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Technologies of Coatings and Surface Hardening for Tool Industry II
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Technologies of Coatings and Surface Hardening for Tool Industry II

A special issue of Coatings (ISSN 2079-6412). This special issue belongs to the section "Surface Characterization, Deposition and Modification".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 December 2022) | Viewed by 15857

Printed Edition Available!
A printed edition of this Special Issue is available here.

Special Issue Editor

Prof. Dr. Sergey N. Grigoriev

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of High-Efficiency Machining Technologies, Moscow State University of Technology STANKIN, 127055 Moscow, Russia
Interests: processing by concentrated energy flows; laser processing; electrophysical machining; heat and hardening treatment; surface finishing and coating; powder metallurgy; nanomaterials; nanocoatings and thin films; thermal spray technologies; process diagnostics and monitoring
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

The innovative coating and surface-hardening technologies developed in recent years make it possible to obtain practically any complex of physical–mechanical and crystal–chemical properties of the metalworking tool surface layer. Today, the scientific approach related to the improvement of the operational characteristics of the tool surface layers produced from traditional materials in the tool industry, following the creation of new instrumental materials, is an extremely costly and time-consuming process. Different technological techniques, such as coatings (physical and chemical methods), surface hardening and alloying (chemical-thermal treatment, implantation), a combination of the above, and other solutions are used for this. Further, diversified energy sources (vacuum arc, laser beam, etc.) and varied working media (vacuum, gas–vapor medium, liquid solutions, etc.) can be used for coating and surface hardening.

The high efficiency of this approach may be explained by the fact that under the diversified operating conditions of the metalworking tool, in all cases the most loaded is its surface layer. First, its specific properties define the workability of the tool piece during the machining of a part. It is evident that there is no all-purpose method for coating and surface hardening: Everything is very particular for each type of tool piece and its operating conditions.

It should additionally be emphasized that the metalworking tool as an object of research was not chosen accidentally. Production experience shows that even with the use of the most advanced machine tools it is not possible to achieve high technical and economical rates of the machining process of the part with a low work resource of the tool. Diverse conditions of the tool’s operation bring on diverse injuries and failures of the technological system. At the same time, the wear rate of the tool is significantly higher than the wear rate of the machine tool’s parts and units. Therefore, the operational ability of the technological system as a whole depends precisely on the used metalworking cutting and die tool. The roles of the tool multiply when it comes to machining composite materials, high-hardened steels, chrome-nickel, titanium, or other hard-to-machine alloys.

The aim of this Special Issue is to provide a review of the current state of the research and developments in the field of coatings and surface hardening technologies for cutting and die tools that can ensure a substantial increase of the work resource and reliability of the tool; an increase in productivity of machining, accuracy, and quality of the machined products; reduction of the material capacity of the production; and other important manufacturing factors. The main emphasis should be on the results of the engineering works that have had success in laboratory or real manufacturing conditions.

Some of the topics of particular interest to the Special Issue are as follows:

  • Development of self-adaptation in the process of contact interaction with machining material coatings through the formation of solid lubricants based on oxides and other compounds;
  • Development of coatings and processes of the surface hardening of a tool intended for the formation of hard-to-process materials such as composite materials, high-hardened steels, chrome–nickel, titanium, and other alloys with unique properties;
  • Application of diverse concentrated flows of energy (vacuum arc, laser beam, etc.) for the implementation of new coating processes and surface hardening of tools, including combined processes;
  • Original technology equipment and setups for coatings and surface hardening of tools, including low-temperature techniques;
  • Study of the influences of the physical–mechanical and crystal–chemical properties of the surface layer transformed by coatings and surface hardening on the stress–strain state and character of the tool wear in the conditions of action of the various heat and force loads;
  • Certification and testing methods for tools after coating and surface hardening;
  • Successful experience of the leading production enterprises in the introduction of innovative technologies for coating and surface hardening cutting and die tools.

Prof. Dr. Sergey N. Grigoriev
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Coatings is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Published Papers (13 papers)

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Editorial

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8 pages, 239 KiB  
Editorial
Technologies of Coatings and Surface Hardening: Industrial Applications
by Sergey N. Grigoriev
Coatings 2023, 13(3), 511; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings13030511 - 25 Feb 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1202
Abstract
The most advanced and recently developed coating and surface-hardening technologies make it possible to obtain almost the full range of physical–mechanical and crystal–chemical properties of the metalworking tool surface and electronic component surface for a wide range of applications to enlarge product operational [...] Read more.
The most advanced and recently developed coating and surface-hardening technologies make it possible to obtain almost the full range of physical–mechanical and crystal–chemical properties of the metalworking tool surface and electronic component surface for a wide range of applications to enlarge product operational life for working under the most extreme mechanical and thermal loads [...] Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Technologies of Coatings and Surface Hardening for Tool Industry II)

Research

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13 pages, 25325 KiB  
Article
Investigation of the Properties of Multilayer Nanostructured Coating Based on the (Ti,Y,Al)N System with High Content of Yttrium
by Sergey Grigoriev, Alexey Vereschaka, Filipp Milovich, Nikolay Sitnikov, Jury Bublikov, Anton Seleznev, Catherine Sotova and Alexander Rykunov
Coatings 2023, 13(2), 335; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings13020335 - 01 Feb 2023
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1258
Abstract
The studies are focused on the properties of the multilayer composite coating based on the (Ti,Y,Al)N system with high content of yttrium (about 40 at.%) of yttrium (Y). The hardness and elastic modulus were defined, and the resistance to fracture was studied during [...] Read more.
The studies are focused on the properties of the multilayer composite coating based on the (Ti,Y,Al)N system with high content of yttrium (about 40 at.%) of yttrium (Y). The hardness and elastic modulus were defined, and the resistance to fracture was studied during the scratch testing. Two cubic solid solutions (fcc phases), including c-(Ti,Y,Al)N and c-(Y,Ti,Al)N, are formed in the coating. The investigation of the wear resistance of the (Ti,Y,Al)N-coated tools during the turning of steel in comparison with the wear resistance of the tools with the based on the (Ti,Cr,Al)N system coating and the uncoated tools found a noticeable increase (by 250%–270%) in rake wear resistance. Active oxidation processes are observed in the (Ti,Y,Al)N coating during wear. It can be assumed that yttrium oxide is predominantly formed with a possible insignificant formation of titanium and aluminum oxides. At the same time, complete oxidation of c-(Y,Ti,Al)N nanolayers is not observed. Some hypotheses explaining the rather high performance of a coating with a high yttrium content are considered. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Technologies of Coatings and Surface Hardening for Tool Industry II)
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26 pages, 5941 KiB  
Article
Study of Tribotechnical Properties of Multilayer Nanostructured Coatings and Contact Processes during Milling of Titanium Alloys
by Mars Sharifullovich Migranov, Semen Romanovich Shehtman, Nadezhda Aleksandrovna Sukhova, Artem Petrovich Mitrofanov, Andrey Sergeevich Gusev, Arthur Marsovich Migranov and Denis Sergeyevich Repin
Coatings 2023, 13(1), 171; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings13010171 - 12 Jan 2023
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1416
Abstract
The paper presents the results of theoretical and experimental research on tribotechnical characteristics: tool wear on the back surface, tool durability period, critical length of the cutting path before blunting, adhesion component of the friction coefficient, contact processes, temperature, and force dependences for [...] Read more.
The paper presents the results of theoretical and experimental research on tribotechnical characteristics: tool wear on the back surface, tool durability period, critical length of the cutting path before blunting, adhesion component of the friction coefficient, contact processes, temperature, and force dependences for the application of innovative nanostructured multilayer composite coatings on a tool for milling of titanium alloys. The proposed thermodynamic model of cutting tool wear allows us to determine the ways by which cutting tool wear intensity decreases and the conditions of increase in cutting tool wear resistance with wear-resistant coatings. A substantial increase in wear resistance of end mills when processing titanium alloys with the use of innovative multilayer nanostructured coatings is established, in particular an improvement of an average of 1.5–2 times. These positive results are related to a significant decrease in temperature–force loading in the cutting zone, a decrease in the friction coefficient (adhesion component), and the phenomenon of adaptation (self-organization) of friction surfaces during cutting by tools with wear-resistant coatings, contributing to the formation of films of various compounds with shielding, protective, and lubricating properties. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Technologies of Coatings and Surface Hardening for Tool Industry II)
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18 pages, 13448 KiB  
Article
Diagnostic Techniques for Electrical Discharge Plasma Used in PVD Coating Processes
by Sergey Grigoriev, Sergej Dosko, Alexey Vereschaka, Vsevolod Zelenkov and Catherine Sotova
Coatings 2023, 13(1), 147; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings13010147 - 11 Jan 2023
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1437
Abstract
This article discusses the possibilities of two methods for monitoring Physical Vapor Deposition (PVD) process parameters: multi-grid probe, which makes it possible, in particular, to determine the energy distribution of ions of one- or two-component plasma and spectrum analyzer of the glow discharge [...] Read more.
This article discusses the possibilities of two methods for monitoring Physical Vapor Deposition (PVD) process parameters: multi-grid probe, which makes it possible, in particular, to determine the energy distribution of ions of one- or two-component plasma and spectrum analyzer of the glow discharge plasma electromagnetic radiation signal based on the Prony–Fourier multichannel inductive spectral analysis sensor. The energy distribution curves of argon ions in the low-voltage operation mode of ion sources with closed electron current have been analyzed. With a decline in the discharge current, the average ion energy decreases, and the source efficiency (the ratio of the average ion energy W to the discharge voltage U) remains approximately at the same level of W/U ≈ 0.68, …, 0.71 in the operating voltage range of the source. The spectrum analyzer system can obtain not only the spectra at the output of the sensor, but also the deconvolution of the spectrum of the electromagnetic radiation signal of the glow discharge plasma. The scheme of a spectrum analyzer is considered, which can be used both for monitoring and for controlling the processing process, including in automated PVD installations. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Technologies of Coatings and Surface Hardening for Tool Industry II)
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23 pages, 6196 KiB  
Article
Improving the Efficiency of Metalworking by the Cutting Tool Rake Surface Texturing and Using the Wear Predictive Evaluation Method on the Case of Turning an Iron–Nickel Alloy
by Mikhail Stebulyanin, Evgeny Ostrikov, Mars Migranov and Sergey Fedorov
Coatings 2022, 12(12), 1906; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings12121906 - 06 Dec 2022
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1210
Abstract
The article proposes and substantiates the function of predictive evaluation using the criterion of the relative efficiency of using a cutting tool with a microtextured rake surface based on tangential force and cutting temperature. Comprehensive durability tests carried out under various processing modes [...] Read more.
The article proposes and substantiates the function of predictive evaluation using the criterion of the relative efficiency of using a cutting tool with a microtextured rake surface based on tangential force and cutting temperature. Comprehensive durability tests carried out under various processing modes with the measurement of heat power parameters made it possible to create an experimental base for mathematical modeling. An empirical model of cutting parameters based on modified multiplicative functions with non-constant indicators in the form of linear dependencies on processing factors was used based on planning an experiment for processing a heat-resistant alloy for predictive wear assessment in order to determine rational cutting modes. Predicting the rational use of a cutting tool with a microtextured work surface made it possible to obtain a 1.3-fold increase in durability. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Technologies of Coatings and Surface Hardening for Tool Industry II)
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23 pages, 8667 KiB  
Article
Influence of Surface Layer Condition of Al2O3+TiC Ceramic Inserts on Quality of Deposited Coatings and Reliability during Hardened Steel Milling
by Marina A. Volosova, Mikhail M. Stebulyanin, Vladimir D. Gurin and Yury A. Melnik
Coatings 2022, 12(12), 1801; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings12121801 - 23 Nov 2022
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2763
Abstract
The specific features of the destruction of tool ceramics, associated with structural heterogeneity and defects formed during diamond grinding, largely determine their reduced reliability (dispersion of resistance). This is most pronounced at increased heat and power loads on the contact surfaces and limits [...] Read more.
The specific features of the destruction of tool ceramics, associated with structural heterogeneity and defects formed during diamond grinding, largely determine their reduced reliability (dispersion of resistance). This is most pronounced at increased heat and power loads on the contact surfaces and limits the industrial application of ceramic cutting tools. The surface layer of industrially produced Al2O3+TiC cutting inserts contains numerous defects, such as deep grooves and torn grains. During the milling of hardened steels of the 100CrMn type with increased cutting parameters, the “wear–cutting time” curves have a fan-shaped character with different wear rates. The resistance of the tool that was taken from one batch before reaching the accepted failure criterion has a significant variation in values (VarT is 30%). The study is aimed to evaluate the influence of the condition of the surface layer of Al2O3+TiC inserts processed by various types of abrasive treatments, such as diamond grinding, lapping and polishing, on the quality of the (TiAl)N and (TiZr)N coatings and the reliability of prefabricated end mills. The obtained “wear–cutting time” curves are characterized as closely intertwined bundles. The coefficient of resistance variation (the tool’s reliability) decreases by more than two times (14%). This can be used further in coating development to improve the performance of CCT. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Technologies of Coatings and Surface Hardening for Tool Industry II)
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16 pages, 10896 KiB  
Article
High Temperature Low Friction Behavior of h-BN Coatings against ZrO2
by Qunfeng Zeng
Coatings 2022, 12(11), 1772; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings12111772 - 19 Nov 2022
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1938
Abstract
This paper presents high temperature low friction behaviors of the h-BN coatings, which were deposited on high-speed tool steel by radio frequency magnetron sputtering. A tribometer was used to investigate high temperature tribological properties of h-BN coatings against ZrO2 from 500 °C [...] Read more.
This paper presents high temperature low friction behaviors of the h-BN coatings, which were deposited on high-speed tool steel by radio frequency magnetron sputtering. A tribometer was used to investigate high temperature tribological properties of h-BN coatings against ZrO2 from 500 °C to 800 °C. The surface morphology, mechanical properties and chemical states of the worn surface of the friction pair were characterized and investigated systemically. The experimental results show that h-BN coatings are of significant importance to improve high temperature tribological properties of steel. Moreover, it is found that high temperature super low friction of the friction pairs is successfully achieved due to tribochemistry, which plays a key role in forming the in-situ generated Fe2O3/h-BN composites on the worn surface of h-BN coatings. CoFs of the friction pair are as super low as about 0.02 at 800 °C and around 0.03 at 600 °C at the stable stage. The high temperature super low friction mechanism of the friction pair is discussed in detail. The present study opens a new strategy to achieve high temperature super low friction of the friction system during sliding. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Technologies of Coatings and Surface Hardening for Tool Industry II)
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14 pages, 6478 KiB  
Article
Frequency Effect on the Structure and Properties of Mo-Zr-Si-B Coatings Deposited by HIPIMS Using a Composite SHS Target
by Philipp V. Kiryukhantsev-Korneev, Alina D. Sytchenko, Pavel A. Loginov, Anton S. Orekhov and Evgeny A. Levashov
Coatings 2022, 12(10), 1570; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings12101570 - 17 Oct 2022
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1447
Abstract
Mo-Zr-Si-B coatings were deposited by high-power impulse magnetron sputtering at a pulse frequency of 10, 50, and 200 Hz. The coating structure was studied by scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive spectroscopy, glow-discharge optical-emission spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and X-ray diffraction. The mechanical characteristics, adhesive [...] Read more.
Mo-Zr-Si-B coatings were deposited by high-power impulse magnetron sputtering at a pulse frequency of 10, 50, and 200 Hz. The coating structure was studied by scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive spectroscopy, glow-discharge optical-emission spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and X-ray diffraction. The mechanical characteristics, adhesive strength, coefficient of friction, wear resistance, resistance to cyclic-dynamic-impact loading, high-temperature oxidation resistance, and thermal stability of the coatings were determined. The coatings, obtained at 10 and 50 Hz, had an amorphous structure. Increasing the frequency to 200 Hz led to the formation of the h-MoSi2 phase. As the pulse frequency increased from 10 to 50 and 200 Hz, the deposition rate rose by 2.3 and 9.0 times, while hardness increased by 1.9 and 2.9 times, respectively. The Mo-Zr-Si-B coating deposited at 50 Hz was characterized by better wear resistance, resistance to cyclic-dynamic-impact loading, and oxidation resistance at 1500 °C. Thermal stability tests of the coating samples heated in the transmission electron microscope column showed that the coating deposited at 50 Hz remained amorphous in the temperature range of 20–1000 °C. Long-term annealing in a vacuum furnace at 1000 °C caused partial recrystallization and the formation of a nanocomposite structure, as well as an increased hardness from 15 to 37 GPa and an increased Young’s modulus from 250 to 380 GPa, compared to those of the as-deposited coatings. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Technologies of Coatings and Surface Hardening for Tool Industry II)
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9 pages, 2754 KiB  
Communication
Reliability Enhancement of 14 nm HPC ASIC Using Al2O3 Thin Film Coated with Room-Temperature Atomic Layer Deposition
by Po-Chou Chen, Shu-Mei Chang, Hao-Chung Kuo, Fu-Cheng Chang, Yu-An Li and Chao-Cheng Ting
Coatings 2022, 12(9), 1308; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings12091308 - 07 Sep 2022
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1493
Abstract
In this research, a 14 nm high-performance computing application-specific integrated circuit was coated with a 5–20 nm Al2O3 thin film by atomic layer deposition in room-temperature conditions to study its performance in terms of reliability with different thicknesses. An open/short [...] Read more.
In this research, a 14 nm high-performance computing application-specific integrated circuit was coated with a 5–20 nm Al2O3 thin film by atomic layer deposition in room-temperature conditions to study its performance in terms of reliability with different thicknesses. An open/short test, standby current measurement, interface input/output performance test, and phase-locked loops functional test were used to verify chip performance. Furthermore, an unbiased highly accelerated temperature and humidity stress test and a 72 h wear-out test were used to study the effects of the atomic layer deposition coating. The results showed that the coating thickness of 15 nm provided the best performance in the wear-out test, as well as the unbiased highly accelerated temperature humidity stress. This study demonstrates that room-temperature atomic layer deposition is a promising technique for enhancing the reliability of advanced node semiconductor chips. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Technologies of Coatings and Surface Hardening for Tool Industry II)
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10 pages, 2298 KiB  
Article
Influence of Interlayer Materials on the Mechanical Properties and Thermal Stability of a CrAlN Coating on a Tungsten Carbide Substrate
by Hoe-Kun Kim, Sung-Min Kim and Sang-Yul Lee
Coatings 2022, 12(8), 1134; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings12081134 - 06 Aug 2022
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 1539
Abstract
CrAlN coatings have earned significant attention for use in cutting tool coating applications due to their excellent properties such as high hardness and superb oxidation resistance. It is well known that the interlayer between the coating and the substrate can influence the mechanical [...] Read more.
CrAlN coatings have earned significant attention for use in cutting tool coating applications due to their excellent properties such as high hardness and superb oxidation resistance. It is well known that the interlayer between the coating and the substrate can influence the mechanical properties of the coatings. In this work, three interlayers—CrN, CrZrN, and CrN/CrZrSiN—were synthesized between a CrAlN coating and a tungsten carbide substrate to improve the mechanical properties and thermal stability of the CrAlN coating. All the CrAlN coatings with their respective interlayers showed high hardness values in the range of 34.5 to 35.1 GPa, and they were not significantly affected by the interlayer type. However, wear and scratch tests showed that the CrAlN coatings with CrN and CrN/CrZrSiN interlayers exhibited an improved friction coefficient of 0.33 and adhesion strength (Lc2) of 69 N compared to the CrAlN coating with the CrZrN interlayer. These improved wear properties were attributed to the H/E ratio of the interlayer between the coating and the substrate, in that the CrN and CrZrSiN interlayers effectively induced a smooth transition of the coating stress under a loading condition. During the thermal stability tests, the hardness of the CrAlN coating with the CrN/CrZrSiN interlayer was maintained up to 1000 °C due to the excellent oxidation resistance of the CrZrSiN layer, which contained an amorphous SixNy phase. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Technologies of Coatings and Surface Hardening for Tool Industry II)
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9 pages, 15217 KiB  
Article
Mechanical Properties and Thermal Stability of CrZrN/CrZrSiN Multilayer Coatings with Different Bilayer Periods
by Hoe-Kun Kim, Sung-Min Kim and Sang-Yul Lee
Coatings 2022, 12(7), 1025; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings12071025 - 19 Jul 2022
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 1850
Abstract
The CrZrN/CrZrSiN multilayer coatings at a bilayer period range decreasing from 1.35 μm to 0.45 μm were synthesized on a Si (100) wafer and WC-6 wt.% Co substrate using a closed-field unbalanced magnetron sputter, and the thickness effects on the mechanical properties and [...] Read more.
The CrZrN/CrZrSiN multilayer coatings at a bilayer period range decreasing from 1.35 μm to 0.45 μm were synthesized on a Si (100) wafer and WC-6 wt.% Co substrate using a closed-field unbalanced magnetron sputter, and the thickness effects on the mechanical properties and thermal stability were investigated. The CrZrN/CrZrSiN multilayer coatings showed high hardness and elastic modulus in the ranges of 28 to 33 GPa and 255 to 265 GPa, respectively, and the friction coefficient showed the lowest value of 0.24 on the multilayer coating with a bilayer period of 0.54 μm. The bilayer periods affected the adhesion strength of the multilayer coatings. From the scratch test, the critical load (Lc2) steadily increased with the decreasing of the bilayer period, and the CrZrN/CrZrSiN multilayer coating with a bilayer period of 0.45 μm showed the highest critical load (Lc2) of 79 N. In the case of the annealing test, the bilayer periods affected the thermal stability of the multilayer coatings, and the CrZrN/CrZrSiN multilayer coatings with 0.54 μm showed a maximum hardness value of approximately 30 GPa up to 800 °C. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Technologies of Coatings and Surface Hardening for Tool Industry II)
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18 pages, 11665 KiB  
Article
Investigation of the Nature of the Interaction of Me-MeN-(Me,Mo,Al)N Coatings (Where Me = Zr, Ti, or Cr) with a Contact Medium Based on the Ni-Cr System
by Sergey Grigoriev, Oleg Yanushevich, Natella Krikheli, Alexey Vereschaka, Filipp Milovich, Nikolay Andreev, Anton Seleznev, Alexander Shein, Olga Kramar, Sergey Kramar and Pavel Peretyagin
Coatings 2022, 12(6), 819; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings12060819 - 10 Jun 2022
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1935
Abstract
This paper discusses the results of a study focused on the nature of the interaction of Me-MeN-(Me,Mo,Al)N coatings (where Me = zirconium (Zr), titanium (Ti), or chromium (Cr)) with a contact medium based on the Ni-Cr system. The studies were carried out during [...] Read more.
This paper discusses the results of a study focused on the nature of the interaction of Me-MeN-(Me,Mo,Al)N coatings (where Me = zirconium (Zr), titanium (Ti), or chromium (Cr)) with a contact medium based on the Ni-Cr system. The studies were carried out during the turning of nickel–chromium alloy at different cutting speeds. The hardness of the coatings was found, and their nanostructure and phase composition were studied. The experiments were conducted using transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and selected area electron diffraction (SAED). According to the studies, at elevated cutting speeds, the highest wear resistance is demonstrated by the tools with the ZrN-based coating, while at lower cutting speeds, the tools with the TiN- and CrN-based coatings had higher wear resistance. At elevated cutting speeds, the experiments detected the active formation of oxides in the ZrN-based coating and less active formation of oxides in the CrN-based coating. No formation of oxides was detected in the TiN-based coating. The patterns of cracking in the coatings were also studied. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Technologies of Coatings and Surface Hardening for Tool Industry II)
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16 pages, 9912 KiB  
Article
Wear Resistance, Patterns of Wear and Plastic Properties of Cr,Mo-(Cr,Mo,)N-(Cr,Mo,Al)N Composite Coating with a Nanolayer Structure
by Alexey Vereschaka, Anton Seleznev and Vladislav Gaponov
Coatings 2022, 12(6), 758; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings12060758 - 31 May 2022
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1770
Abstract
This paper discusses the results of studies focused on the wear resistance, patterns of wear and plastic properties of Cr,Mo-(Cr,Mo,)N-(Cr,Mo,Al)N coating, containing 20 at.% Mo. The coating had a nanolayer structure with a modulation period λ = 50 nm. The studies revealed the [...] Read more.
This paper discusses the results of studies focused on the wear resistance, patterns of wear and plastic properties of Cr,Mo-(Cr,Mo,)N-(Cr,Mo,Al)N coating, containing 20 at.% Mo. The coating had a nanolayer structure with a modulation period λ = 50 nm. The studies revealed the hardness, fracture resistance in scratch testing, as well as elemental and phase composition of the coating. The studies of the tool life of carbide cutting tools with the Cr,Mo-(Cr,Mo,)N-(Cr,Mo,Al)N coating proved their longer tool life compared to that of uncoated tools and tools with the reference Cr-(Cr,Al)N coating of equal thickness and equal content of aluminum (Al). The studies included the comparison of the tools coated with Cr,Mo-(Cr,Mo,)N-(Cr,Mo,Al)N and Cr-(Cr,Al)N. The experiments focused on the specific features of the coating nanostructure and were conducted using a transmission electron microscope (TEM), revealing the different mechanisms of fracture. The penetration of particles of the material being machined between nanolayers of the coating results in interlayer delamination. When exposed to a moving flow of the material being machined, plastic deformation (bending) of the coating nanolayers occurs. The diffusion of iron into the coating (up to 200 nm) and diffusion of Cr and Mo into the cut material to a depth of up to 250 nm are observed. The presented information can help in the design of metal cutting tools and the choice of coatings for them. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Technologies of Coatings and Surface Hardening for Tool Industry II)
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