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Molecular and Cellular Basis of Ectopic Fat Deposition in the...
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Molecular and Cellular Basis of Ectopic Fat Deposition in the Heart

A special issue of Cells (ISSN 2073-4409). This special issue belongs to the section "Tissues and Organs".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 October 2022) | Viewed by 12869

Special Issue Editors

Prof. Bénédicte Gaborit

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Inserm U1062, Inra U1260, Aix Marseille Université, Faculté de Médecine, 27 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13385 Marseille, France
Interests: epicardial adipose tissue; MRI; MRS; ectopic fat; myocardial triglyceride content; metabolic diseases; lipodystrophies
Prof. Anne Dutour

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Inserm U1062, Inra U1260, Aix Marseille Université, Faculté de Médecine, 27 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13385 Marseille, France
Interests: obesity; diabetes; ectopic fat
Prof. Catherine Badens

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Inserm U1251, MMG, Aix Marseille Université, Faculté de Médecine, 27 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13385 Marseille, France
Interests: nuclear envelope; lamins; LINC complex

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Ectopic fat deposition in the heart has been neglected for a long time, but it has recently become a new area of research focus. The unique anatomic location of cardiac fat likely translates into a unique physiological relevance and pathophysiological role for this ectopic fat depot. Far from being an inert and uniform tissue, epicardial adipose tissue (EAT) has been shown to be a dynamic organ with highly developed functions, secretory capacities, and a unique transcriptome that are determined by its developmental origin, regenerative potential, and molecular structure. It had been poorly studied for a long time because of the small amount of EAT found in rodents and because of the difficulties faced by the researchers for biological studies requiring open cardiac surgery. However, imaging studies have provided new noninvasive tools for EAT and intramyocardial fat quantification, and recent studies have paved the way for identifying new cellular characteristics of this ectopic adipose tissue composed of immune cells, adipocytes, and adipose stem cells. The cross-talk between EAT cells, cardiomyocytes, and vascular cells is fascinating.

For this Special Issue, all kinds of studies related to the interrelation between immune cells and ectopic adipose tissue development are encouraged, as are studies considering the links between ectopic adipose tissue and cardiovascular diseases. Expert articles describing mechanistic, functional, cellular, biochemical, or general aspects of epicardial or ectopic adipose tissue development are highly welcome, including animal models with lack of adipose tissue development or in vitro studies related to lipodystrophic syndromes. We look forward to submissions that not only demonstrate new molecular mechanisms but also validate the existing research on ectopic adipose tissue inflammation, browning/beiging, or development (adipose stem cells). This translational Special Issue will focus on the pathogenesis of cardiac (epicardial or intramyocardial) ectopic fat and its links with coronary artery disease, atrial fibrillation, or left ventricular function. Submissions related to new methods for noninvasive quantification of epicardial or myocardial triglyceride content or their cellular content, such as CT-TDM radiodensity, MRI, 1H-MRS, or artificial intelligence (AI)-based methods, are highly welcome.

Prof. Bénédicte Gaborit
Prof. Anne Dutour
Prof. Catherine Badens
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Cells is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2700 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • epicardial adipose tissue
  • myocardial triglycerides
  • ectopic fat
  • cardiovascular diseases
  • lipodystrophy
  • adipose tissue
  • stem cells
  • inflammation
  • beiging
  • immunity
  • MRI
  • proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy
  • artificial intelligence

Published Papers (4 papers)

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Research

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13 pages, 567 KiB  
Article
Growth Hormone Secretory Capacity Is Associated with Cardiac Morphology and Function in Overweight and Obese Patients: A Controlled, Cross-Sectional Study
by Elena Gangitano, Giuseppe Barbaro, Martina Susi, Rebecca Rossetti, Maria Elena Spoltore, Davide Masi, Rossella Tozzi, Stefania Mariani, Lucio Gnessi and Carla Lubrano
Cells 2022, 11(15), 2420; https://doi.org/10.3390/cells11152420 - 04 Aug 2022
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1551
Abstract
Obesity is associated with increased cardiovascular morbidity. Adult patients with growth hormone deficiency (GHD) show morpho-functional cardiological alterations. A total of 353 overweight/obese patients are enrolled in the period between 2009 and 2019 to assess the relationships between GH secretory capacity and the [...] Read more.
Obesity is associated with increased cardiovascular morbidity. Adult patients with growth hormone deficiency (GHD) show morpho-functional cardiological alterations. A total of 353 overweight/obese patients are enrolled in the period between 2009 and 2019 to assess the relationships between GH secretory capacity and the metabolic phenotype, cardiovascular risk factors, body composition and cardiac echocardiographic parameters. All patients underwent GHRH + arginine test to evaluate GH secretory capacity, DEXA for body composition assessment and transthoracic echocardiography. Blood samples are also collected for the evaluation of metabolic parameters. In total, 144 patients had GH deficiency and 209 patients had normal GH secretion. In comparing the two groups, we found significant differences in body fat distribution with predominantly visceral adipose tissue accumulation in GHD patients. Metabolic syndrome is more prevalent in the GHD group. In particular, fasting glycemia, triglycerides and systolic and diastolic blood pressure are found to be linearly correlated with GH secretory capacity. Epicardial fat thickness, E/A ratio and indexed ventricular mass are worse in the GHD group. In the population studied, metabolic phenotype, body composition, cardiovascular risk factors and cardiac morphology are found to be related to the GH secretory capacity. GH secretion in the obese patient seems to be an important determinant of metabolic health. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Molecular and Cellular Basis of Ectopic Fat Deposition in the Heart)
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14 pages, 1829 KiB  
Article
Automatic Deep-Learning Segmentation of Epicardial Adipose Tissue from Low-Dose Chest CT and Prognosis Impact on COVID-19
by Axel Bartoli, Joris Fournel, Léa Ait-Yahia, Farah Cadour, Farouk Tradi, Badih Ghattas, Sébastien Cortaredona, Matthieu Million, Adèle Lasbleiz, Anne Dutour, Bénédicte Gaborit and Alexis Jacquier
Cells 2022, 11(6), 1034; https://doi.org/10.3390/cells11061034 - 18 Mar 2022
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2632
Abstract
Background: To develop a deep-learning (DL) pipeline that allowed an automated segmentation of epicardial adipose tissue (EAT) from low-dose computed tomography (LDCT) and investigate the link between EAT and COVID-19 clinical outcomes. Methods: This monocentric retrospective study included 353 patients: 95 for training, [...] Read more.
Background: To develop a deep-learning (DL) pipeline that allowed an automated segmentation of epicardial adipose tissue (EAT) from low-dose computed tomography (LDCT) and investigate the link between EAT and COVID-19 clinical outcomes. Methods: This monocentric retrospective study included 353 patients: 95 for training, 20 for testing, and 238 for prognosis evaluation. EAT segmentation was obtained after thresholding on a manually segmented pericardial volume. The model was evaluated with Dice coefficient (DSC), inter-and intraobserver reproducibility, and clinical measures. Uni-and multi-variate analyzes were conducted to assess the prognosis value of the EAT volume, EAT extent, and lung lesion extent on clinical outcomes, including hospitalization, oxygen therapy, intensive care unit admission and death. Results: The mean DSC for EAT volumes was 0.85 ± 0.05. For EAT volume, the mean absolute error was 11.7 ± 8.1 cm3 with a non-significant bias of −4.0 ± 13.9 cm3 and a correlation of 0.963 with the manual measures (p < 0.01). The multivariate model providing the higher AUC to predict adverse outcome include both EAT extent and lung lesion extent (AUC = 0.805). Conclusions: A DL algorithm was developed and evaluated to obtain reproducible and precise EAT segmentation on LDCT. EAT extent in association with lung lesion extent was associated with adverse clinical outcomes with an AUC = 0.805. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Molecular and Cellular Basis of Ectopic Fat Deposition in the Heart)
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Review

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28 pages, 1343 KiB  
Review
Browning Epicardial Adipose Tissue: Friend or Foe?
by Elisa Doukbi, Astrid Soghomonian, Coralie Sengenès, Shaista Ahmed, Patricia Ancel, Anne Dutour and Bénédicte Gaborit
Cells 2022, 11(6), 991; https://doi.org/10.3390/cells11060991 - 14 Mar 2022
Cited by 16 | Viewed by 4691
Abstract
The epicardial adipose tissue (EAT) is the visceral fat depot of the heart which is highly plastic and in direct contact with myocardium and coronary arteries. Because of its singular proximity with the myocardium, the adipokines and pro-inflammatory molecules secreted by this tissue [...] Read more.
The epicardial adipose tissue (EAT) is the visceral fat depot of the heart which is highly plastic and in direct contact with myocardium and coronary arteries. Because of its singular proximity with the myocardium, the adipokines and pro-inflammatory molecules secreted by this tissue may directly affect the metabolism of the heart and coronary arteries. Its accumulation, measured by recent new non-invasive imaging modalities, has been prospectively associated with the onset and progression of coronary artery disease (CAD) and atrial fibrillation in humans. Recent studies have shown that EAT exhibits beige fat-like features, and express uncoupling protein 1 (UCP-1) at both mRNA and protein levels. However, this thermogenic potential could be lost with age, obesity and CAD. Here we provide an overview of the physiological and pathophysiological relevance of EAT and further discuss whether its thermogenic properties may serve as a target for obesity therapeutic management with a specific focus on the role of immune cells in this beiging phenomenon. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Molecular and Cellular Basis of Ectopic Fat Deposition in the Heart)
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Other

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10 pages, 3436 KiB  
Systematic Review
Effect of SGLT2-Inhibitors on Epicardial Adipose Tissue: A Meta-Analysis
by Walter Masson, Augusto Lavalle-Cobo and Juan Patricio Nogueira
Cells 2021, 10(8), 2150; https://doi.org/10.3390/cells10082150 - 20 Aug 2021
Cited by 36 | Viewed by 3175
Abstract
(1) Sodium–glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors (SGLT2-i) reduce adipose tissue and cardiovascular events in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D). Accumulation of epicardial adipose tissue (EAT) is associated with increased cardio-metabolic risks and obstructive coronary disease events in patients with T2D. (2) We performed a [...] Read more.
(1) Sodium–glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors (SGLT2-i) reduce adipose tissue and cardiovascular events in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D). Accumulation of epicardial adipose tissue (EAT) is associated with increased cardio-metabolic risks and obstructive coronary disease events in patients with T2D. (2) We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis of SGLT2-i therapy on T2D patients, reporting data on changes in EAT after searching the PubMed/MEDLINE, Embase, Science Direct, Scopus, Google Scholar, and Cochrane databases. A random effects or fixed effects model meta-analysis was then applied. (3) Results: A total of three studies (n = 64 patients with SGLT2-i, n = 62 with standard therapy) were included in the final analysis. SGLT2 inhibitors reduced EAT (SMD: −0.82 (−1.49; −0.15); p < 0.0001). An exploratory analysis showed that HbA1c was significantly reduced with SGLT2-i use, while body mass index was not significantly reduced with this drug. (4) Conclusions: This meta-analysis suggests that the amount of EAT is significantly reduced in T2D patients with SGLT2-i treatment. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Molecular and Cellular Basis of Ectopic Fat Deposition in the Heart)
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