Research

12 pages, 2706 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Novel Electrochemical Sensor Based on MnO₂ Nanowire Modified Carbon Paper Electrode for Sensitive Determination of Tetrabromobisphenol A

by Chunmao Zhu, Qi Wu, Fanshu Yuan, Jie Liu, Dongtian Wang and Qianli Zhang

Chemosensors 2023, 11(9), 482; https://doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors11090482 - 01 Sep 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1168

Abstract

In this paper, a MnO₂ nanowire (MnO₂-NW) modified carbon paper electrode (CP) was developed as a novel electrochemical sensor for the sensitive determination of tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA). The MnO₂ nanowire was prepared by a hydrothermal synthesis method, and the [...] Read more.

In this paper, a MnO₂ nanowire (MnO₂-NW) modified carbon paper electrode (CP) was developed as a novel electrochemical sensor for the sensitive determination of tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA). The MnO₂ nanowire was prepared by a hydrothermal synthesis method, and the morphology and structure of MnO₂ were characterized using scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The electrochemical performance of TBBPA on MnO₂-NW/CP was investigated by cyclic voltammetry, and the result confirmed that MnO₂-NW/CP exhibited excellent sensitivity for the determination of TBBPA due to the high specific surface area and good electrical conductivity of the nanowire-like MnO₂. Moreover, the important electrochemical factors such as pH value, incubation time and modified material proportion were systematically studied to improve the determination sensitivity. The interferences from similar structure compounds on TBBPA have also been investigated. Under the optimal conditions, MnO₂-NW/CP displayed a linear range of 70~500 nM for TBBPA with a detection limit of 3.1 nM. This was superior to some electrochemical methods in reference. The work presents a novel and simple method for the determination of TBBPA. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bionic Recognition and Biosensors: A Theme Issue in Honor of Professor Hong-Yuan Chen)

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11 pages, 1899 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Electrochemical Etching-Assisted Fabrication of Quantum Tunneling Sensing Probes with Controlled Nanogap Width

by Bangrui Shao, Qiuxiang He, Tao Jiang, Biaofeng Zeng, Cuifang Kuang, Xu Liu and Longhua Tang

Chemosensors 2023, 11(9), 480; https://doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors11090480 - 01 Sep 2023

Viewed by 1262

Abstract

Quantum tunneling electrical probes, consisting of a pair of nanoelectrodes with a gap width of less than 5 nm, can be used as a robust electrical sensing platform for the detection of various nanoscale objects. To achieve this, stable and gap-width-controllable electrodes are [...] Read more.

Quantum tunneling electrical probes, consisting of a pair of nanoelectrodes with a gap width of less than 5 nm, can be used as a robust electrical sensing platform for the detection of various nanoscale objects. To achieve this, stable and gap-width-controllable electrodes are essential. Although various methods, including lithography and electrochemical strategies, have been proposed for the fabrication of tunneling electrodes, the ability to precisely control the gap width and ensure reproducibility is still lacking. Here, we report a feedback-controlled electrochemical etching approach to fabricate the tunneling electrodes with a controlled nanogap. The connected nanoelectrodes, derived from a dual-barrel nanopipette, were subjected to a controlled electrochemical etching process from a short-circuited state to a tunneling gap. The resulting tunneling electrodes exhibited solvent-response current–voltage electrical behavior, which was well fitted with the Simons model, indicating the formation of tunneling electrodes. Overall, a success rate of more than 60% could be achieved to obtain the tunneling gaps. Furthermore, to verify the function of tunneling electrodes, we used the etched-tunneling electrodes for free-diffusing protein detection, showing the potential of etched-tunneling electrodes as single-molecule sensors. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bionic Recognition and Biosensors: A Theme Issue in Honor of Professor Hong-Yuan Chen)

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13 pages, 2901 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Development and Application of an Electrochemical Sensor with 1,10-Phenanthroline-5,6-dione-Modified Electrode for the Detection of Escherichia coli in Water

by Yining Fan, Yanran Liu, Guanyue Gao, Hanxin Zhang and Jinfang Zhi

Chemosensors 2023, 11(8), 458; https://doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors11080458 - 15 Aug 2023

Viewed by 1034

Abstract

The routine monitoring of bacterial populations is crucial for ensuring water quality and safeguarding public health. Thus, an electrochemical sensor based on a 1,10-phenanthroline-5,6-dione-modified electrode was developed and explored for the detection of E. coli. The modified electrode exhibited enhanced NADH oxidation [...] Read more.

The routine monitoring of bacterial populations is crucial for ensuring water quality and safeguarding public health. Thus, an electrochemical sensor based on a 1,10-phenanthroline-5,6-dione-modified electrode was developed and explored for the detection of E. coli. The modified electrode exhibited enhanced NADH oxidation ability at a low potential of 0.1 V, which effectively eliminated the interference from other redox compounds in bacteria. The sensitivity for NADH was 0.222 μA/μM, and the limit of detection was 0.0357 μM. Upon cell lysis, the intracellular NADH was released, and the concentration of E. coli was determined through establishing the relationship between the oxidation current signal and NADH concentration. The performance of the electrochemical sensor in the detection of NADH and E. coli suspensions was validated using the WST-8 colorimetric method. The blank recovery experiment in real water samples exhibited good accuracy, with recovery rates ranging from 89.12% to 93.26% and relative standard deviations of less than 10%. The proposed electrochemical sensor realized the detection of E. coli without the usage of biomarkers, which provides a promising approach for the broad-spectrum detection of microbial contents in complex water environments. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bionic Recognition and Biosensors: A Theme Issue in Honor of Professor Hong-Yuan Chen)

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12 pages, 3151 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Visual Measurement of Fumonisin B₁ with Bipolar Electrodes Array-Based Electrochemiluminescence Biosensor

by Longsheng Jin, Huihui Yu, Weishuai Liu, Ziying Xiao, Haijian Yang, Bing Jin and Meisheng Wu

Chemosensors 2023, 11(8), 451; https://doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors11080451 - 12 Aug 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 842

Abstract

Fumonisin B₁ (FB₁) is a toxin produced by the metabolism of Fusarium oxysporum, which can cause serious effects on the nervous, respiratory, digestive, and reproductive systems of humans or animals; it is known as one of the highly toxic epidemic [...] Read more.

Fumonisin B₁ (FB₁) is a toxin produced by the metabolism of Fusarium oxysporum, which can cause serious effects on the nervous, respiratory, digestive, and reproductive systems of humans or animals; it is known as one of the highly toxic epidemic contaminants. Herein, we report the visual inspection of FB₁ using bipolar electrodes (BPEs) with an array-based electrochemiluminescence (ECL) platform. The sensor consists of a PDMS cover and a glass substrate containing an array of 10 ITO electrodes. A specific sensing interface was constructed on the cathode of the BPE, which could modulate the ECL reactions that occurred at the anode of BPEs. To amplify the ECL signal, methylene blue (MB)-encapsulated Zr-MOFs (MB@Zr-MOFs) were synthesized and immobilized on the cathode of the BPE, which could amplify the ECL signal at the anode. By coupling the cyclic amplification effect of the DNA walker and nicking endonuclease (Nb.BbvCI), the biosensor can realize the visual measurement of FB₁ in the range of 5 × 10⁻⁵~0.5 ng/mL. In addition, the developed biosensor was used to monitor the concentration of FB₁ in maize and peanut samples. The recoveries were in the range of 99.2%~110.6%, which demonstrated the good accuracy of the designed BPE-ECL biosensor for FB₁ assay in food samples. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bionic Recognition and Biosensors: A Theme Issue in Honor of Professor Hong-Yuan Chen)

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13 pages, 2800 KiB

Open AccessArticle

NaBH₄-Mediated Co-Reduction Synthesis of Glutathione Stabilized Gold/Silver Nanoclusters for Detection of Magnesium Ions

by Weiwei Chen, Yiying Chen, Xianhu Zhu, Miaomiao Xu, Zhihao Han, Lianhui Wang and Lixing Weng

Chemosensors 2023, 11(8), 435; https://doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors11080435 - 05 Aug 2023

Viewed by 872

Abstract

The content of magnesium ions (Mg²⁺) in drinking water is relatively high and the excessive Mg²⁺ ingestion may lead to pathological lesions in the human body system. At present, the detection of Mg²⁺ still relies on costly devices or/and [...] Read more.

The content of magnesium ions (Mg²⁺) in drinking water is relatively high and the excessive Mg²⁺ ingestion may lead to pathological lesions in the human body system. At present, the detection of Mg²⁺ still relies on costly devices or/and complex organic fluorescence probes. To solve this problem, this work proposed a NaBH₄-mediated co-reduction strategy for the synthesis of glutathione-stabilized bimetallic AuAg nanoclusters (GSH@AuAg NCs) with performance recognition to Mg²⁺. The preparation of GSH@AuAg NCs was simple and rapid and could be performed at mild conditions. The reaction parameters and sampling orders were optimized to understand the formation mechanism of GSH@AuAg NCs. The GSH@AuAg NCs exhibited a sensitive “light on” fluorescence response to Mg²⁺ due to the re-molding of the interfacial physicochemical environment following the Mg²⁺ coordination, which affected the surface charge transfer process, and thus led to a novel method for fluorescence detection of Mg²⁺ with admirable selectivity for Mg²⁺. The proposed method showed a detection limit of 0.2 μM, and its practical utility for the detection of Mg²⁺ in a real sample of purified drinking water was also demonstrated, confirming its practicability in monitoring the Mg²⁺ concentration in drinking water. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bionic Recognition and Biosensors: A Theme Issue in Honor of Professor Hong-Yuan Chen)

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11 pages, 2316 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Fluorophores-Assisted Excitation Emission Matrix Fluorescence Method for the Origin Traceability of Lily

by Huan Fang, Hailong Wu, Tong Wang, Yao Chen and Ruqin Yu

Chemosensors 2023, 11(8), 426; https://doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors11080426 - 01 Aug 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 778

Abstract

In this work, a fluorophores-assisted excitation/emission matrix (EEM) fluorescence method was proposed to trace the origin of lily in the Chinese market. There are few active components in lilies that have fluorescent signals, and too few characteristic variables may lead to unsatisfactory accuracy [...] Read more.

In this work, a fluorophores-assisted excitation/emission matrix (EEM) fluorescence method was proposed to trace the origin of lily in the Chinese market. There are few active components in lilies that have fluorescent signals, and too few characteristic variables may lead to unsatisfactory accuracy in the subsequent classification. Therefore, three fluorophores, 2-Aminoethyl diphenylborinate (DPBA), o-Phthalaldehyde (OPA) and Rhodamine B (RB), were used to enrich the information of the fluorescent fingerprint of lily, which can improve the classification accuracy. The lily samples were characterized by using EEM fluorescence coupled with the alternating trilinear decomposition (ATLD) algorithm, which was able to extract information of various fluorophores in lily samples. Two chemical pattern recognition methods, principal component analysis-linear discriminant analysis (PCA-LDA) and partial least squares-discrimination analysis (PLS-DA), were used to model and trace the origin of different lilies. When the fluorophores were added, the accuracy of the test set and prediction set obtained by the classification model increased from 71.4% to 92.9% and 66.7% to 100%, respectively. The proposed method combined fluorophores-assisted EEM fluorescence with multi-way chemometric methods to extract comprehensive information on the samples, which provided a potential method for the origin traceability of traditional Chinese medicine. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bionic Recognition and Biosensors: A Theme Issue in Honor of Professor Hong-Yuan Chen)

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10 pages, 1642 KiB

Open AccessCommunication

Determination of Extra- and Intra-Cellular pH Using Characteristic Absorption of Water by Near-Infrared Spectroscopy

by Jiani Li, Fanfan Liang, Li Han, Xiaoxuan Yu, Dingbin Liu, Wensheng Cai and Xueguang Shao

Chemosensors 2023, 11(8), 425; https://doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors11080425 - 01 Aug 2023

Viewed by 900

Abstract

Accurate determination of extra-cellular pH (pHe) and intra-cellular pH (pHi) is important to cancer diagnosis and treatment because tumor cells exhibit a lower pHe and a slightly higher pHi than normal cells. In this work, the characteristic absorption of water in the near-infrared [...] Read more.

Accurate determination of extra-cellular pH (pHe) and intra-cellular pH (pHi) is important to cancer diagnosis and treatment because tumor cells exhibit a lower pHe and a slightly higher pHi than normal cells. In this work, the characteristic absorption of water in the near-infrared (NIR) region was utilized for the determination of pHe and pHi. Dulbecco’s modified eagle medium (DMEM) and bis (2-ethylhexyl) succinate sodium sulfonate reverse micelles (RM) were employed to simulate the extra- and intra-cellular fluids, respectively. Continuous wavelet transform (CWT) was used to enhance the resolution of the spectra. Quantitative models for pHe and pHi were established using partial least squares (PLS) regression, producing relative errors of validation samples in a range of −0.74–2.07% and −1.40–0.83%, respectively. Variable selection was performed, and the correspondence between the selected wavenumbers and water structures was obtained. Therefore, water with different hydrogen bonds may serve as a good probe to sense pH within biological systems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bionic Recognition and Biosensors: A Theme Issue in Honor of Professor Hong-Yuan Chen)

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11 pages, 2239 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Electrochemical Detection of Tumor Cell-Derived Exosomes Based on Cyclic Enzyme Scission and Hybridization Chain Reaction Dual-Signal Amplification

by Die Sun, Qunqun Guo, Hui Zhang and Chenxin Cai

Chemosensors 2023, 11(7), 415; https://doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors11070415 - 23 Jul 2023

Viewed by 1293

Abstract

Tumor cell-derived exosomes are considered a potential source of cancer biomarkers. Here, we developed an electrochemical sensing platform for the rapid and simple detection of exosomes, using the CCRF-CEM exosome as a model. The platform utilizes cyclic nicking enzyme cleavage and a hybridization [...] Read more.

Tumor cell-derived exosomes are considered a potential source of cancer biomarkers. Here, we developed an electrochemical sensing platform for the rapid and simple detection of exosomes, using the CCRF-CEM exosome as a model. The platform utilizes cyclic nicking enzyme cleavage and a hybridization chain reaction (HCR) for dual-signal amplification. A hairpin aptamer probe (HAP) containing an aptamer was designed for the assay. The specific binding between the aptamer and PTK7, present on the exosome surface, causes a conformational change in the HAP. This facilitates hybridization between the HAP and the linker DNA, which subsequently triggers cyclic cleavage of the nicking endonuclease towards the linker DNA. Therefore, exosome detection is transformed into DNA detection. By combining this approach with HCR signal amplification, we achieved high-sensitivity electrochemical detection of CCRF-CEM exosomes, down to 1.1 × 10⁴ particles/mL. Importantly, this assay effectively detected tumor exosomes in complex biological fluids, demonstrating the potential for clinical diagnosis. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bionic Recognition and Biosensors: A Theme Issue in Honor of Professor Hong-Yuan Chen)

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12 pages, 4747 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Paper-Based Multicolor Colorimetric Aptasensor for the Visual Determination of Multiple Sulfonamides Based on Aptamer-Functionalized Magnetic Beads and NADH–Ascorbic Acid-Mediated Gold Nanobipyramids

by Meiling Ping, Wenchao Lv, Chen Yang, Qian Chen, Zongwen Wang and Fengfu Fu

Chemosensors 2023, 11(7), 386; https://doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors11070386 - 09 Jul 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1109

Abstract

It is crucial that simple and high-throughput methods for determining multiple, or groups of, sulfonamides (SAs) be developed since they are widely used in animal husbandry and aquaculture. We developed a paper-based multicolor colorimetric aptasensor to detect 3 SAs: sulfaquinoxaline (SQ), sulfamethoxypyridazine (SMP) [...] Read more.

It is crucial that simple and high-throughput methods for determining multiple, or groups of, sulfonamides (SAs) be developed since they are widely used in animal husbandry and aquaculture. We developed a paper-based multicolor colorimetric aptasensor to detect 3 SAs: sulfaquinoxaline (SQ), sulfamethoxypyridazine (SMP) and sulfamethoxydiazine (SMD). Using a broad-specificity aptamer as a bioreceptor, we reduced the growth of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide I (NADH)–ascorbic acid (AA)-mediated gold nanobipyramids (AuNBPs) to generate a multicolor signal. We also used a paper-based analytical device (PAD) system to deposit AuNBPs for a sensitive color signal read out. The aptasensor can detect more color changes corresponding to the concentrations of SQ, SMP and SMD and has higher sensitivity, better specificity and stability. It can also be used to determine SQ, SMP and SDM individually, or collectively, or any two together with a visual detection limit of 0.3–1.0 µM, a spectrometry quantification limit (LOQ) of 0.3–0.5 µM and a spectrometry detection limits (LOD) of 0.09–0.15 µM. The aptasensor was successfully used to determine SQ, SMP and SDM in fish muscle with a recovery of 89–94% and a RSD n = 5) < 8%, making it a promising method for the rapid screening of total SQ, SMP and SDM residue in seafood. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bionic Recognition and Biosensors: A Theme Issue in Honor of Professor Hong-Yuan Chen)

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12 pages, 2333 KiB

Open AccessArticle

DNAzymes-Embedded Framework Nucleic Acids (FNAzymes) for Metal Ions Imaging in Living Cells

by Dan Zhu, Jiaxuan Huang, Yanting Xia, Shao Su, Xiaolei Zuo, Qian Li and Lianhui Wang

Chemosensors 2023, 11(7), 358; https://doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors11070358 - 25 Jun 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 987

Abstract

Simultaneous and non-destructive quantitative detection of intracellular metal ions holds great promise for improving the accuracy of diagnosis and biological research. Herein, novel multicolor DNAzymes-embedded framework nucleic acids (FNAzymes) were presented, which can easily enter cells and achieve simultaneous and quantitative detection of [...] Read more.

Simultaneous and non-destructive quantitative detection of intracellular metal ions holds great promise for improving the accuracy of diagnosis and biological research. Herein, novel multicolor DNAzymes-embedded framework nucleic acids (FNAzymes) were presented, which can easily enter cells and achieve simultaneous and quantitative detection of intracellular physiologically related Cu²⁺ and Zn²⁺. Two types of DNAzymes, specific to Cu²⁺ and Zn²⁺, were encoded in the framework nucleic acids (FNAs) via self-assembly. With the formation of a well-ordered FNAzyme nanostructure, the fluorophore and the quencher were close to each other; therefore, the fluorescence was quenched. In the presence of Cu²⁺ and Zn²⁺, the integrated FNAzymes would be specifically cleaved, resulting in the release of fluorophores in cells. Consequently, the fluorescence in living cells could be observed by a confocal microscope and semi-quantitatively analyzed by flow cytometry with low-nanomolar sensitivity for both metal ions. The FNAzymes have high uniformity and structural accuracy, which are beneficial for intracellular detection with excellent reproducibility. This proposed method offers new opportunities for non-destructive, semi-quantitative, multi-target detection in living cells. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bionic Recognition and Biosensors: A Theme Issue in Honor of Professor Hong-Yuan Chen)

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14 pages, 1657 KiB

Open AccessArticle

MoS₂@Au as Label for Sensitive Sandwich-Type Immunoassay of Neuron-Specific Enolase

by Yingying Wang, Huixin Wang, Yaliang Bai, Guanhui Zhao, Nuo Zhang, Yong Zhang, Yaoguang Wang and Hong Chi

Chemosensors 2023, 11(6), 349; https://doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors11060349 - 19 Jun 2023

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1046

Abstract

Neuron-specific enolase (NSE) has gained extensive attention as a reliable target for detecting small cell carcinoma of lungs. In this paper, an electrochemical immunoassay method based on molybdenum disulfide (MoS₂) is proposed to detect NSE sensitively. By an in-situ growth method, [...] Read more.

Neuron-specific enolase (NSE) has gained extensive attention as a reliable target for detecting small cell carcinoma of lungs. In this paper, an electrochemical immunoassay method based on molybdenum disulfide (MoS₂) is proposed to detect NSE sensitively. By an in-situ growth method, MoS₂ and Au nanoclusters (Au NCs) were composited to form a MoS₂@Au nanozyme, and then the secondary antibodies were modified. Primary antibodies were immobilized on amino-reduced graphene oxides to capture NSE. The flower-like MoS₂ nanozyme provided abundant sites to load Au NCs and catalyze the decomposition of H₂O₂, which were beneficial to amplify an amperometric response as well as build up sensitivity. Under optimum conditions, the detection range of this strategy was 0.1 pg·mL⁻¹–10 ng·mL⁻¹ and the limit of detection was 0.05 pg·mL⁻¹. This sensing strategy achieved the prospect of sensitively detecting NSE. Moreover, the prepared electrochemical immunosensor provides a theoretical basis and technical support for the detection of other disease markers. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bionic Recognition and Biosensors: A Theme Issue in Honor of Professor Hong-Yuan Chen)

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16 pages, 3309 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Direct Electrochemical Analysis in Seawater: Evaluation of Chloride and Bromide Detection

by Yuqi Chen and Richard G. Compton

Chemosensors 2023, 11(5), 297; https://doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors11050297 - 18 May 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1791

Abstract

Chloride and bromide are two of the most abundant anions found in seawater, and knowledge of their concentrations is essential for environmental monitoring. However, the analysis of chloride and bromide in seawater is challenging due to the complex nature of the seawater matrix. [...] Read more.

Chloride and bromide are two of the most abundant anions found in seawater, and knowledge of their concentrations is essential for environmental monitoring. However, the analysis of chloride and bromide in seawater is challenging due to the complex nature of the seawater matrix. From an electrochemical perspective, we investigate the suitability of three types of electrode (Au, glassy carbon and Pt) for the analysis of Cl⁻ and/or Br⁻ in seawater. With the understanding of their electrochemical behaviours in artificial seawater (ASW), optimal voltammetric procedures for their detection are developed. The results show that the Au electrode is unsuitable for use as a Cl⁻ and/or Br⁻ sensor due to its dissolution and passivation in ASW. The use of glassy carbon resulted in poorly defined chloride and bromide signals. Finally, platinum was found to be a good candidate for chloride detection in artificial seawater using square wave voltammetry, and the results obtained in natural seawater via electrochemical measurement were in good agreement with those obtained via ion chromatography. Platinum electrodes are also recommended for bromide analysis. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bionic Recognition and Biosensors: A Theme Issue in Honor of Professor Hong-Yuan Chen)

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10 pages, 2215 KiB

Open AccessCommunication

Screening the Specific Surface Area for Metal-Organic Frameworks by Cataluminescence

by Zenghe Li, Danning Pei, Rui Tian and Chao Lu

Chemosensors 2023, 11(5), 292; https://doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors11050292 - 14 May 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1653

Abstract

Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) are famous for their large surface area, which is responsible for the dispersed active sites and decent behaviors in gas adsorption, storage, and catalytic reactions. However, it remains a great challenge to acquire a cost-effective and accurate evaluation on the [...] Read more.

Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) are famous for their large surface area, which is responsible for the dispersed active sites and decent behaviors in gas adsorption, storage, and catalytic reactions. However, it remains a great challenge to acquire a cost-effective and accurate evaluation on the surface area for the MOFs. In this work, we have proposed cataluminescence (CTL) to evaluate the specific surface area for the MOFs, based on the adsorption–desorption and the catalytic reaction of ethanol. Aluminum-based MOFs with large-pore (lp), narrow-pore (np), and medium-pore (mp-130, mp-140, and mp-150 synthesized under 130, 140, and 150 °C) have been prepared. Distinguished CTL signals were acquired from ethanol in the presence of these MOFs: lp > mp-150 > mp-130 > mp-140 > np. Note that the CTL intensities were positively correlated with the specific surface areas of these MOFs acquired by the Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) method. The distinct specific surface area of MOFs determined the capacity to accommodate and activate ethanol, leading to the varied CTL intensity signals. Therefore, the proposed CTL could be utilized for the rapid and accurate evaluation of the specific surface area for MOFs. It is believed that this CTL strategy showed great possibilities in the structural evaluation for various porous materials. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bionic Recognition and Biosensors: A Theme Issue in Honor of Professor Hong-Yuan Chen)

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11 pages, 2585 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Aptamer Sensor Based on Hybrid Chain Reaction and CRISPR-Cas9 System for STX Detection

by Qinguo Zhao, Guizhen Li and Xuemei Li

Chemosensors 2023, 11(3), 183; https://doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors11030183 - 09 Mar 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1384

Abstract

In recent years, pollution incidents caused by red tide occur frequently, and the red tide biotoxins brought by it make the food safety problem of seafood become a difficult problem to be solved urgently, which has caused great damage to the mariculture industry. [...] Read more.

In recent years, pollution incidents caused by red tide occur frequently, and the red tide biotoxins brought by it make the food safety problem of seafood become a difficult problem to be solved urgently, which has caused great damage to the mariculture industry. Red tide toxin is also known as “shellfish toxin”. Saxitoxin (STX), is one of the strongest paralytic shellfish toxins and is also one of the most toxic marine toxins, which is extremely harmful. Aiming at the problems existing in the current research on the detection of red tide biotoxin in complex water bodies, this research developed an aptamer sensor based on hybrid chain reaction and a CRISPR-Cas9 gene editing system to detect the toxins of the clam and analyzed the feasibility of this method for the detection of the toxins of the clam. The results showed that the linear range of this method is 5.0 fM to 50 pM, and the detection limit is 1.2 fM. Meanwhile, the recovery rate of this sensor for the detection of toxins is 102.4–104.1% when applied in shellfish extract, which shows significant specificity and the reliability of this detection method. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bionic Recognition and Biosensors: A Theme Issue in Honor of Professor Hong-Yuan Chen)

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11 pages, 2064 KiB

Open AccessArticle

An Aptamer Biosensing Strategy for Label-Free Assay of Dual Acute Myocardial Infarction Biomarkers Built upon AuNPs/Ti₃C₂-MXenes

by Xiaona Mi, Huiling Li and Yifeng Tu

Chemosensors 2023, 11(3), 157; https://doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors11030157 - 24 Feb 2023

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 1540

Abstract

The sensitive quantification of cardiac troponin I (cTnI) and myoglobin (Myo) in blood is essential for an early emergency diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction (AMI). Attributed to AuNPs and a titanium element on the surface of the AuNPs/Ti₃C₂-MXenes hybrid, [...] Read more.

The sensitive quantification of cardiac troponin I (cTnI) and myoglobin (Myo) in blood is essential for an early emergency diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction (AMI). Attributed to AuNPs and a titanium element on the surface of the AuNPs/Ti₃C₂-MXenes hybrid, each respective aptamer strand can be immobilized on. In this work, a nanohybrid was deposited on amino-functionalized indium tin oxide (ITO) via an Au–N bond; thereafter, it could catch cTnI-specific, thiol-functionalized DNA aptamer through Au–S self-assembly or Myo-aptamer via adsorption and metal chelate interaction between phosphate groups and titanium for specific recognition. Both using [Fe(CN)₆]^3−/4− as a signaling probe, the differential pulse voltammetric (DPV) current of the cTnI-aptasensor decreased after binding with cTnI, while the other responded to Myo via the impedimetric measurement. These developed biosensors enable the response to the femtogram/mL level cTnI or nanogram/mL level Myo. Remarkably, the proposed aptasensors exhibit high sensitivity and specificity for targets and display great potential for applications in clinic diagnosis. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bionic Recognition and Biosensors: A Theme Issue in Honor of Professor Hong-Yuan Chen)

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12 pages, 2508 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Sensitive Immunochromatographic Test Strip Based on Hydrophobic Quantum Dots Incorporated into Mg/Fe Nanoflowers for HCG Detection

by Hao Liu, Qing Zhang, Ning Bao and Shou-Nian Ding

Chemosensors 2023, 11(2), 114; https://doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors11020114 - 03 Feb 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1671

Abstract

As the most widely used disposable paper-based diagnostic tool in the world, immunochromatographic test strips (ICTS) have occupied more and more positions in the field of rapid diagnosis due to their ease of operation and affordability. Therefore, the development of an easily prepared, [...] Read more.

As the most widely used disposable paper-based diagnostic tool in the world, immunochromatographic test strips (ICTS) have occupied more and more positions in the field of rapid diagnosis due to their ease of operation and affordability. Therefore, the development of an easily prepared, sensitive, and accurate signal reporter is of great significance for the detection of some low-abundance biomarkers in clinical diagnosis. Herein, Mg/Fe layered double hydroxide nanoflowers (MF NFs) were selected as adsorption templates and sulfhydryl-functionalized, followed by one-step loading of hydrophobic CdSe/ZnS quantum dots in the organic phase via a metal-thiol covalent bond. After coating the reporter with branched polyethyleneimine (PEI), a novel ICTS fluorescent reporter was prepared. The modification of PEI not only improved the hydrophilicity of MF@CdSe/ZnS NFs but also introduced amino functional groups on the surface of the reporter for subsequent conjugation with antibodies. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, UV-vis absorption, X-ray diffraction, fluorescence spectroscopy, and infrared spectroscopy were used to characterize the composition of MF@CdSe/ZnS NFs. Under the optimal experimental conditions, the detection range of MF@CdSe/ZnS@PEI-ICTS for the model analyte HCG was 0.1–500 mIU/mL, and the limit of detection (LOD) reached was 0.1 mIU/mL. The potential for practical application was validated by the detection of HCG in spiked healthy human serum, showing overall recoveries between 90.48 and 116.1% with coefficients of variation that ranged from 3.66 to 12.91%. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bionic Recognition and Biosensors: A Theme Issue in Honor of Professor Hong-Yuan Chen)

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15 pages, 2220 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Droplet-Based Microfluidic Platform for High Spatiotemporal Resolved Single-Cell Signaling Profiling

by Yingnan Sun, Qingqing Tian, Yongshu Liu, Kunming Xing, Yuyan Li, Yumin Liu and Shusheng Zhang

Chemosensors 2022, 10(12), 521; https://doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors10120521 - 08 Dec 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1353

Abstract

A small indentation embedded in a microchannel creates a surface energy well (SEW) for a confined droplet due to surface energy release. Inspired by this, we developed a SEW-based microfluidic platform to realize high spatiotemporal-resolved signal profiling at the single-cell level applying droplet [...] Read more.

A small indentation embedded in a microchannel creates a surface energy well (SEW) for a confined droplet due to surface energy release. Inspired by this, we developed a SEW-based microfluidic platform to realize high spatiotemporal-resolved signal profiling at the single-cell level applying droplet stimulus on a single chip. The method allows for controlled droplet replacement within only 3 s with almost 100% exchange efficiency, reliable single-cell patterning of adherent cells and successive treatment of adherent cells with reagent droplets. Furthermore, the PDGFR/Akt pathway served as a model system for evaluating the performance of the SEW-based method in determining the effects of ligand stimulation duration (3 s to 3 min) on receptor phosphorylation. The novel strategy offers a general platform for probing the temporal dynamics of single cells, as well for monitoring rapid chemical reactions in various applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bionic Recognition and Biosensors: A Theme Issue in Honor of Professor Hong-Yuan Chen)

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Review

Jump to: Research, Other

16 pages, 2103 KiB

Open AccessReview

Electrochemiluminescence Detection and Imaging of Biomolecules at the Single-Cell Level

by Xiaofan He, Yufei Deng, Dechen Jiang and Danjun Fang

Chemosensors 2023, 11(10), 538; https://doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors11100538 - 12 Oct 2023

Viewed by 1429

Abstract

Electrochemiluminescence (ECL) is an electrochemically induced light produced by the excitation of luminophores in redox reactions. For the past twenty years, ECL analysis has been continuously developed and applied for the sensitive detection of biomolecules at the single-cell level due to its low [...] Read more.

Electrochemiluminescence (ECL) is an electrochemically induced light produced by the excitation of luminophores in redox reactions. For the past twenty years, ECL analysis has been continuously developed and applied for the sensitive detection of biomolecules at the single-cell level due to its low background interference and the resultant high sensitivity. In recent times, ECL-based microscopy has combined the elements of imaging and has thus emerged as a fast-developed imaging tool to visualize biomolecules in single cells. The surface-confined features of ECL imaging provide detailed information about cell membranes that is not easily obtained using classical fluorescence microscopy. In this review, we summarize the recent works on the detection and imaging of biomolecules at the single-cell level using ECL and discuss the development prospects and challenges in the biological application of this technology in the field of cell analysis. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bionic Recognition and Biosensors: A Theme Issue in Honor of Professor Hong-Yuan Chen)

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18 pages, 2987 KiB

Open AccessReview

Research Progress on Bionic Recognition and Biosensors for the Detection of Biomarkers of Diabetic Nephropathy

by Ye Tian, Lili Gao, Abubakar Abdussalam and Guobao Xu

Chemosensors 2023, 11(10), 510; https://doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors11100510 - 22 Sep 2023

Viewed by 1111

Abstract

Diabetic nephropathy (DN) refers to kidney damage caused by diabetes and is one of the major microvascular complications of diabetes. This disease has a certain degree of concealment in the early stage, with clinical symptoms appearing later and a higher mortality rate. Therefore, [...] Read more.

Diabetic nephropathy (DN) refers to kidney damage caused by diabetes and is one of the major microvascular complications of diabetes. This disease has a certain degree of concealment in the early stage, with clinical symptoms appearing later and a higher mortality rate. Therefore, the detection of early biomarkers for DN is of great importance in reducing kidney function damage. The common biomarkers for DN mainly include glomerular and tubular lesion markers. At present, clinical diagnosis often uses a combination of multiple indicators and symptoms, and the development of a simple, efficient, and sensitive multi-marker detection platform is particularly important for the early diagnosis of DN. In recent years, with the vigorous development of various biomimetic molecular recognition technologies, biomimetic recognition biosensors (BRBS) have many advantages, such as easy preparation, low cost, high stability, and repeatability under harsh environmental conditions, and have great application potential in the analysis of DN biomarkers. This article reviews the research progress of molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) construction technology and aptamers assembly technology developed in the field of biomimetic sensor research in recent years, as well as the detection of DN biomarkers based on BRBS, and prospects for their development. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bionic Recognition and Biosensors: A Theme Issue in Honor of Professor Hong-Yuan Chen)

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22 pages, 9466 KiB

Open AccessReview

Design of DNA-Based Artificial Transmembrane Channels for Biosensing and Biomedical Applications

by Wanyu Xu, Hui Chen, Yang Li, Shuangna Liu, Kemin Wang and Jianbo Liu

Chemosensors 2023, 11(9), 508; https://doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors11090508 - 18 Sep 2023

Viewed by 1531

Abstract

Biomolecular channels on the cell membrane are essential for transporting substances across the membrane to maintain cell physiological activity. Artificial transmembrane channels used to mimic biological membrane channels can regulate intra/extracellular ionic and molecular homeostasis, and they elucidate cellular structures and functionalities. Due [...] Read more.

Biomolecular channels on the cell membrane are essential for transporting substances across the membrane to maintain cell physiological activity. Artificial transmembrane channels used to mimic biological membrane channels can regulate intra/extracellular ionic and molecular homeostasis, and they elucidate cellular structures and functionalities. Due to their program design, facile preparation, and high biocompatibility, DNA nanostructures have been widely used as scaffolds for the design of artificial transmembrane channels and exploited for ionic and molecular transport and biomedical applications. DNA-based artificial channels can be designed from two structural modules: DNA nanotubes/nanopores as transport modules for mass transportation and hydrophobic segments as anchor modules for membrane immobilization. In this review, various lipophilic modification strategies for the design of DNA channels and membrane insertion are outlined. Several types of DNA transmembrane channels are systematically summarized, including DNA wireframe channels, DNA helix bundle channels, DNA tile channels, DNA origami channels, and so on. We then discuss efforts to exploit them in biosensor and biomedical applications. For example, ligand-gated and environmental stimuli-responsive artificial transmembrane channels have been designed for transmembrane signal transduction. DNA-based artificial channels have been developed for cell mimicry and the regulation of cell behaviors. Finally, we provide some perspectives on the challenges and future developments of artificial transmembrane channel research in biomimetic science and biomedical applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bionic Recognition and Biosensors: A Theme Issue in Honor of Professor Hong-Yuan Chen)

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23 pages, 2755 KiB

Open AccessReview

Chemical Sensing and Analysis with Optical Nanostructures

by Chenyu Dong, Yifan Wang, Xiaoyan Zhao, Jie Bian and Weihua Zhang

Chemosensors 2023, 11(9), 497; https://doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors11090497 - 09 Sep 2023

Viewed by 1201

Abstract

Nanostructures and nanomaterials, especially plasmonic nanostructures, often show optical properties that conventional materials lack and can manipulate light, as well as various light–matter interactions, in both their near-field and far-field regions with a high efficiency. Thanks to these unique properties, not only can [...] Read more.

Nanostructures and nanomaterials, especially plasmonic nanostructures, often show optical properties that conventional materials lack and can manipulate light, as well as various light–matter interactions, in both their near-field and far-field regions with a high efficiency. Thanks to these unique properties, not only can they be used to enhance the sensitivity of chemical sensing and analysis techniques, but they also provide a solution for designing new sensing devices and simplifying the design of analytical instruments. The earliest applications of optical nanostructures are surface-enhanced spectroscopies. With the help of the resonance field enhancement of plasmonic nanostructures, molecular signals, such as Raman, infrared absorption, and fluorescence can be significantly enhanced, and even single-molecule analysis can be realized. Moreover, the resonant field enhancements of plasmonic nanostructures are often associated with other effects, such as optical forces, resonance shifts, and photothermal effects. Using these properties, label-free plasmonic sensors, nano-optical tweezers, and plasmonic matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization have also been demonstrated in the past two decades. In the last few years, the research on optical nanostructures has gradually expanded to non-periodic 2D array structures, namely metasurfaces. With the help of metasurfaces, light can be arbitrarily manipulated, leading to many new possibilities for developing miniaturized integrated intelligent sensing and analysis systems. In this review, we discuss the applications of optical nanostructures in chemical sensing and analysis from both theoretical and practical aspects, aiming at a concise and unified framework for this field. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bionic Recognition and Biosensors: A Theme Issue in Honor of Professor Hong-Yuan Chen)

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22 pages, 4866 KiB

Open AccessReview

Recent Progress in Electrochemical Aptasensors: Construction and Application

by Renqiang Yuan, Jing Cai, Haojie Ma, Yi Luo, Lianhui Wang and Shao Su

Chemosensors 2023, 11(9), 488; https://doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors11090488 - 04 Sep 2023

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2038

Abstract

Electrochemical aptasensors have gained significant attention due to their exceptional sensitivity, selectivity, stability, and rapid response, combining the advantages of electrochemical techniques with the specific recognition ability of aptamers. This review aims to provide a comprehensive summary of the recent advances in electrochemical [...] Read more.

Electrochemical aptasensors have gained significant attention due to their exceptional sensitivity, selectivity, stability, and rapid response, combining the advantages of electrochemical techniques with the specific recognition ability of aptamers. This review aims to provide a comprehensive summary of the recent advances in electrochemical aptasensors. Firstly, the construction method and the advantages of electrochemical aptasensors are introduced. Subsequently, the review highlights the application progress of electrochemical aptasensors in detecting various chemical and biological molecules, including metal ions, small biological molecules, drugs, proteins, exosomes, tumor cells, bacteria, and viruses. Lastly, the prospects and challenges associated with electrochemical aptasensors are discussed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bionic Recognition and Biosensors: A Theme Issue in Honor of Professor Hong-Yuan Chen)

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22 pages, 4756 KiB

Open AccessReview

Single-Atom Nanomaterials in Electrochemical Sensors Applications

by Jinglin Fu and Yang Liu

Chemosensors 2023, 11(9), 486; https://doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors11090486 - 03 Sep 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1222

Abstract

In recent years, the development of highly sensitive sensors has become a popular research topic. Some functional nanomaterials occupy an important position in the sensing field by virtue of their unique structures and catalytic properties, but there are still problems such as low [...] Read more.

In recent years, the development of highly sensitive sensors has become a popular research topic. Some functional nanomaterials occupy an important position in the sensing field by virtue of their unique structures and catalytic properties, but there are still problems such as low sensitivity and poor specificity. Single-atom nanomaterials (SANs) show significant advantages in amplifying sensing signals and improving sensor interference resistance due to their high atomic utilization, structural simplicity, and homogeneity. They are expected to achieve high sensitivity and high specificity monitoring by modulating the active sites. In this review, the recent progress on SANs for electrochemical sensing applications was summarized. We first briefly summarize the features and advantages of single-atom catalysts. Then recent advances in the regulation of reaction sites in noble and non-noble metal-based SANs, including the introduction of defects in the carrier, other metal atoms, and ligand atoms, were highlighted. After that, the SANs for the construction of electrochemical, electrochemiluminescent (ECL), and photoelectrochemical (PEC) sensors and their applications in biochemical and environmental analysis were demonstrated. Finally, the future research aspect of SANs-based electrochemical sensing and the challenges of the SANs design and structure-properties revelation were illustrated, giving guidance on sensitive and accurate biosensing toward clinic diagnostic and environmental analysis. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bionic Recognition and Biosensors: A Theme Issue in Honor of Professor Hong-Yuan Chen)

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32 pages, 5140 KiB

Open AccessReview

Recent Advances in Functionalization Strategies for Biosensor Interfaces, Especially the Emerging Electro-Click: A Review

by Feiyu Wang, Yiwen Xie, Weijie Zhu and Tianxiang Wei

Chemosensors 2023, 11(9), 481; https://doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors11090481 - 01 Sep 2023

Viewed by 1517

Abstract

The functionalization of biosensor interfaces constitutes a crucial aspect of biosensing systems, as it directly governs key characteristics, including sensitivity, selectivity, accuracy, and rapidity. Among the diverse range of functionalization strategies available for biosensor interfaces, the click reaction has emerged as an exceptionally [...] Read more.

The functionalization of biosensor interfaces constitutes a crucial aspect of biosensing systems, as it directly governs key characteristics, including sensitivity, selectivity, accuracy, and rapidity. Among the diverse range of functionalization strategies available for biosensor interfaces, the click reaction has emerged as an exceptionally straightforward and stable approach for modifying electrodes and sensing films. Notably, the electro-click reaction enables the reagent-free functionalization of the biosensing interface, offering significant advantages, such as high speed, selectivity, and minimal pollution. Consequently, this strategy has garnered substantial attention and is widely regarded as a promising avenue for enhancing biosensor interface functionalization. Within this comprehensive review, we commence by presenting the latest advancements in functionalized biosensor interfaces, organizing the regulatory strategies into distinct categories based on the mediators employed, ranging from nanomaterials to biomolecules. Subsequently, we provide a comprehensive summary with an emphasis on recently developed electro-click strategies for functionalizing electrochemical and optical biosensor interfaces, covering both principles and applications. It is our anticipation that gaining a profound understanding of the principles and applications underlying electro-click strategies for biosensor interface functionalization will facilitate the design of highly selective and sensitive biosensor systems for diverse domains, such as clinical, pharmaceutical, environmental, and food analyses. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bionic Recognition and Biosensors: A Theme Issue in Honor of Professor Hong-Yuan Chen)

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38 pages, 4407 KiB

Open AccessReview

Recent Advances in Wearable Sensors for the Monitoring of Sweat: A Comprehensive Tendency Summary

by Zhe Xing, Jianan Hui, Bo Lin, Zhenhua Wu and Hongju Mao

Chemosensors 2023, 11(9), 470; https://doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors11090470 - 23 Aug 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 3599

Abstract

Sweat, as a biofluid that is easy to extract and contains a variety of biomarkers, can provide various types of physiological information for health monitoring. In recent years, research on wearable sensors for sweat sensing has been emerging continuously. Wearable sweat sensing will [...] Read more.

Sweat, as a biofluid that is easy to extract and contains a variety of biomarkers, can provide various types of physiological information for health monitoring. In recent years, research on wearable sensors for sweat sensing has been emerging continuously. Wearable sweat sensing will probably become an alternative method to traditional chemical analysis. This is due to its advantages of portability, non-invasiveness, comfort, and continuous monitoring. Since the inception of this research field, wearable sweat sensors have achieved significant development in terms of materials, structures, systems, and application directions. Research interests are gradually evolving from single biomarker detection to the pursuit of multi-channel, multi-modal system-level architecture. The analysis of physiological signals has also developed from single signal characterization to omics analysis using multiple physiological information sources. Based on the changes mentioned above, this paper mainly introduces the latest researches of wearable sweat sensors from the aspects of strategy, architecture, material, system, data processing, etc., and tries to summarize the trends of sweat sensors. Finally, this paper analyzes the challenges faced by the sensing platform and possible methods for optimization. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bionic Recognition and Biosensors: A Theme Issue in Honor of Professor Hong-Yuan Chen)

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25 pages, 3886 KiB

Open AccessReview

Aptamer–Molecularly Imprinted Polymer Multiple-Recognition System: Construction and Application

by Kangping Ning, Yingzhuo Shen, Yao Yao, Wenzheng Xie, Cheng Ma and Qin Xu

Chemosensors 2023, 11(8), 465; https://doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors11080465 - 18 Aug 2023

Viewed by 901

Abstract

Molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) and aptamers (Apts) are widely used in substance detection due to their specific recognition abilities. However, both of them have limitations in terms of stability or sensitivity. Therefore, an increasingly employed strategy is to combine MIPs and aptamers to [...] Read more.

Molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) and aptamers (Apts) are widely used in substance detection due to their specific recognition abilities. However, both of them have limitations in terms of stability or sensitivity. Therefore, an increasingly employed strategy is to combine MIPs and aptamers to form mixed components for detecting various substances, such as viruses, bacteria, proteins, heavy-metal ions, and hormones. The aim of this review is to provide a comprehensive summary of the scientific research conducted on the construction and application of aptamer–MIP multiple-recognition components in the past five years. It also aims to analyze their research and development strategies, construction mechanisms, advantages, and potential applications, as well as limitations and current challenges that need to be addressed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bionic Recognition and Biosensors: A Theme Issue in Honor of Professor Hong-Yuan Chen)

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25 pages, 8049 KiB

Open AccessReview

Recent Advances in Rational Design and Engineering of Signal-Amplifying Substrates for Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering-Based Bioassays

by Song Gao, Zhanchen Guo and Zhen Liu

Chemosensors 2023, 11(8), 461; https://doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors11080461 - 16 Aug 2023

Viewed by 1437

Abstract

In recent decades, surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) has become a powerful detection scheme for many applications, particularly bioassays, due to its unique strengths, such as its ultrasensitive performance. Due to the development of various SERS substrates, more SERS-based bioassays with improved sensitivity and [...] Read more.

In recent decades, surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) has become a powerful detection scheme for many applications, particularly bioassays, due to its unique strengths, such as its ultrasensitive performance. Due to the development of various SERS substrates, more SERS-based bioassays with improved sensitivity and reproducibility have been designed and manufactured. SERS is able to provide the intrinsic vibration information of molecules through the unique Raman fingerprint to enable direct detection and quantitation. Meanwhile, with the assistance of Raman-active labels, biomolecules, like proteins and nucleic acids, can be detected by the immunosandwich assay. In this review, we focus on the rational design and engineering of signal-enhancing substrates for SERS-based bioassays. Those substrates are classified into two categories, i.e., nanoparticles in colloidal suspension and nanostructures on a solid support. Each category is discussed in detail with stress on their biomedical application potential. Afterward, we summarize the SERS-based assays of proteins, nucleic acids, and viruses, for which both label-free and labeled approaches play important roles. Finally, we present the remaining challenges in the field of SERS-based bioassays and sketch out promising directions for future development. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bionic Recognition and Biosensors: A Theme Issue in Honor of Professor Hong-Yuan Chen)

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20 pages, 5050 KiB

Open AccessReview

Advances in the Application of Nano-Enzymes in the Electrochemical Detection of Reactive Oxygen Species: A Review

by Rongwei Gao and Shujuan Bao

Chemosensors 2023, 11(8), 440; https://doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors11080440 - 07 Aug 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1408

Abstract

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) play an important role in maintaining human health and are recognized as indicators of oxidative stress linked to various conditions such as neurodegenerative and cardiovascular diseases, as well as cancer. Consequently, detecting ROS levels in biological systems is crucial [...] Read more.

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) play an important role in maintaining human health and are recognized as indicators of oxidative stress linked to various conditions such as neurodegenerative and cardiovascular diseases, as well as cancer. Consequently, detecting ROS levels in biological systems is crucial for biomedical and analytical research. Electrochemical approaches offer promising opportunities for ROS determination due to their exceptional sensitivity, speed, and simplicity of equipment. This review covers studies using advanced electrochemical nanozyme sensors for detecting ROS in biological samples that were published over the last ten years, from 2013 to 2023. Emphasis is placed on the sensor materials and different types of modifiers employed for selective ROS detection. Furthermore, a comprehensive analysis of the sensors’ selectivity was performed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bionic Recognition and Biosensors: A Theme Issue in Honor of Professor Hong-Yuan Chen)

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17 pages, 5450 KiB

Open AccessReview

Near-Infrared-II Fluorophores for In Vivo Multichannel Biosensing

by Feng Ren, Tuanwei Li, Tingfeng Yao, Guangcun Chen, Chunyan Li and Qiangbin Wang

Chemosensors 2023, 11(8), 433; https://doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors11080433 - 04 Aug 2023

Viewed by 1151

Abstract

The pathological process involves a range of intrinsic biochemical markers. The detection of multiple biological parameters is imperative for providing precise diagnostic information on diseases. In vivo multichannel fluorescence biosensing facilitates the acquisition of biochemical information at different levels, such as tissue, cellular, [...] Read more.

The pathological process involves a range of intrinsic biochemical markers. The detection of multiple biological parameters is imperative for providing precise diagnostic information on diseases. In vivo multichannel fluorescence biosensing facilitates the acquisition of biochemical information at different levels, such as tissue, cellular, and molecular, with rapid feedback, high sensitivity, and high spatiotemporal resolution. Notably, fluorescence imaging in the near-infrared-II (NIR-II) window (950–1700 nm) promises deeper optical penetration depth and diminished interferential autofluorescence compared with imaging in the visible (400–700 nm) and near-infrared-I (NIR-I, 700–950 nm) regions, making it a promising option for in vivo multichannel biosensing toward clinical practice. Furthermore, the use of advanced NIR-II fluorophores supports the development of biosensing with spectra-domain, lifetime-domain, and fluorescence-lifetime modes. This review summarizes the versatile designs and functions of NIR-II fluorophores for in vivo multichannel biosensing in various scenarios, including biological process monitoring, cellular tracking, and pathological analysis. Additionally, the review briefly discusses desirable traits required for the clinical translation of NIR-II fluorophores such as safety, long-wavelength emission, and clear components. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bionic Recognition and Biosensors: A Theme Issue in Honor of Professor Hong-Yuan Chen)

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30 pages, 3556 KiB

Open AccessReview

Recent Advances in Electrochemiluminescence Emitters for Biosensing and Imaging of Protein Biomarkers

by Lei Yang and Jinghong Li

Chemosensors 2023, 11(8), 432; https://doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors11080432 - 04 Aug 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1429

Abstract

Electrochemiluminescence (ECL) is a light-emitting process triggered by the high energy redox between electrochemically oxidized and reduced luminophores or some coreactive intermediate radicals, representing a blooming hot topic over decades with a wide variety of bioanalytical applications. Due to the superb sensitivity, ultralow [...] Read more.

Electrochemiluminescence (ECL) is a light-emitting process triggered by the high energy redox between electrochemically oxidized and reduced luminophores or some coreactive intermediate radicals, representing a blooming hot topic over decades with a wide variety of bioanalytical applications. Due to the superb sensitivity, ultralow background noise, specificity, ease of integration, and real-time and in situ analysis, ECL has been developed as a convenient and versatile technique for immunodiagnostics, nucleic acid analysis, and bioimaging. Discovering highly-efficient ECL emitters has been a promising subject that will benefit the development of sensitive bioanalytical methods with prominent potential prospects. To date, the interdisciplinary integrations of electrochemistry, spectroscopy, and nanoscience have brought up the continuous emergences of novel nanomaterials which can be flexibly conjugated with specific bio-recognition elements as functional ECL emitters for bioassays. Therefore, a critical overview of recent advances in developing highly-efficient ECL emitters for ultrasensitive detection of protein biomarkers is presented in this review, where six kinds of the most promising ECL nanomaterials for biosensing and imaging of various disease-related protein biomarkers are separately introduced with references to representative works. Finally, this review discusses the ongoing opportunities and challenges of ECL emitters in developing advanced bioassays for single-molecule analysis and spatiotemporally resolved imaging of protein biomarkers with future perspectives. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bionic Recognition and Biosensors: A Theme Issue in Honor of Professor Hong-Yuan Chen)

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32 pages, 7515 KiB

Open AccessReview

MOF-Based Materials for Glucose Detection

by Yiling Zhang, Qian Lin, Yiteng Song, Jiaqi Huang, Miaomiao Chen, Runqi Ouyang, Si-Yang Liu and Zong Dai

Chemosensors 2023, 11(8), 429; https://doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors11080429 - 02 Aug 2023

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2501

Abstract

Metal–organic frameworks (MOFs), constructed by coordination between metal-containing nodes and organic linkers, are widely used in various fields due to the advantages of tunable pores, diverse functional sites, stable structure, and multi-functionality. It should be noted that MOF-based materials play a major role [...] Read more.

Metal–organic frameworks (MOFs), constructed by coordination between metal-containing nodes and organic linkers, are widely used in various fields due to the advantages of tunable pores, diverse functional sites, stable structure, and multi-functionality. It should be noted that MOF-based materials play a major role in glucose detection, serving as a signal transducer or functional substrate for embedding nanoparticles/enzymes. Diabetes is one of the most common and fast-growing diseases worldwide, whose main clinical manifestation is high blood sugar levels. Therefore, accurate, sensitive, and point-of-care glucose detection is necessary. This review orderly introduces general synthetic strategies of MOF-based materials (pristine MOF, nanoparticles, or enzymes-modified MOF and MOF-derived materials) and detection methods (electrochemical and optical methods) for glucose detection. Then, the review refers to the novel MOF-based glucose detection devices (flexible wearable devices and microfluidic chips), which enable non-invasive continuous glucose monitoring or low-cost microscale detection. On the basis of describing the development of glucose sensors based on MOF materials in the past five years, the review presents merits, demerits, and possible improvements of various detection methods. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bionic Recognition and Biosensors: A Theme Issue in Honor of Professor Hong-Yuan Chen)

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22 pages, 6097 KiB

Open AccessReview

A Review on Non-Noble Metal Substrates for Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering Detection

by Ying Chen, Yuling Hu and Gongke Li

Chemosensors 2023, 11(8), 427; https://doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors11080427 - 01 Aug 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1283

Abstract

Surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS), a powerful spectroscopic technique owing to its abundant vibrational fingerprints, has been widely employed for the assay of analytes. It is generally considered that one of the critical factors determining the SERS performance is the property of the substrate [...] Read more.

Surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS), a powerful spectroscopic technique owing to its abundant vibrational fingerprints, has been widely employed for the assay of analytes. It is generally considered that one of the critical factors determining the SERS performance is the property of the substrate materials. Apart from noble metal substrates, non-noble metal nanostructured materials, as emerging new substrates, have been extensively studied for SERS research by virtue of their superior biocompatibility, good chemical stability, outstanding selectivity, and unique physicochemical properties such as adjustable band structure and carrier concentration. Herein, in this review, we summarized the research on the analytical application of non-noble metal SERS substrates from three aspects. Firstly, we started with an introduction to the possible enhancement mechanism of non-noble metal substrates. Then, as a guideline for substrates design, several main types of materials, including carbon nanomaterials, transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs), metal oxides, metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), transition metal carbides and nitrides (MXenes), and conjugated polymers were discussed. Finally, we especially emphasized their analytical application, such as the detection of pollutants and biomarkers. Moreover, the challenges and attractive research prospects of non-noble metal SERS substrates in practical application were proposed. This work may arouse more awareness of the practical application of the non-noble metal material-based SERS substrates, especially for bioanalysis. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bionic Recognition and Biosensors: A Theme Issue in Honor of Professor Hong-Yuan Chen)

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21 pages, 4339 KiB

Open AccessReview

Electrochemical Biosensing Methods for Detecting Epigenetic Modifications

by Ziyue Huang, Yanzhi Dou, Jing Su, Tie Li and Shiping Song

Chemosensors 2023, 11(8), 424; https://doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors11080424 - 01 Aug 2023

Viewed by 1072

Abstract

Epigenetic modifications are closely related to diseases and physiological health, mainly including DNA methylation, RNA methylation, histone acetylation, and noncoding RNA. Recently, a large amount of research has been conducted on the detection of epigenetic modifications. Electrochemical biosensors, with their low cost, high [...] Read more.

Epigenetic modifications are closely related to diseases and physiological health, mainly including DNA methylation, RNA methylation, histone acetylation, and noncoding RNA. Recently, a large amount of research has been conducted on the detection of epigenetic modifications. Electrochemical biosensors, with their low cost, high sensitivity, high compatibility, and simple operation, have been widely used in the detection of epigenetic biomarkers. This review discusses the detection of epigenetic biomarkers using different electrochemical sensing methods. Here we discuss various aspects, including free labels, signal labeling, signal amplification, nano-based electrodes, and the combined use of other methods. By summarizing the existing electrochemical detection methods for epigenetic modifications, this review also proposes future development trends and challenges for electrochemical biosensors in this field. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bionic Recognition and Biosensors: A Theme Issue in Honor of Professor Hong-Yuan Chen)

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20 pages, 6867 KiB

Open AccessReview

Framework-Enhanced Electrochemiluminescence in Biosensing

by Haomin Fu, Zhiyuan Xu, Hanlin Hou, Rengan Luo, Huangxian Ju and Jianping Lei

Chemosensors 2023, 11(8), 422; https://doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors11080422 - 28 Jul 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1219

Abstract

Electrochemiluminescence (ECL) has attracted increasing attention owing to its intrinsic advantages of high sensitivity, good stability, and low background. Considering the fact that framework nanocrystals such as metal–organic frameworks and covalent organic frameworks have accurate molecular structures, a series of framework-based ECL platforms [...] Read more.

Electrochemiluminescence (ECL) has attracted increasing attention owing to its intrinsic advantages of high sensitivity, good stability, and low background. Considering the fact that framework nanocrystals such as metal–organic frameworks and covalent organic frameworks have accurate molecular structures, a series of framework-based ECL platforms are developed for decoding emission fundamentals. The integration of fluorescent ligands into frameworks significantly improves the ECL properties due to the arrangement of molecules and intramolecular electron transfer. Moreover, the various framework topologies can be easily functionalized with the recognition elements to trace the targets for signal readout. These ECL enhancement strategies lead to a series of sensitive analytical methods for protein biomarkers, DNA, small biomolecules, and cells. In this review, we summarize recent advances in various functions of frameworks during the ECL process, and constructions of framework-based ECL platforms for biosensing. The framework-based ECL nanoemitters and enhancement mechanisms show both theoretical innovation and potential applications in designing ECL biosensing systems. Perspectives are also discussed, which may give a guideline for researchers in the fields of ECL biosensing and reticular materials. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bionic Recognition and Biosensors: A Theme Issue in Honor of Professor Hong-Yuan Chen)

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17 pages, 2910 KiB

Open AccessReview

Current Status and Prospect of Diabetes Diagnosis and Treatment Based on Biosensing Technology

by Xinyi Xu, Xuemei Wang and Hui Jiang

Chemosensors 2023, 11(7), 391; https://doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors11070391 - 13 Jul 2023

Viewed by 1481

Abstract

Diabetes mellitus has increasingly become a threat to health all over the world. This review focuses on the promoting effect of biosensing technology on the diagnosis and treatment of diabetes mellitus. Types of diabetes and their corresponding pathogeneses are first introduced, followed by [...] Read more.

Diabetes mellitus has increasingly become a threat to health all over the world. This review focuses on the promoting effect of biosensing technology on the diagnosis and treatment of diabetes mellitus. Types of diabetes and their corresponding pathogeneses are first introduced, followed by the diabetes prevalence and research progress at home and abroad. To emphasize the importance of diabetes diagnosis and treatment, we secondly summarize the breakthrough technology in this field based on biosensing technology at the present stage. In terms of diagnosis, diversified ways of blood glucose detection and multiple combinations of diabetes biomarkers are discussed, while a variety of insulin administration routes and non-drug treatment means are presented in the aspect of treatment. In conclusion, the prospect of the future development of diabetes diagnosis and treatment is put forward at the end of the review. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bionic Recognition and Biosensors: A Theme Issue in Honor of Professor Hong-Yuan Chen)

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21 pages, 13550 KiB

Open AccessReview

DNA-Programmed Biomolecular Spatial Pattern Recognition

by Yue Wang, Lei Ren, Hongzhen Peng, Linjie Guo and Lihua Wang

Chemosensors 2023, 11(7), 362; https://doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors11070362 - 27 Jun 2023

Viewed by 1250

Abstract

Molecular recognition based on non-covalent interactions between two or more molecules plays a crucial role in biological systems. Specific biological molecule recognition has been widely applied in biotechnology, clinical diagnosis, and treatment. The efficiency and affinity of molecular recognition are greatly determined by [...] Read more.

Molecular recognition based on non-covalent interactions between two or more molecules plays a crucial role in biological systems. Specific biological molecule recognition has been widely applied in biotechnology, clinical diagnosis, and treatment. The efficiency and affinity of molecular recognition are greatly determined by the spatial conformation of biomolecules. The designability of DNA nanotechnology makes possible the precise programming of the spatial conformation of biomolecules including valency and spacing, further achieving spatial pattern recognition regulation between biomolecules. This review summarizes recent achievements with DNA-based molecular spatial pattern recognition systems, the important factors affecting spatial pattern recognition, and their applications in biosensing, bioimaging, and targeted therapy. The future challenges in and development of this field are discussed and prospected. This review will provide valuable guidance for the creation of new DNA tools to enhance the efficiency and specificity of biomolecular recognition. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bionic Recognition and Biosensors: A Theme Issue in Honor of Professor Hong-Yuan Chen)

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14 pages, 2678 KiB

Open AccessPerspective

Linkage Pathways of DNA–Nanoparticle Conjugates and Biological Applications

by Shan Huang and Jun-Jie Zhu

Chemosensors 2023, 11(8), 444; https://doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors11080444 - 10 Aug 2023

Viewed by 1063

Abstract

DNA–nanoparticle conjugates have extraordinary optical and catalytic properties that have attracted great interest in biosensing and biomedical applications. Combining these special qualities has made it possible to create extremely sensitive and selective biomolecule detection methods, as well as effective nanopharmaceutical carriers and therapy [...] Read more.

DNA–nanoparticle conjugates have extraordinary optical and catalytic properties that have attracted great interest in biosensing and biomedical applications. Combining these special qualities has made it possible to create extremely sensitive and selective biomolecule detection methods, as well as effective nanopharmaceutical carriers and therapy medications. In particular, inorganic nanoparticles, such as metal nanoparticles, metal–organic framework nanoparticles, or upconversion nanoparticles with relatively inert surfaces can easily bind to DNA through covalent bonds, ligand bonds, electrostatic adsorption, biotin–streptavidin interactions and click chemistry to form DNA–nanoparticle conjugates for a broad range of applications in biosensing and biomedicine due to their exceptional surface modifiability. In this review, we summarize the recent advances in the assembly mechanism of DNA–nanoparticle conjugates and their biological applications. The challenges of designing DNA–nanoparticle conjugates and their further applications are also discussed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bionic Recognition and Biosensors: A Theme Issue in Honor of Professor Hong-Yuan Chen)

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14 pages, 1958 KiB

Open AccessPerspective

Mass Spectrometry-Based Biosensing and Biopsy Technology

by Fengjian Chu, Wei Wei, Nazifi Sani Shuaibu, Hongru Feng, Xiaozhi Wang and Yuanjiang Pan

Chemosensors 2023, 11(8), 419; https://doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors11080419 - 26 Jul 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1212

Abstract

Sensitive and accurate detection of biomolecules by multiplexed methods is important for disease diagnosis, drug research, and biochemical analysis. Mass spectrometry has the advantages of high sensitivity, high throughput, and high resolution, making it ideal for biomolecular sensing. As a result of the [...] Read more.

Sensitive and accurate detection of biomolecules by multiplexed methods is important for disease diagnosis, drug research, and biochemical analysis. Mass spectrometry has the advantages of high sensitivity, high throughput, and high resolution, making it ideal for biomolecular sensing. As a result of the development of atmospheric pressure mass spectrometry, researchers have been able to use a variety of means to identify target biomolecules and recognize the converted signals by mass spectrometry. In this review, three main approaches and tools are summarized for mass spectrometry sensing and biopsy techniques, including array biosensing, probe/pen-based mass spectrometry, and other biosensor–mass spectrometry coupling techniques. Portability and practicality of relevant mass spectrometry sensing methods are reviewed, together with possible future directions to promote the advancement of mass spectrometry for target identification of biomolecules and rapid detection of real biological samples. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bionic Recognition and Biosensors: A Theme Issue in Honor of Professor Hong-Yuan Chen)

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