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Advanced Signal Processing Techniques Applied to Power Systems Control and Analysis

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A special issue of Energies (ISSN 1996-1073).

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (20 October 2019) | Viewed by 45389

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Prof. Dr. Zbigniew Leonowicz

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1. Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, 50-370 Wroclaw, Poland
2. Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, VSB-Technical University of Ostrava, 708-00 Ostrava, Czech Republic
Interests: signal analysis; advanced signal processing methods; renewable energy; ecology
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Dr. Padmanaban Sanjeevikumar

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Department of Energy Technology, Aalborg University, 6700 Esbjerg, Denmark
Interests: power electronics; electrical drives; renewable energy; power electronics converter; modulation techniques; grid connected system
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Dr. Antonio Bracale

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Department of Engineering, University of Napoli Parthenope, 80133 Naples, Italy
Interests: electrical power systems; electric vehicles; optimization models; data analysis; forecasting techniques
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Dr. Alessandro Burgio

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Department of Mechanical, Energy and Management Engineering, University of Calabria, 87036 Arcavacata of Rende, Italy
Interests: photovoltaics; distributed generation; renewable energy; power quality; harmonics; energy storage; power systems; smart grid
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Prof. Dr. Tomasz Sikorski

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Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Department of Electrical Engineering Fundamentals, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Wroclaw, Poland
Interests: signal processing; spectral estimation methods; time-frequency analysis; power quality; power quality monitoring systems; distributed generation; power quality connection criteria; signals and systems theory
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Prof. Dr. Przemyslaw Janik

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Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Wroclaw, Poland
Interests: signal processing; power quality; optimization; renewable energy

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

This Special Issue is intended as a forum for advancing research and for applying the most advanced signal processing techniques in order to facilitate the development of modern electric power systems, grids and devices, smart grids, and protection devices, as well as for developing tools for more accurate and efficient power system analysis.

Conventional signal processing is not more adequate for extracting all of the relevant information from distorted signals through filtering, estimation, and detection in order to facilitate decision-making and to control actions. Machine learning algorithms, optimization techniques, and efficient numerical algorithms, distributed signal processing, machine learning, statistical signal detection, and estimation, may help in solving contemporary challenges in modern power systems. The increased use of digital information and control technology can improve the grid’s reliability, security, and efficiency; dynamic optimization of grid operations; demand response; incorporation of demand-side resources and integration of energy-efficient resources; distribution automation; and integration of smart appliances and consumer devices. Signal processing offers the tools needed to convert measurement data to information and to transform information into actionable intelligence.

The expected outcomes will be a grid with improved situation awareness, faster and more accurate control actions to detect and isolate faults, improved assurance of power quality, and higher levels of energy efficiency.

Prof. Dr. Zbigniew Leonowicz
Dr. Sanjeevikumar Padmanaban
Prof. Dr. Antonio Bracale
Dr. Alessandro Burgio
Prof. Dr. Tomasz Sikorski
Prof. Dr. Przemyslaw Janik
Guest Editor

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Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

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Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

smart grids
contingency analysis
power system control
power system protection
power flow
state estimation
energy management
renewable energy
demand-side management
demand response
stochastic methods
load scheduling
uncertainty estimation
power balancing
forecasting

Published Papers (12 papers)

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Research

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16 pages, 3670 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Location-Based Optimized Service Selection for Data Management with Cloud Computing in Smart Grids

by Sivapragash C., Sanjeevikumar Padmanaban, Hossain Eklas, Jens Bo Holm-Nielsen and R. Hemalatha

Energies 2019, 12(23), 4517; https://doi.org/10.3390/en12234517 - 27 Nov 2019

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 2417

Abstract

To maximize the utilization, reliability and availability of power resources, some distribution strategy has to be implemented, which is possible nowadays with the support of modern information technologies (IT). To further develop power utilization, the customer should be aware of efficient power utilization, and the problem of customer management has to be resolved, where payment of electric bills could be through online solutions. A customer-aware power regulatory model is proposed that provides awareness to the consumer regarding the usage of electrical energy, in a secure and reliable solution that combines the features of electrical engineering with cloud computing to ensure better performance in notifying issues, which is done based on location and enhances the operation of smart grids. Instant electric meters are equipped with remote gadgets which communicate with a central cloud administration to produce electric bills for the client. The model provides mindfulness by showing history/notifications and suggestions for energy utilization through the smart meters. The user is provided with security keys to view the reading values and pay bills. To make the solution more accessible, the electronic data will be maintained on various servers at different locations of the cloud. Subsequently, there will be a service provider who manages service requests. A hardwired electric meter transmits the electric readings, which in turn access the particular service to make an entry for the particular connection on the cloud. The usage data will also be maintained at different locations in the cloud, which are accessible to different levels of users with appropriate security measures. The user accessibility is controlled by a Third Party Auditor (TPA) that computes the trustworthiness of users using a trust management scheme. This article also proposes a hash function, which computes and verifies the signature of the keys submitted by the users and also has a higher completeness ratio, which reaches 0.93, than typical methods. This is noteworthy, and the investigation results prove the system’s proficiency in providing assured service. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Signal Processing Techniques Applied to Power Systems Control and Analysis)

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15 pages, 1038 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Wavelet Packet Decomposition for IEC Compliant Assessment of Harmonics under Stationary and Fluctuating Conditions

by Stefano Lodetti, Jorge Bruna, Julio J. Melero and José F. Sanz

Energies 2019, 12(22), 4389; https://doi.org/10.3390/en12224389 - 19 Nov 2019

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2324

Abstract

This paper presents the validation and characterization of a wavelet based decomposition method for the assessment of harmonic distortion in power systems, under stationary and non-stationary conditions. It uses Wavelet Packet Decomposition with Butterworth Infinite Impulse Response filters and a decomposition structure, which allows the measurement of both odd and even harmonics, up to the 63rd order, fully compliant with the requirements of the IEC 61000-4-7 standard. The method is shown to fulfil the IEC accuracy requirements for stationary harmonics, obtaining the same accuracy even under fluctuating conditions. Then, it is validated using simulated signals with real harmonic content. The proposed method is proven to be fully equivalent to Fourier analysis under stationary conditions, being often more accurate. Under non-stationary conditions, instead, it provides significantly higher accuracy, while the IEC strategy produces large errors. Lastly, the method is tested with real current and voltage signals, measured in conditions of high harmonic distortion. The proposed strategy provides a method with superior performance for fluctuating harmonics, but at the same time IEC compliant under stationary conditions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Signal Processing Techniques Applied to Power Systems Control and Analysis)

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18 pages, 2500 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Influence of Measurement Aggregation Algorithms on Power Quality Assessment and Correlation Analysis in Electrical Power Network with PV Power Plant

by Michał Jasiński, Tomasz Sikorski, Paweł Kostyła, Dominika Kaczorowska, Zbigniew Leonowicz, Jacek Rezmer, Jarosław Szymańda, Przemysław Janik, Daniel Bejmert, Marek Rybiański and Elżbieta Jasińska

Energies 2019, 12(18), 3547; https://doi.org/10.3390/en12183547 - 16 Sep 2019

Cited by 19 | Viewed by 2768

Abstract

Recently a number of changes were introduced in amendment to standard EN 50160 related to power quality (PQ) including 1 min aggregation intervals and the obligation to consider 100% of measured data taken for the assessment of voltage variation in a low voltage (LV) supply terminal. Classical power quality assessment can be extended using a correlation analysis so that relations between power quality parameters and external indices such as weather conditions or power demand can be revealed. This paper presents the results of a comparative investigation of the application of 1 and 10 min aggregation times in power quality assessment as well as in the correlation analysis of power quality parameters and weather conditions and the energy production of a 100 kW photovoltaic (PV) power plant connected to a LV network. The influence of the 1 min aggregation time on the result of the PQ assessment as well as the correlation matrix in comparison with the 10 min aggregation algorithm is presented and discussed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Signal Processing Techniques Applied to Power Systems Control and Analysis)

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21 pages, 8737 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Techno-Economic Optimization of Grid-Connected Photovoltaic (PV) and Battery Systems Based on Maximum Demand Reduction (MDRed) Modelling in Malaysia

by Gopinath Subramani, Vigna K. Ramachandaramurthy, P. Sanjeevikumar, Jens Bo Holm-Nielsen, Frede Blaabjerg, Leonowicz Zbigniew and Pawel Kostyla

Energies 2019, 12(18), 3531; https://doi.org/10.3390/en12183531 - 13 Sep 2019

Cited by 16 | Viewed by 3640

Abstract

Under the present electricity tariff structure in Malaysia, electricity billing on a monthly basis for commercial and industrial consumers includes the net consumption charges together with maximum demand (MD) charges. The use of batteries in combination with photovoltaic (PV) systems is projected to become a viable solution for energy management, in terms of peak load shaving. Based on the latest studies, maximum demand (MD) reduction can be accomplished via a solar PV-battery system based on a few measures such as load pattern, techno-economic traits, and electricity scheme. Based on these measures, the Maximum Demand Reduction (MDRed) Model is developed as an optimization tool for the solar PV-battery system. This paper shows that energy savings on net consumption and maximum demand can be maximized via optimal sizing of the solar PV-battery system using the MATLAB genetic algorithm (GA) tool. GA optimization results revealed that the optimal sizing of solar PV-battery system gives monthly energy savings of up to 20% of net consumption via solar PV self-consumption, 3% of maximum demand (MD) via MD shaving and 2% of surplus power supplied to grid via net energy metering (NEM) in regards to Malaysian electricity tariff scheme and cost of the overall system. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Signal Processing Techniques Applied to Power Systems Control and Analysis)

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16 pages, 2120 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Small Signal Stability with the Householder Method in Power Systems

by Asghar Sabati, Ramazan Bayindir, Sanjeevikumar Padmanaban, Eklas Hossain and Mehmet Rida Tur

Energies 2019, 12(18), 3412; https://doi.org/10.3390/en12183412 - 04 Sep 2019

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2493

Abstract

Voltage collapse in power systems is still considered the greatest threat, especially for the transmission system. This is directly related to the quality of the power, which is characterized by the loss of a stable operating point and the deterioration of voltage levels in the electrical center of the region exposed to voltage collapse. Numerous solution methods have been investigated for this undesirable degradation. This paper focuses on the steady state/dynamic stability subcategory and techniques that can be used to analyze and control the dynamic stability of a power system, especially following a minor disturbance. In particular, the failure of one generator among the network with a large number of synchronous generators will affect other synchronous generators. This will become a major problem and it will be difficult to find or resolve the fault in the network due to there being too many variables, consequently affecting the stability of the entire system. Since the solution of large matrices can be completed more easily in this complex system using the Householder method, which is a small signal stability analysis method that is suggested in the thesis, the detection of error and troubleshooting can be performed in a shorter period of time. In this paper, examples of different rotor angle deviations of synchronous generators were made by simulating rotor angle stability deviations up to five degrees, allowing the system to operate stably, and concluding that the system remains constant. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Signal Processing Techniques Applied to Power Systems Control and Analysis)

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18 pages, 7534 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Investigations on EMI Mitigation Techniques: Intent to Reduce Grid-Tied PV Inverter Common Mode Current and Voltage

by Umashankar Subramaniam, Sagar Mahajan Bhaskar, Dhafer J.Almakhles, Sanjeevikumar Padmanaban and Zbigniew Leonowicz

Energies 2019, 12(17), 3395; https://doi.org/10.3390/en12173395 - 03 Sep 2019

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 4314

Abstract

Power inverters produce common mode voltage (CMV) and common mode current (CMC) which cause high-frequency electromagnetic interference (EMI) noise, leakage currents in electrical drives application and grid-connected systems, which consequently drops the efficiency of the system considerably. This CMV can be mitigated by designing suitable EMI filters and/or investigating the effects of different modulation strategies. In this paper, the effect of various modulation techniques over CMV and CMC are investigated for two-level and three-level inverters. It is observed that the modified third harmonic injection method reduced the CMV and CMC in the system by 60%. This modified pulse width modulation (PWM) technique is employed along with EMI chokes which results in reduced distortion of the system. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Signal Processing Techniques Applied to Power Systems Control and Analysis)

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26 pages, 5409 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Economic Analysis of HRES Systems with Energy Storage During Grid Interruptions and Curtailment in Tamil Nadu, India: A Hybrid RBFNOEHO Technique

by Karunakaran Venkatesan, Uma Govindarajan, Padmanathan Kasinathan, Sanjeevikumar Padmanaban, Jens Bo Holm-Nielsen and Zbigniew Leonowicz

Energies 2019, 12(16), 3047; https://doi.org/10.3390/en12163047 - 07 Aug 2019

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 3758

Abstract

This work presents an economic analysis of a hybrid renewable energy source (HRES) integrated with an energy storage system (ESS) using batteries with a new proposed strategy. Here, the HRES system comprises wind turbines (WT) and a photovoltaic (PV) system. The hybrid WT, PV and energy storage system with battery offer several benefits, in particular, high wind generation utilization rate, and optimal generation for meeting supply-demand gaps. The real recorded data of various parameters of a 22 KV hybrid ‘Regen’ feeder of 110/22 KV Vagarai Substation of TANTRANSCO in Palani of Tamilnadu in India was gathered, studied for the entire year of 2018, and utilized in this paper. The proposed strategy is the hybridization of two algorithms called Radial Basis Function Neural Network (RBFNN) and Oppositional Elephant Herding Optimization (OEHO) named the RBFNOEHO technique. With the help of RBFNN, the continuous load demand required for the HRES and be tracked. OEHO is used to optimize a perfect combination of HRES with the predicted load demand. The aim of the proposed hybrid RBFNOEHO is to study the cost comparison of the HRES system with the existing conventional base method, energy storage method (ESS) with batteries and with HOMER. The proposed Hybrid RBFNOEHO technique is evaluated by comparing it with the other techniques; it is found that the proposed method yields a more optimal solution than the other techniques. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Signal Processing Techniques Applied to Power Systems Control and Analysis)

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19 pages, 3188 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Rescheduling of Generators with Pumped Hydro Storage Units to Relieve Congestion Incorporating Flower Pollination Optimization

by Padmini Sankaramurthy, Bharatiraja Chokkalingam, Sanjeevikumar Padmanaban, Zbigniew Leonowicz and Yusuff Adedayo

Energies 2019, 12(8), 1477; https://doi.org/10.3390/en12081477 - 18 Apr 2019

Cited by 19 | Viewed by 2704

Abstract

In this paper, a Flower Pollination Algorithm (FPA) has been proposed for relieving congestion in the deregulated power electricity industry. Congestion in the power market is one the contemplative challenges to be overcome in the era of deregulation. The primary cause of congestion is due to the loss of the transmission line, an increase in load, or loss of generator(s). Hence, managing congestion is one of the issues which have to be tackled in the present scenario. There are several techniques to relieve congestion. It is quite well-known that the thermal limits of transmission lines in a power system are fixed. One of the methods to abate congestion is to reschedule the real power of the generators. The purpose of the present work is to benefit the Independent System Operator (ISO) in reliving congestion. (1) In order to meet this objective effectively, a FPA algorithm has been proposed for relieving congestion and is simulated on a modified IEEE 30-bus system initially. (2) Congestion cost, compared with and without the application of FPA, is computed. (3) To validate its effectiveness, the obtained results are compared with recent power system optimization algorithms present in the literature. (4) Further, the work has been extended with the incorporation of a Pumped Hydro Storage Unit (PHSU). Here an economic analysis of congestion cost reduction employing FPA before and after the incorporation of PHSU is investigated applying FPA. In comparison with other evolutionary algorithms, the uniqueness of generating a new population is attained in FPA by the levy flight procedure. It is one of the latest evolved algorithms and is suited for different power system problem due to fewer clear-cut tuning parameters in contrast with other algorithms. (5) Furthermore, the effects of other network parameters, including system losses and voltage, has been computed. The result obtained is tested in terms of congestion mitigation with and without the incorporation of PHSU, in terms of novel objective improvement, and with and without applying recently evolving FPA for the above application. Thus the objective-wise and algorithmic-wise innovative concept has been presented. This proves effectiveness of the algorithm in terms of minimized cost convergence and other parameter including system losses and voltage before and after the incorporation of PHSU as compared with other recent trendsetting reported optimization techniques. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Signal Processing Techniques Applied to Power Systems Control and Analysis)

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18 pages, 969 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Software Architectures for Smart Grid System—A Bibliographical Survey

by Ramesh Ananthavijayan, Prabhakar Karthikeyan Shanmugam, Sanjeevikumar Padmanaban, Jens Bo Holm-Nielsen, Frede Blaabjerg and Viliam Fedak

Energies 2019, 12(6), 1183; https://doi.org/10.3390/en12061183 - 26 Mar 2019

Cited by 13 | Viewed by 5675

Abstract

Smart grid software interconnects multiple Engineering disciplines (power systems, communication, software and hardware technology, instrumentation, big data, etc.). The software architecture is an evolving concept in smart grid systems, in which system architecture development is a challenging process. The architecture has to realize the complex legacy power grid systems and cope with current Information and Communication Technologies (ICT). The distributed generation in a smart grid environment expects the software architecture to be distributed and to enable local control. Smart grid architecture should also be modular, flexible, and adaptable to technology upgrades. In this paper, the authors have made a comprehensive review of architectures for smart grids. An in depth analysis of layered and agent-based architectures based on the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) conceptual model is presented. Also presented is a set of smart grid Reference Architectures dealing with cross domain technology. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Signal Processing Techniques Applied to Power Systems Control and Analysis)

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Review

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22 pages, 5258 KiB

Open AccessReview

Electric Vehicle Charge Stations Location Analysis and Determination—Ankara (Turkey) Case Study

by Tohid Harighi, Sanjeevikumar Padmanaban, Ramazan Bayindir, Eklas Hossain and Jens Bo Holm-Nielsen

Energies 2019, 12(18), 3472; https://doi.org/10.3390/en12183472 - 09 Sep 2019

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 4079

Abstract

Locating electric vehicle charge stations has always been an important problem for electric distributers. Many basic and complex solutions have been provided by algorithms and methods to solve this problem in real and assumed grids. However, the data, which has been used in those algorithms, are not consistent with the diversity of locations, thus, do not meet the expected results. Grid locations are the most important aspects of this issue in the eyes of designers, investors, and the general public. Locating charge stations must be determined by plans which have influenced majority in the society. In some countries, power quality has been increased by storages, which are used in vehicle-to-grid (V2G) and similar operations. In this paper, all of the variables for locating charging stations are explained according to Ankara metropolitan. During the implemented analysis and literature reviews, an algorithm, based on location and grid priorities and infrastructures, are 154 kV and 33 kV, have been designed. Genetic algorithms have been used to demonstrate this method even though other algorithms can also be adopted to meet the priority. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Signal Processing Techniques Applied to Power Systems Control and Analysis)

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26 pages, 8177 KiB

Open AccessReview

Critical Review of PV Grid-Tied Inverters

by B. Kavya Santhoshi, K. Mohana Sundaram, Sanjeevikumar Padmanaban, Jens Bo Holm-Nielsen and Prabhakaran K. K.

Energies 2019, 12(10), 1921; https://doi.org/10.3390/en12101921 - 20 May 2019

Cited by 46 | Viewed by 5404

Abstract

Solar Photovoltaic (PV) systems have been in use predominantly since the last decade. Inverter fed PV grid topologies are being used prominently to meet power requirements and to insert renewable forms of energy into power grids. At present, coping with growing electricity demands is a major challenge. This paper presents a detailed review of topological advancements in PV-Grid Tied Inverters along with the advantages, disadvantages and main features of each. The different types of inverters used in the literature in this context are presented. Reactive power is one of the ancillary services provided by PV. It is recommended that reactive power from the inverter to grid be injected for reactive power compensation in localized networks. This practice is being implemented in many countries, and researchers have been trying to find an optimal way of injecting reactive power into grids considering grid codes and requirements. Keeping in mind the importance of grid codes and standards, a review of grid integration, the popular configurations available in literature, Synchronization methods and standards is presented, citing the key features of each kind. For successful integration with a grid, coordination between the support devices used for reactive power compensation and their optimal reactive power capacity is important for stability in grid power. Hence, the most important and recommended intelligent algorithms for the optimization and proper coordination are peer reviewed and presented. Thus, an overview of Solar PV energy-fed inverters connected to the grid is presented in this paper, which can serve as a guide for researchers and policymakers. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Signal Processing Techniques Applied to Power Systems Control and Analysis)

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21 pages, 1481 KiB

Open AccessReview

Nature-Inspired MPPT Algorithms for Partially Shaded PV Systems: A Comparative Study

by Somashree Pathy, C. Subramani, R. Sridhar, T. M. Thamizh Thentral and Sanjeevikumar Padmanaban

Energies 2019, 12(8), 1451; https://doi.org/10.3390/en12081451 - 16 Apr 2019

Cited by 55 | Viewed by 4137

Abstract

PV generating sources are one of the most promising power generation systems in today’s power scenario. The inherent potential barrier that PV possesses with respect to irradiation and temperature is its nonlinear power output characteristics. An intelligent power tracking scheme, e.g., maximum power point tracking (MPPT), is mandatorily employed to increase the power delivery of a PV system. The MPPT schemes experiences severe setbacks when the PV is even shaded partially as PV exhibits multiple power peaks. Therefore, the search mechanism gets deceived and gets stuck with the local maxima. Hence, a rational search mechanism should be developed, which will find the global maxima for a partially shaded PV. The conventional techniques like fractional open circuit voltage (FOCV), hill climbing (HC) method, perturb and observe (P&O), etc., even in their modified versions, are not competent enough to track the global MPP (GMPP). Nature-inspired and bio-inspired MPPT techniques have been proposed by the researchers to optimize the power output of a PV system during partially shaded conditions (PSCs). This paper reviews, compares, and analyzes them. This article renders firsthand information to those in the field of research, who seek interest in the performance enhancement of PV system during inhomogeneous irradiation. Each algorithm has its own advantages and disadvantages in terms of convergence speed, coding complexity, hardware compatibility, stability, etc. Overall, the authors have presented the logic of each global search MPPT algorithms and its comparisons, and also have reviewed the performance enhancement of these techniques when these algorithms are hybridized. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Signal Processing Techniques Applied to Power Systems Control and Analysis)

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