrid system. The microgrid is considered a multiagent system, which includes a distributed generator agent and energy storage system agent. A communication network is utilized to exchange [...] Read more.

This paper proposes the distributed coordination of inverter-based resources, to optimize the operational cost of a microgrid system. The microgrid is considered a multiagent system, which includes a distributed generator agent and energy storage system agent. A communication network is utilized to exchange information among agents. The issue of communication failures is addressed in the proposed strategy, to ensure the stable operation of the control system. A two-level hierarchical cooperative optimization system is proposed in this paper for distributed economic dispatch. The primary controller is responsible for the frequency and voltage regulations, and the secondary controller is implemented in a diffusion-based distributed control scheme, for optimal microgrid management. The proposed control strategy consistently maintains the optimal operation and frequency, even in the event of communication failures. A five-node multiagent system including a dispatchable agent is considered. Comparative studies with the conventional consensus strategy are represented, to prove the effectiveness of the proposed diffusion strategy. To demonstrate the practical feasibility of the proposed strategy, a controller hardware-in-the-loop testbed was developed for testing the proposed cyber-physical microgrid system, in which the controllers were implemented in multiple computers and the microgrid system was implemented in Opal-RT. The real-time experiment results showed the better cost optimization performance of the proposed diffusion strategy compared with the conventional consensus strategy. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Towards Sustainability of Safe and Flexible Energy — Selected Papers from the 9th international Conference on Advanced Power System Automation & Protection (APAP 2021))

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12 pages, 2726 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Scenario Analysis of the GHG Emissions in the Electricity Sector through 2030 in South Korea Considering Updated NDC

by Woo-Cheol Jeong, Da-Han Lee, Jae Hyung Roh and Jong-Bae Park

Energies 2022, 15(9), 3310; https://doi.org/10.3390/en15093310 - 2 May 2022

Cited by 13 | Viewed by 2686

Abstract

South Korea announced an energy transition roadmap, CO₂ roadmap, and national greenhouse gas reduction target of nationally determined contribution (NDC) for the Paris Agreement. Furthermore, the government has also set a goal of reducing its CO₂ emissions to reach net-zero carbon [...] Read more.

South Korea announced an energy transition roadmap, CO₂ roadmap, and national greenhouse gas reduction target of nationally determined contribution (NDC) for the Paris Agreement. Furthermore, the government has also set a goal of reducing its CO₂ emissions to reach net-zero carbon emissions by 2050. Additionally, the Korean government submitted an enhanced update of the first NDC at the end of 2021. In the electricity sector, the updated NDC proposed the GHG emissions target of 149.9 million tons in 2030. In this study, we model eight scenarios based on future energy mix and demand forecast considering the government’s latest plans to evaluate the possible emission reduction and impacts in the electricity sector. The scenario-based analysis is conducted to check whether it can satisfy the CO₂ reduction target by using PLEXOS, a production simulation model. The results show that emission reduction targets are difficult to accomplish in the short term and can lead to significant changes in the operation of generators and increased costs to realize the decarbonization pathway. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Towards Sustainability of Safe and Flexible Energy — Selected Papers from the 9th international Conference on Advanced Power System Automation & Protection (APAP 2021))

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18 pages, 8326 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Optimal Scheduling of Battery Energy Storage Systems and Demand Response for Distribution Systems with High Penetration of Renewable Energy Sources

by Xuehan Zhang, Yongju Son and Sungyun Choi

Energies 2022, 15(6), 2212; https://doi.org/10.3390/en15062212 - 17 Mar 2022

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 2334

Abstract

The penetration of renewable energy sources (RESs) is increasing in modern power systems. However, the uncertainties of RESs pose challenges to distribution system operations, such as RES curtailment. Demand response (DR) and battery energy storage systems (BESSs) are flexible countermeasures for distribution-system operators. [...] Read more.

The penetration of renewable energy sources (RESs) is increasing in modern power systems. However, the uncertainties of RESs pose challenges to distribution system operations, such as RES curtailment. Demand response (DR) and battery energy storage systems (BESSs) are flexible countermeasures for distribution-system operators. In this context, this study proposes an optimization model that considers DR and BESSs and develops a simulation analysis platform representing a medium-sized distribution system with high penetration of RESs. First, BESSs and DR were employed to minimize the total expenses of the distribution system operation, where the BESS model excluding binary state variables was adopted. Second, a simulation platform based on a modified IEEE 123 bus system was developed via MATLAB/Simulink for day-ahead scheduling analysis of the distribution system with a high penetration of RESs. The simulation results indicate the positive effects of DR implementation, BESS deployment, and permission for electricity sales to the upper utility on decreasing RES curtailment and distribution system operation costs. Noticeably, the RES curtailments became zero with the permission of bidirectional power flow. In addition, the adopted BESS model excluding binary variables was also validated. Finally, the effectiveness of the developed simulation analysis platform for day-ahead scheduling was demonstrated. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Towards Sustainability of Safe and Flexible Energy — Selected Papers from the 9th international Conference on Advanced Power System Automation & Protection (APAP 2021))

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16 pages, 5642 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Study on Frequency Stability and Primary Frequency Response of the Korean Electric Power System Considering the High Penetration of Wind Power

by SungHoon Lim, Taewan Kim, Kipo Yoon, DongHee Choi and Jung-Wook Park

Energies 2022, 15(5), 1784; https://doi.org/10.3390/en15051784 - 28 Feb 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1970

Abstract

The high penetration of wind power decreases the system inertia and primary frequency reserve while replacing the conventional synchronous generators (SGs). Therefore, if the system operator does not take appropriate action on the remaining generation units (GUs) operation, high penetration of wind power [...] Read more.

The high penetration of wind power decreases the system inertia and primary frequency reserve while replacing the conventional synchronous generators (SGs). Therefore, if the system operator does not take appropriate action on the remaining generation units (GUs) operation, high penetration of wind power will aggravate the frequency stability. To solve this problem, wind power plants (WPPs) may provide the inertial response and primary frequency response (PFR) to support the frequency stability. However, due to the variability of renewable energy, WPPs may not provide adequate frequency response whenever it is required. This paper proposes an algorithm to determine the operation of GUs to provide appropriate PFR for a power system with high penetration of wind power. Through the proposed algorithm, it calculates the required PFR to restore the decreased frequency stability caused by the high penetration of wind power. Then, while considering the available PFR from WPPs, it redetermines the droop coefficient of SGs governor to provide the sufficient PFR to recover the frequency stability. Finally, the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm is verified on the practical Korean electric power system. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Towards Sustainability of Safe and Flexible Energy — Selected Papers from the 9th international Conference on Advanced Power System Automation & Protection (APAP 2021))

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17 pages, 5809 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Fault Section Estimation in Radial LVDC Distribution System Using Wavelet Transform

by Hun-Chul Seo, Gi-Hyeon Gwon and Keon-Woo Park

Energies 2021, 14(24), 8486; https://doi.org/10.3390/en14248486 - 16 Dec 2021

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1596

Abstract

The demand for low voltage DC (LVDC) distribution systems is increasing due to the rapid development of power conversion technology, the increase of DC-based digital loads, and the expansion of DC-based distributed generation (DG). For the stable operation of the LVDC distribution system, [...] Read more.

The demand for low voltage DC (LVDC) distribution systems is increasing due to the rapid development of power conversion technology, the increase of DC-based digital loads, and the expansion of DC-based distributed generation (DG). For the stable operation of the LVDC distribution system, it is necessary to develop a protection method. In this paper, the fault section is estimated using wavelet transform (WT) in LVDC distribution system. The fault section is classified into a DC line and a DC bus. The characteristics of fault current at each fault section part are analyzed in simple and actual LVDC system. Based on this analysis, the algorithm for fault section estimation is proposed using the detail component after performing WT. The results of fault section estimations are verified through various simulations using EMTP and MATLAB. The fault section estimation can be utilized in the development of protection schemes in LVDC distribution system. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Towards Sustainability of Safe and Flexible Energy — Selected Papers from the 9th international Conference on Advanced Power System Automation & Protection (APAP 2021))

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