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Review Papers in Energy Storage and Related Applications

A special issue of Energies (ISSN 1996-1073). This special issue belongs to the section "D: Energy Storage and Application".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 17 September 2024 | Viewed by 13262

Special Issue Editor

Prof. Dr. Massimo Guarnieri

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Padua, 35122 Padova, Italy
Interests: energy storage devices and systems; flow batteries; batteries; fuel cells; hydrogen; electric vehicles

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

I invite you to submit (together with your colleagues and PhD students) a paper for this Special Issue, entitled “Review Papers in Energy Storage and Related Applications”, which has been proposed for Energies. 

Energies is a fully open access journal indexed in WoS and Scopus (its 2021 impact factor is 3.252, and its CiteScore is 5.0). Open access (unlimited and free access by readers) increases publicity and promotes more frequent citations, as indicated by several studies.

The present Special Issue aims to collect innovative solutions and experimental research supported by appropriate modeling and design, but also state-of-the-art studies, in the following topics:

  • Chemical energy storage (CES);
  • Electrochemical energy storage (ECES);
  • Flywheel energy storage (FES);
  • Pumped hydro energy storage (PHES);
  • Compressed air energy storage (CAES);
  • Thermal energy storage (TES);
  • Superconducting magnetic energy storage (SMES);
  • Hydrogen energy storage (HES);
  • Hybrid energy storage systems (HESSs);
  • Long-duration energy storage (LDES);
  • Power conditioning systems (PCS) for energy storage;
  • Energy management systems (EMS) for energy storage;
  • Energy storage management strategies (ESMSs);
  • State of charge (SoC) and state of health (SoH) of energy storage systems;
  • Energy storage for electric vehicles (HEVs);
  • Life cycle assessment and cost assessment of energy storage systems.

Investigation studies, algorithms, strategies, advanced technologies, experimental studies, and industrial designs related to the above topics are welcome.

There is no limitation on paper type, text length, numbers of references and color images, etc. Peer review is commissioned immediately upon receipt of the manuscript.

Submission deadline: 30 April 2023

Prof. Dr. Massimo Guarnieri
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Energies is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Published Papers (7 papers)

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Research

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12 pages, 5350 KiB  
Article
The Mine Shaft Energy Storage System—Implementation Threats and Opportunities
by Tomasz Siostrzonek
Energies 2023, 16(15), 5615; https://doi.org/10.3390/en16155615 - 26 Jul 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 733
Abstract
For several years, research work has been carried out on energy storage that uses changes in the potential energy of masses being lifted or lowered. The energy of such a solution depends on the mass to be transported and the height to which [...] Read more.
For several years, research work has been carried out on energy storage that uses changes in the potential energy of masses being lifted or lowered. The energy of such a solution depends on the mass to be transported and the height to which the weight has to be lifted. Increasing the weight to be lifted is limited by the parameters of the mechanical components, such as ropes. Increasing the height, however, is difficult to implement, if only because of the weather conditions that affect the safe operation of such a system. In fact, the ideal solution is to use mine shafts, which in Poland are up to 1300 m deep. The progressive process of decommissioning the mining industry creates new opportunities to use this part of the infrastructure of mining plants for the construction of energy storage facilities. In the article, possible constructions of gravitational energy storage facilities based on existing hoisting machines are described. There are three main areas in which the operation of an energy store should be analysed if it were to be realised in a mine shaft. The mine shaft, as a working mine and for energy storage, is subject to relevant regulations that need to be met. To confirm the assumptions about the possible use of the existing infrastructure, measurements of one hoisting machine in Poland were carried out and example results of these measurements are included. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Review Papers in Energy Storage and Related Applications)
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15 pages, 6256 KiB  
Article
Increasing the Energy Efficiency of Gas Boosters for Hydrogen Storage and for Refueling Stations
by Alfred Rufer
Energies 2023, 16(4), 1763; https://doi.org/10.3390/en16041763 - 10 Feb 2023
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1218
Abstract
A new electrically driven gas booster is described as an alternative to the classical air-driven gas boosters known for their poor energetic efficiency. These boosters are used in small scale Hydrogen storage facilities and in refueling stations for Hydrogen vehicles. In such applications [...] Read more.
A new electrically driven gas booster is described as an alternative to the classical air-driven gas boosters known for their poor energetic efficiency. These boosters are used in small scale Hydrogen storage facilities and in refueling stations for Hydrogen vehicles. In such applications the overall energy count is of significance and must include the efficiency of the compression stage. The proposed system uses an electric motor instead of the pneumatic actuator and increases the total efficiency of the compression process. Two mechanical principles are studied for the transformation of the rotational motion of the motor to the linear displacement of the compressor pistons. The strongly fluctuating power of the compressor is smoothed by an active capacitive auxiliary storage device connected to the DC circuit of the power converter. The proposed system has been verified by numeric simulation, including the thermodynamic phenomena, the kinetics of the new compressor drive and the the operation of the circuits of the power smoothing system. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Review Papers in Energy Storage and Related Applications)
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17 pages, 7639 KiB  
Article
Porous-Structured Three-Dimensional Iron Phosphides Nanosheets for Enhanced Oxygen Evolution Reaction
by Sundaramoorthy Marimuthu, Ayyavu Shankar and Govindhan Maduraiveeran
Energies 2023, 16(3), 1124; https://doi.org/10.3390/en16031124 - 19 Jan 2023
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1717
Abstract
A rational designing nanostructured Earth-abundant and non-precious electrocatalysts for promoting an anodic oxygen evolution reaction (OER) is crucial for cutting-edge energy conversion and storage fields. Herein, we demonstrate a porous structured three-dimensional (3-D) FeP nanosheets on NiO modified Ni electrode (PS-3D-FeP@NiO|Ni) using of [...] Read more.
A rational designing nanostructured Earth-abundant and non-precious electrocatalysts for promoting an anodic oxygen evolution reaction (OER) is crucial for cutting-edge energy conversion and storage fields. Herein, we demonstrate a porous structured three-dimensional (3-D) FeP nanosheets on NiO modified Ni electrode (PS-3D-FeP@NiO|Ni) using of a facile and two-step electrodeposition strategy that exhibits enhanced OER under alkaline electrolyte. The as-developed porous-structured 3-D FeP nanosheets on NiO modified Ni electrode exhibits the best OER catalytic activity in relations of low onset potential (ղonset) of ~1.37 V (vs. RHE), small overpotential (η) of ~0.17 V to produce the current densities of 10 mA cm−2, lower Tafel slope value of ~40.0 mV/dec, higher turn-over frequency (TOF) of 0.435 s−1, and long-term stability when compared to other CoP@NiOǀNi, NiP@NiOǀNi, CuP@NiOǀNi, NiP|NF (nickel foam), and commercial IrO2|Ni electrodes established in this study. The anodic current density is calculated at the potential of ~1.80 V to be ~580, ~365, ~145, ~185, ~516, and 310 mA cm−2 for PS-3D-FeP@NiO|Ni, CoP@NiOǀNi, NiP@NiOǀNi, CuP@NiOǀNi, IrO2|Ni, and FeP|NF electrodes, respectively. The porous structured 3-D FeP nanosheets on NiO modified Ni electrode demonstrated a highest current density of ~580 mA cm−2 at ~1.80 V in comparison to other electrodes employed in the current investigation. The outperforming OER activity of PS-3D-FeP@NiO|Ni is majorly associated to its porous-structured 3-D sheet-like morphology, large amount of electrochemical active surface area, high electrical conductance characteristics and self-activated/supported active sites, facilitating the catalytic properties. The surface morphology, crystalline structure, chemical composition, and distribution of Fe, P and O elements have not been altered significantly after had a long-term OER test. These experimental results reveal that further optimization of porous structured 3D FeP nanomaterials is highly anticipated for practical water electrolysis systems. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Review Papers in Energy Storage and Related Applications)
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Review

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40 pages, 8524 KiB  
Review
Battery Storage Use in the Value Chain of Power Systems
by Mukovhe Ratshitanga, Ayokunle Ayeleso, Senthil Krishnamurthy, Garrett Rose, Anges Akim Aminou Moussavou and Marco Adonis
Energies 2024, 17(4), 921; https://doi.org/10.3390/en17040921 - 16 Feb 2024
Viewed by 848
Abstract
In recent years, energy challenges such as grid congestion and imbalances have emerged from conventional electric grids. Furthermore, the unpredictable nature of these systems poses many challenges in meeting various users’ demands. The Battery Energy Storage System is a potential key for grid [...] Read more.
In recent years, energy challenges such as grid congestion and imbalances have emerged from conventional electric grids. Furthermore, the unpredictable nature of these systems poses many challenges in meeting various users’ demands. The Battery Energy Storage System is a potential key for grid instability with improved power quality. The present study investigates the global trend towards integrating battery technology as an energy storage system with renewable energy production and utility grid systems. An extensive review of battery systems such as Lithium-Ion, Lead–Acid, Zinc–Bromide, Nickel–Cadmium, Sodium–Sulphur, and the Vanadium redox flow battery is conducted. Furthermore, a comparative analysis of their working principles, control strategies, optimizations, and technical characteristics is presented. The review findings show that Lead–Acid, Lithium-Ion, Sodium-based, and flow redox batteries have seen increased breakthroughs in the energy storage market. Furthermore, the use of the BESS as an ancillary service and control technique enhances the performance of microgrids and utility grid systems. These control techniques provide potential solutions such as peak load shaving, the smoothing of photovoltaic ramp rates, voltage fluctuation reduction, a large grid, power supply backup, microgrids, renewable energy sources time shift, spinning reserve for industrial consumers, and frequency regulation. Conclusively, a cost summary of the various battery technologies is presented. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Review Papers in Energy Storage and Related Applications)
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44 pages, 15695 KiB  
Review
Recent Advances in New-Generation Electrolytes for Sodium-Ion Batteries
by Hatice Aylin Karahan Toprakci and Ozan Toprakci
Energies 2023, 16(7), 3169; https://doi.org/10.3390/en16073169 - 31 Mar 2023
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 4866
Abstract
Sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) are one of the recent trends in energy storage systems due to their promising properties, the high abundance of sodium in the Earth’s crust, and their low cost. However, the commercialization process of SIBs is in the early stages of [...] Read more.
Sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) are one of the recent trends in energy storage systems due to their promising properties, the high abundance of sodium in the Earth’s crust, and their low cost. However, the commercialization process of SIBs is in the early stages of development because of some challenges related to electrodes and electrolytes. Electrolytes are vital components of secondary batteries because they determine anode/cathode performance; energy density; operating conditions (electrochemical stability window, open circuit voltage, current rate, etc.); cyclic properties; electrochemical, thermal, mechanical, and dimensional stability; safety level; and the service life of the system. The performance of the battery is based on the structural, morphological, electrical, and electrochemical properties of the electrolytes. In this review, electrolytes used for SIBs are classified according to their state and material, including liquid, quasi-solid, solid, and hybrid, and recent advances in electrolyte research have been presented by considering their contributions and limitations. Additionally, future trends and recent cutting-edge research are highlighted. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Review Papers in Energy Storage and Related Applications)
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35 pages, 7075 KiB  
Review
Thermal Energy Storage with PCMs in Shell-and-Tube Units: A Review
by Janusz T. Cieśliński and Maciej Fabrykiewicz
Energies 2023, 16(2), 936; https://doi.org/10.3390/en16020936 - 13 Jan 2023
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1485
Abstract
The paper presents a survey of the experimental and numerical studies of shell-and-tube systems in which phase change material (PCM) is used. Due to the multitude of design solutions for shell-and-tube systems, the emphasis is placed on double-tube (DT), triplex-tube (TT), and multi-tube [...] Read more.
The paper presents a survey of the experimental and numerical studies of shell-and-tube systems in which phase change material (PCM) is used. Due to the multitude of design solutions for shell-and-tube systems, the emphasis is placed on double-tube (DT), triplex-tube (TT), and multi-tube (MT) units. Additionally, only single-pass systems are considered. Particular attention is paid to the method of heat transfer intensification. The analysis of the research results begins with the classification of each of the three mentioned systems. The systems are divided according to the angle of inclination, the method of heat transfer enhancement (HTE), the flow direction of heat transfer fluid (HTF), and the arrangement of tubes in the bundle. Moreover, the simplified schemes of the particular research cases are proposed. Then, the works on each of the mentioned systems, i.e., DT, TT, and MT, are discussed chronologically. Finally, in the corresponding tables, details of the discussed cases are presented, such as geometric dimensions, and the type of PCM or HTF used. A novelty in the present work is the precise classification of PCM TESUs as DT, TTH, and MTH. In the literature, there is a lot of discretion in this regard. Second, the methods of heat transfer intensification in the presented PCM TESUs are listed and discussed. Third, unified schemes of design solutions for the discussed PCM TESUs are proposed. The review shows that development directions for shell-and-tube TESUs include systems with high conductivity fins of different shapes, heights, and spacing, several PCMs, and modified shells. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Review Papers in Energy Storage and Related Applications)
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19 pages, 5068 KiB  
Review
Detection and Evaluation Technologies for Using Existing Salt Caverns to Build Energy Storage
by Yuanxi Liu, Yinping Li, Hongling Ma, Xilin Shi, Zhuyan Zheng, Zhikai Dong and Kai Zhao
Energies 2022, 15(23), 9144; https://doi.org/10.3390/en15239144 - 02 Dec 2022
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1458
Abstract
Underground salt caverns are widely used in large-scale energy storage, such as natural gas, compressed air, oil, and hydrogen. In order to quickly build large-scale natural gas reserves, an unusual building method was established. The method involves using the existing salt caverns left [...] Read more.
Underground salt caverns are widely used in large-scale energy storage, such as natural gas, compressed air, oil, and hydrogen. In order to quickly build large-scale natural gas reserves, an unusual building method was established. The method involves using the existing salt caverns left over from solution mining of salt to build energy storages. In 2007, it was first applied to Jintan Natural Gas Storage of China. Based on this successful project, several existing salt caverns were screened to build energy storages in China. Engineering experience indicates that the key to successful reusing is how to select the most suitable of the numerous available caverns and confirm it. This paper summarizes and reviews relevant theories and testing methods, including: (1) the primary selection principle for using existing salt caverns to build energy storage, (2) the testing method and evaluation theory of tightness of the existing salt cavern, and (3) the typical project case of using the existing salt caverns to build energy storage in China. From the practical application results, the selection principle proposed in this paper can quickly screen available existing salt caverns with energy storage potential, and the brine injection method can effectively evaluate their tightness. It provides a technical roadmap for the subsequent implementation of existing salt cavern utilization projects on a large scale. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Review Papers in Energy Storage and Related Applications)
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