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Diagnostics
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Artificial Intelligence in Orthopedic Surgery and Sport Medicine
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Artificial Intelligence in Orthopedic Surgery and Sport Medicine

A special issue of Diagnostics (ISSN 2075-4418). This special issue belongs to the section "Machine Learning and Artificial Intelligence in Diagnostics".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 31 October 2024 | Viewed by 5079

Special Issue Editors

Prof. Dr. Umile Giuseppe Longo

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Guest Editor
Operative Research Unit of Orthopaedic and Trauma Surgery, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Campus Bio-Medico, Via Alvaro del Portillo, 200, 00128 Rome, Italy
Interests: sports traumatology; arthroscopic surgery of shoulder, knee, and ankle; replacement surgery of shoulder, knee, and hip
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Gennaro Tartarisco

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Institute for Biomedical Research and Innovation (IRIB), National Research Council of Italy (CNR), 98164 Messina, Italy
Interests: monitoring of muscle fatigue; neurodegenerative diseases; movement in patients with arthroplasty
Dr. Antonio Cerasa

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Institute for Biomedical Research and Innovation (IRIB), National Research Council of Italy (CNR), 98164 Messina, Italy
Interests: prefrontal cortex; cognitive neuroscience; brain mapping; neurology; cognitive science; artificial intelligence
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

This Special Issue focuses on recent advances in artificial intelligence (AI) in orthopedic surgery and sport medicine. Although the interest in the AI algorithm for classification and diagnosis is growing, we still suffer from a lack of applications for clinicians to understand and trust the output of AI models, especially when involved in decision processes. Moreover, very little discussion has revolved around how to apply these tools for the early prediction of surgical treatments and care of patients suffering from musculoskeletal diseases.

Prof. Dr. Umile Giuseppe Longo
Dr. Gennaro Tartarisco
Dr. Antonio Cerasa
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Diagnostics is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • artificial intelligence
  • machine learning
  • orthopedic imaging
  • decision support system

Published Papers (4 papers)

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Research

12 pages, 992 KiB  
Article
Deep Learning-Based Prediction Model for Gait Recovery after a Spinal Cord Injury
by Hyun-Joon Yoo, Kwang-Sig Lee, Bummo Koo, Chan-Woo Yong and Chae-Won Kim
Diagnostics 2024, 14(6), 579; https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics14060579 - 08 Mar 2024
Viewed by 675
Abstract
Predicting gait recovery after a spinal cord injury (SCI) during an acute rehabilitation phase is important for planning rehabilitation strategies. However, few studies have been conducted on this topic to date. In this study, we developed a deep learning-based prediction model for gait [...] Read more.
Predicting gait recovery after a spinal cord injury (SCI) during an acute rehabilitation phase is important for planning rehabilitation strategies. However, few studies have been conducted on this topic to date. In this study, we developed a deep learning-based prediction model for gait recovery after SCI upon discharge from an acute rehabilitation facility. Data were collected from 405 patients with acute SCI admitted to the acute rehabilitation facility of Korea University Anam Hospital between June 2008 and December 2022. The dependent variable was Functional Ambulation Category at the time of discharge (FAC-DC). Seventy-one independent variables were selected from the existing literature: basic information, International Standards for Neurological Classification of SCI scores, neurogenic bladders, initial FAC, and somatosensory-evoked potentials of the lower extremity. Recurrent neural network (RNN), linear regression (LR), Ridge, and Lasso methods were compared for FAC-DC prediction in terms of the root-mean-squared error (RMSE). RNN variable importance, which is the RMSE gap between a complete RNN model and an RNN model excluding a certain variable, was used to evaluate the contribution of this variable. Based on the results of this study, the performance of the RNN was far better than that of LR, Ridge, and Lasso. The respective RMSEs were 0.3738, 2.2831, 1.3161, and 1.0246 for all the participants; 0.3727, 1.7176, 1.3914, and 1.3524 for those with trauma; and 0.3728, 1.7516, 1.1012, and 0.8889 for those without trauma. In terms of RNN variable importance, lower-extremity motor strength (right and left ankle dorsiflexors, right knee extensors, and left long toe extensors) and the neurological level of injury were ranked among the top five across the boards. Therefore, initial FAC was the seventh, third, and ninth most important predictor for all participants, those with trauma, and those without trauma, respectively. In conclusion, this study developed a deep learning-based prediction model with excellent performance for gait recovery after SCI at the time of discharge from an acute rehabilitation facility. This study also demonstrated the strength of deep learning as an explainable artificial intelligence method for identifying the most important predictors. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Artificial Intelligence in Orthopedic Surgery and Sport Medicine)
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17 pages, 5885 KiB  
Article
Artificial Intelligence Image Recognition System for Preventing Wrong-Site Upper Limb Surgery
by Yi-Chao Wu, Chao-Yun Chang, Yu-Tse Huang, Sung-Yuan Chen, Cheng-Hsuan Chen and Hsuan-Kai Kao
Diagnostics 2023, 13(24), 3667; https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics13243667 - 14 Dec 2023
Viewed by 805
Abstract
Our image recognition system employs a deep learning model to differentiate between the left and right upper limbs in images, allowing doctors to determine the correct surgical position. From the experimental results, it was found that the precision rate and the recall rate [...] Read more.
Our image recognition system employs a deep learning model to differentiate between the left and right upper limbs in images, allowing doctors to determine the correct surgical position. From the experimental results, it was found that the precision rate and the recall rate of the intelligent image recognition system for preventing wrong-site upper limb surgery proposed in this paper could reach 98% and 93%, respectively. The results proved that our Artificial Intelligence Image Recognition System (AIIRS) could indeed assist orthopedic surgeons in preventing the occurrence of wrong-site left and right upper limb surgery. At the same time, in future, we will apply for an IRB based on our prototype experimental results and we will conduct the second phase of human trials. The results of this research paper are of great benefit and research value to upper limb orthopedic surgery. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Artificial Intelligence in Orthopedic Surgery and Sport Medicine)
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15 pages, 2308 KiB  
Article
Application of Machine Learning Algorithms for Prognostic Assessment in Rotator Cuff Pathologies: A Clinical Data-Based Approach
by Umile Giuseppe Longo, Calogero Di Naro, Simona Campisi, Carlo Casciaro, Benedetta Bandini, Ayoosh Pareek, Roberta Bruschetta, Giovanni Pioggia, Antonio Cerasa and Gennaro Tartarisco
Diagnostics 2023, 13(18), 2915; https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics13182915 - 11 Sep 2023
Viewed by 864
Abstract
Aim: The overall aim of this proposal is to ameliorate the care of rotator cuff (RC) tear patients by applying an innovative machine learning approach for outcome prediction after arthroscopic repair. Materials and Methods: We applied state-of-the-art machine learning algorithms to evaluate the [...] Read more.
Aim: The overall aim of this proposal is to ameliorate the care of rotator cuff (RC) tear patients by applying an innovative machine learning approach for outcome prediction after arthroscopic repair. Materials and Methods: We applied state-of-the-art machine learning algorithms to evaluate the best predictors of the outcome, and 100 RC patients were evaluated at baseline (T0), after 1 month (T1), 3 months (T2), 6 months (T3), and 1 year (T4) from surgical intervention. The outcome measure was the Costant–Murley Shoulder Score, whereas age, sex, BMI, the 36-Item Short-Form Survey, the Simple Shoulder Test, the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, the American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons Score, the Oxford Shoulder Score, and the Shoulder Pain and Disability Index were considered as predictive factors. Support vector machine (SVM), k-nearest neighbors (k-NN), naïve Bayes (NB), and random forest (RF) algorithms were employed. Results: Across all sessions, the classifiers demonstrated suboptimal performance when using both the complete and shrunken sets of features. Specifically, the logistic regression (LR) classifier achieved a mean accuracy of 46.5% ± 6%, while the random forest (RF) classifier achieved 51.25% ± 4%. For the shrunken set of features, LR obtained a mean accuracy of 48.5% ± 6%, and RF achieved 45.5% ± 4.5%. No statistical differences were found when comparing the performance metrics of ML algorithms. Conclusions: This study underlines the importance of extending the application of AI methods to new predictors, such as neuroimaging and kinematic data, in order to better record significant shifts in RC patients’ prognosis. Limitations: The data quality within the cohort could represent a limitation, since certain variables, such as smoking, diabetes, and work injury, are known to have an impact on the outcome. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Artificial Intelligence in Orthopedic Surgery and Sport Medicine)
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18 pages, 2939 KiB  
Article
Predicting CTS Diagnosis and Prognosis Based on Machine Learning Techniques
by Marwa Elseddik, Reham R. Mostafa, Ahmed Elashry, Nora El-Rashidy, Shaker El-Sappagh, Shimaa Elgamal, Ahmed Aboelfetouh and Hazem El-Bakry
Diagnostics 2023, 13(3), 492; https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics13030492 - 29 Jan 2023
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1866
Abstract
Carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) is a clinical disease that occurs due to compression of the median nerve in the carpal tunnel. The determination of the severity of carpal tunnel syndrome is essential to provide appropriate therapeutic interventions. Machine learning (ML)-based modeling can be [...] Read more.
Carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) is a clinical disease that occurs due to compression of the median nerve in the carpal tunnel. The determination of the severity of carpal tunnel syndrome is essential to provide appropriate therapeutic interventions. Machine learning (ML)-based modeling can be used to classify diseases, make decisions, and create new therapeutic interventions. It is also used in medical research to implement predictive models. However, despite the growth in medical research based on ML and Deep Learning (DL), CTS research is still relatively scarce. While a few studies have developed models to predict diagnosis of CTS, no ML model has been presented to classify the severity of CTS based on comprehensive clinical data. Therefore, this study developed new classification models for determining CTS severity using ML algorithms. This study included 80 patients with other diseases that have an overlap in symptoms with CTS, such as cervical radiculopathysasas, de quervian tendinopathy, and peripheral neuropathy, and 80 CTS patients who underwent ultrasonography (US)-guided median nerve hydrodissection. CTS severity was classified into mild, moderate, and severe grades. In our study, we aggregated the data from CTS patients and patients with other diseases that have an overlap in symptoms with CTS, such as cervical radiculopathysasas, de quervian tendinopathy, and peripheral neuropathy. The dataset was randomly split into training and test data, at 70% and 30%, respectively. The proposed model achieved promising results of 0.955%, 0.963%, and 0.919% in terms of classification accuracy, precision, and recall, respectively. In addition, we developed a machine learning model that predicts the probability of a patient improving after the hydro-dissection injection process based on the aggregated data after three different months (one, three, and six). The proposed model achieved accuracy after six months of 0.912%, after three months of 0.901%, and after one month 0.877%. The overall performance for predicting the prognosis after six months outperforms the prediction after one and three months. We utilized statistics tests (significance test, Spearman’s correlation test, and two-way ANOVA test) to determine the effect of injection process in CTS treatment. Our data-driven decision support tools can be used to help determine which patients to operate on in order to avoid the associated risks and expenses of surgery. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Artificial Intelligence in Orthopedic Surgery and Sport Medicine)
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