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Energies
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The Future of Renewable Energies
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The Future of Renewable Energies

A special issue of Energies (ISSN 1996-1073). This special issue belongs to the section "A: Sustainable Energy".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (30 September 2023) | Viewed by 29512

Special Issue Editor

Prof. Dr. Adrian Ilinca

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
École de Technologie Supérieure, Université du Québec, Montreal, QC H3C 1K3, Canada
Interests: hybrid energy systems; engineering; aeroelasticity; wind–diesel coupling with storage; wind power; digital fluid mechanics; energy storage; cold climate renewable energy systems
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

We invite submissions to this Special Issue of Energies on the subject of “The Future of Renewable Energies".

This Special Issue is focused on the development of renewable energy systems. Both research articles and review articles will be considered for publication. Papers submitted to this Special Issue will undergo an unbiased and rigorous peer-review process with the aim of disseminating the most recent research and developments in the field.

Topics of interest for publication include, but are not limited to:

  • Solar energy and photovoltaic systems
  • Wind, wave and tidal energy
  • Bioenergy
  • Hydrogen energy
  • Geothermal technology
  • Hydropower
  • Energy system integration
  • Energy storage
  • Renewable energy for fighting climate change
  • Artificial intelligence and renewable energy

Prof. Dr. Adrian Ilinca
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Energies is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Related Special Issue

Published Papers (6 papers)

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Research

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25 pages, 2162 KiB  
Article
Case Studies for Supplying the Alternating Current Auxiliary Systems of Substations with a Voltage Equal to or Higher than 230 kV
by Mariana de Morais Cavalcanti, Tatiane Costa, Alex C. Pereira, Eduardo B. Jatobá, José Bione de Melo Filho, Elisabete Barreto, Mohamed A. Mohamed, Adrian Ilinca and Manoel H. N. Marinho
Energies 2023, 16(14), 5396; https://doi.org/10.3390/en16145396 - 15 Jul 2023
Viewed by 1061
Abstract
This paper presents case studies for replacing diesel generators (DGs) that are used as the main and emergency power sources for alternating current (AC) auxiliary services in substations (SS) within the transmission network (voltage greater than or equal to 230 kV). The objective [...] Read more.
This paper presents case studies for replacing diesel generators (DGs) that are used as the main and emergency power sources for alternating current (AC) auxiliary services in substations (SS) within the transmission network (voltage greater than or equal to 230 kV). The objective of this research is to present a solution that is more reliable, environmentally friendly, and financially viable than DGs. To achieve this, the proposed solutions incorporate Battery Energy Storage Systems (BESSs) with or without the integration of Photovoltaic (PV) Systems. These solutions were simulated using the HOMER PRO Version 3.14.5 software for the Messias SS /AL, and the results were analyzed and compared to the DG in terms of reliability, financial viability, and environmental impact. Based on the conducted analyses, the BESS solution with the PV system was found to be the most suitable for the main source. However, in the case of the emergency source, if one of the main sources is a DG/BESS, maintaining the emergency DG is the preferable option. If both main sources are independent, the BESS solution with the PV system is a suitable solution. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Future of Renewable Energies)
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Review

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25 pages, 1948 KiB  
Review
The Application of Lignocellulosic Biomass Waste in the Iron and Steel Industry in the Context of Challenges Related to the Energy Crisis
by Anna Biniek-Poskart, Marcin Sajdak, Magdalena Skrzyniarz, Jakub Rzącki, Andrzej Skibiński and Monika Zajemska
Energies 2023, 16(18), 6662; https://doi.org/10.3390/en16186662 - 17 Sep 2023
Viewed by 1462
Abstract
This review presented a comprehensive analysis of recent developments in research regarding the use of lignocellulosic biomass products in the iron and steel industry. The role of lignocellulosic biomass used as a source of energy as well as reducing agents in iron and [...] Read more.
This review presented a comprehensive analysis of recent developments in research regarding the use of lignocellulosic biomass products in the iron and steel industry. The role of lignocellulosic biomass used as a source of energy as well as reducing agents in iron and steel sector in the era of energy crisis served as the foundation for this review. Attention has been paid to different biomass characteristics as well as pretreatment methods and conversion products of biomass. The present review also included some issues of energy management system in the steel industry. Furthermore, the possibilities of replacing fossil energy carriers with lignocellulosic biomass in the steel and iron industry was reviewed focusing on advantages, challenges, and future prospects. The present process and product quality criteria, which biomass-derived fuels must also meet, was discussed. This paper compiled the most current developments in biomass metallurgical research to serve as a source for the theoretical foundation as well as for the development of practical applications. The novelty of this study lies in the comprehensive discussion of the lignocellulosic biomass application in the iron and steel industry that are so far unpublished. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Future of Renewable Energies)
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38 pages, 811 KiB  
Review
Review and Evaluation of Reinforcement Learning Frameworks on Smart Grid Applications
by Dimitrios Vamvakas, Panagiotis Michailidis, Christos Korkas and Elias Kosmatopoulos
Energies 2023, 16(14), 5326; https://doi.org/10.3390/en16145326 - 12 Jul 2023
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 1780
Abstract
With the rise in electricity, gas and oil prices and the persistently high levels of carbon emissions, there is an increasing demand for effective energy management in energy systems, including electrical grids. Recent literature exhibits large potential for optimizing the behavior of such [...] Read more.
With the rise in electricity, gas and oil prices and the persistently high levels of carbon emissions, there is an increasing demand for effective energy management in energy systems, including electrical grids. Recent literature exhibits large potential for optimizing the behavior of such systems towards energy performance, reducing peak loads and exploiting environmentally friendly ways for energy production. However, the primary challenge relies on the optimization of such systems, which introduces significant complexities since they present quite dynamic behavior. Such cyberphysical frameworks usually integrate multiple interconnected components such as power plants, transmission lines, distribution networks and various types of energy-storage systems, while the behavior of these components is affected by various external factors such as user individual requirements, weather conditions, energy demand and market prices. Consequently, traditional optimal control approaches—such as Rule-Based Control (RBC)—prove inadequate to deal with the diverse dynamics which define the behavior of such complicated frameworks. Moreover, even sophisticated techniques—such as Model Predictive Control (MPC)—showcase model-related limitations that hinder the applicability of an optimal control scheme. To this end, AI model-free techniques such as Reinforcement Learning (RL) offer a fruitful potential for embedding efficient optimal control in cases of energy systems. Recent studies present promising results in various fields of engineering, indicating that RL frameworks may prove the key element for delivering efficient optimal control in smart buildings, electric vehicle charging and smart grid applications. The current paper provides a comprehensive review of RL implementations in energy systems frameworks—such as Renewable Energy Sources (RESs), Building Energy-Management Systems (BEMSs) and Electric Vehicle Charging Stations (EVCSs)—illustrating the benefits and the opportunities of such approaches. The work examines more than 80 highly cited papers focusing on recent RL research applications—between 2015 and 2023—and analyzes the model-free RL potential as regards the energy systems’ control optimization in the future. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Future of Renewable Energies)
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31 pages, 3094 KiB  
Review
Trends in Locally Balanced Energy Systems without the Use of Fossil Fuels: A Review
by Łukasz Mazur, Sławomir Cieślik and Stanislaw Czapp
Energies 2023, 16(12), 4551; https://doi.org/10.3390/en16124551 - 06 Jun 2023
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1168
Abstract
In recent years, the idea of the operation of energy systems (power systems, heating systems) has changed significantly. This paper is an overview of locally balanced energy systems without the use of fossil fuels. The paper justifies the concept of local energy balancing [...] Read more.
In recent years, the idea of the operation of energy systems (power systems, heating systems) has changed significantly. This paper is an overview of locally balanced energy systems without the use of fossil fuels. The paper justifies the concept of local energy balancing in a new energy system that does not use fossil fuels (coal, natural gas, and crude oil), based on European Union guidelines and formal documents as well as the literature on the subject. In this context, the issue of local energy self-sufficiency, utilizing renewable energy sources, as well as the concept of local smart grids based on innovative market mechanisms are raised. Attention is also paid to technical issues with regard to locally balanced energy systems, in particular photovoltaic sources and energy storage. Challenges related to the use of electrical protection in networks with many sources of energy are described. In such networks, the power flow is not in one direction only. Moreover, the selection of protections is problematic due to the distribution of short-circuit currents. Additionally, earth fault currents in such networks may be distorted, and this negatively affects the operation of residual current devices. The basic nomenclature describing locally balanced systems has been sorted out as well. Finally, possible future research paths in the field of creating locally balanced systems without the use of fossil fuels are presented. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Future of Renewable Energies)
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36 pages, 6811 KiB  
Review
Diffusion Absorption Refrigeration Systems: An Overview of Thermal Mechanisms and Models
by Baby-Jean Robert Mungyeko Bisulandu, Rami Mansouri and Adrian Ilinca
Energies 2023, 16(9), 3610; https://doi.org/10.3390/en16093610 - 22 Apr 2023
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 3014
Abstract
The energy transition, originating in the limitation of fossil resources and greenhouse gas (GHG) emission reduction, is the basis of many studies on renewable energies in different industrial applications. The diffusion absorption refrigeration machines are very promising insofar as they allow the use [...] Read more.
The energy transition, originating in the limitation of fossil resources and greenhouse gas (GHG) emission reduction, is the basis of many studies on renewable energies in different industrial applications. The diffusion absorption refrigeration machines are very promising insofar as they allow the use of renewable resources (solar, geothermal, waste gas, etc.). This technology is often considered an alternative to vapor compression systems in cooling and refrigeration applications. This paper aims to overview the thermal mechanisms related to modeling system energy sources and highlight the primary methodologies and techniques used. We study and analyze the technology’s current challenges and future directions and, finally, identify the gaps in the existing models to pave the way for future research. The paper also gives a classification of absorption refrigeration systems (ARS) to position and limit the scope of the study. The paper will help researchers who approach the various aspects to have a global synthetic analysis of the mechanisms characterizing the modeling of energy sources of absorption refrigeration machines. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Future of Renewable Energies)
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25 pages, 7128 KiB  
Review
Potential Use of Industrial Biomass Waste as a Sustainable Energy Source in the Future
by Tomasz Kalak
Energies 2023, 16(4), 1783; https://doi.org/10.3390/en16041783 - 10 Feb 2023
Cited by 27 | Viewed by 20385
Abstract
Aspects related to the growing pollution of the natural environment and depletion of conventional fossil fuels have become the motive for searching for ecofriendly, renewable, and sustainable alternative energy sources. Particular attention is paid to industrial waste, especially waste of biomass materials, which [...] Read more.
Aspects related to the growing pollution of the natural environment and depletion of conventional fossil fuels have become the motive for searching for ecofriendly, renewable, and sustainable alternative energy sources. Particular attention is paid to industrial waste, especially waste of biomass materials, which can be converted into biofuels and energy that meets the growing needs of humanity. The use of biomass for energy purposes is less damaging to the environment, the materials are low-cost, locally available in large quantities, and create employment opportunities for workers in suburban and rural areas around the world. This article discusses issues related to the use of waste biomass materials as renewable energy sources. The current energy situation in the world is analyzed in terms of production, consumption, and investments in green energy. Types of biomass and individual physicochemical and energy properties of waste plant materials obtained for energy purposes are described. Currently available methods of converting biomass into energy, including mechanical, thermal, and biochemical techniques are discussed. The conducted analysis indicates the possibility of using it as a competitive source of electricity and heat. Understanding the properties of biomass materials allows us to understand the right way to use them for energy and reduce the consumption of fossil fuels in the future. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Future of Renewable Energies)
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