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Atmosphere
Special Issues
Transport and Deposition of Ultrafine Particles and Its Health Effects
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Transport and Deposition of Ultrafine Particles and Its Health Effects

A special issue of Atmosphere (ISSN 2073-4433). This special issue belongs to the section "Air Quality and Human Health".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (1 October 2022) | Viewed by 11787

Special Issue Editor

Dr. Jingliang Dong

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Mechanical & Automotive Engineering, School of Engineering, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC 3000, Australia
Interests: computational fluid dynamics (CFD); inhalation toxicology; fluid structure interaction (FSI); multiphase flow modelling; thermodynamics; heat transfer

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

The positive connection between airborne particulate matter (PM) and cardiorespiratory morbidity and mortality is now widely recognized. Many epidemiological studies have demonstrated that ultrafine particles (UFPs) transported in the air in urban regions (commonly of diameters less than 100 µm) tend to produce greater adverse respiratory effects than coarse PM particles. Meanwhile, pharmaceutical particles containing ultrafine powders are increasingly used for the inhalation therapy of various diseases. Compared to conventional micron particles, nanoscale particles can provide better dissolution of poorly soluble drugs and reduce the clearance rate of macrophages and mucus entanglement. Therefore, understanding the transport and deposition behaviors of UFPs and the associated health effects is of great importance for risk assessment of air pollution, inhaled aerosol drug delivery for the treatment of respiratory disease.

This Special Issue aims to present the latest research findings in the field of inhalation exposure to UFPs in urban environment. We encourage submissions that address the transport and distributions of UFPs due to air pollution in urban environment and the links between the exposure to UFPs and the health effects. This can include measurements and numerical predictions of UFPs in indoor or outdoor settings, ultrafine particle transport and deposition in various components of the respiratory system. Contributions may also include epidemiologic studies and surveys on the association between outdoor and indoor air pollution and adverse health effects, as well as discussion on recent advances in developing animal inhalation toxicity models for humans.

Dr. Jingliang Dong
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Atmosphere is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2400 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • airborne particulate matter
  • ultrafine particles
  • respiratory airways
  • particle transport and deposition
  • adverse health effects
  • animal inhalation models

Published Papers (4 papers)

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Research

Jump to: Review

22 pages, 4526 KiB  
Article
How Nanoparticle Aerosols Transport through Multi-Stenosis Sections of Upper Airways: A CFD-DPM Modelling
by Md Rabiul Islam, Puchanee Larpruenrudee, Md Mostafizur Rahman, Sana Ullah, Tapan Kumar Godder, Xinguang Cui, Hamidreza Mortazavy Beni, Kiao Inthavong, Jingliang Dong, Yuantong Gu and Mohammad S. Islam
Atmosphere 2022, 13(8), 1192; https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos13081192 - 28 Jul 2022
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2130
Abstract
Airway stenosis is a global respiratory health problem that is caused by airway injury, endotracheal intubation, malignant tumor, lung aging, or autoimmune diseases. A precise understanding of the airflow dynamics and pharmaceutical aerosol transport through the multi-stenosis airways is vital for targeted drug [...] Read more.
Airway stenosis is a global respiratory health problem that is caused by airway injury, endotracheal intubation, malignant tumor, lung aging, or autoimmune diseases. A precise understanding of the airflow dynamics and pharmaceutical aerosol transport through the multi-stenosis airways is vital for targeted drug delivery, and is missing from the literature. The object of this study primarily relates to behaviors and nanoparticle transport through the multi-stenosis sections of the trachea and upper airways. The combination of a CT-based mouth–throat model and Weibel’s model was adopted in the ANSYS FLUENT solver for the numerical simulation of the Euler–Lagrange (E-L) method. Comprehensive grid refinement and validation were performed. The results from this study indicated that, for all flow rates, a higher velocity was usually found in the stenosis section. The maximum velocity was found in the stenosis section having a 75% reduction, followed by the stenosis section having a 50% reduction. Increasing flow rate resulted in higher wall shear stress, especially in stenosis sections. The highest pressure was found in the mouth–throat section for all flow rates. The lowest pressure was usually found in stenosis sections, especially in the third generation. Particle escape rate was dependent on flow rate and inversely dependent on particle size. The overall deposition efficiency was observed to be significantly higher in the mouth–throat and stenosis sections compared to other areas. However, this was proven to be only the case for a particle size of 1 nm. Moreover, smaller nanoparticles were usually trapped in the mouth–throat section, whereas larger nanoparticle sizes escaped through the lower airways from the left side of the lung; this accounted for approximately 50% of the total injected particles, and 36% escaped from the right side. The findings of this study can improve the comprehensive understanding of airflow patterns and nanoparticle deposition. This would be beneficial in work with polydisperse particle deposition for treatment of comprehensive stenosis with specific drugs under various disease conditions. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Transport and Deposition of Ultrafine Particles and Its Health Effects)
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15 pages, 4277 KiB  
Article
Numerical Simulation of Aspergillus Niger Spore Deposition in Nasal Cavities of a Population in Northwest China
by Yusheng Wang, Jingliang Dong, Xiaole Chen, Miao Lou, Ruiping Ma, Zhenzhen Hu, Minjie Gong, Botao Wang, Zhenbo Tong, Hongxian Ren, Chaofan Li, Guoxi Zheng and Ya Zhang
Atmosphere 2022, 13(6), 911; https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos13060911 - 04 Jun 2022
Viewed by 2034
Abstract
Background: As common pathogens in the human respiratory tract, fungal-spore-related health risks have been challenging to evaluate properly. This paper presents numerical simulations of particle deposition of Aspergillus niger spores in human nasal cavities. Methods: 30 healthy adults (including 60 nasal chambers) who [...] Read more.
Background: As common pathogens in the human respiratory tract, fungal-spore-related health risks have been challenging to evaluate properly. This paper presents numerical simulations of particle deposition of Aspergillus niger spores in human nasal cavities. Methods: 30 healthy adults (including 60 nasal chambers) who lived in northwest China were recruited to conduct a nasal cavity numerical simulation using computational fluid dynamics–discrete phase model (CFD-DPM). The deposition rate in each anatomic area and its influencing variables, such as body position and respiratory flow rate, were analyzed. Results: (1) Under a resting condition, only about 5.57% ± 1.51% Aspergillus niger spores were deposited in the nasal cavity, while most of them escaped from the nasopharynx, and 0.31% ± 0.20% spores entered the maxillary sinus; (2) under an exercising condition, spores deposited in the nasal cavity were about 2.09 times as many as that in the resting state; (3) in a lying position, the A. niger spores deposited evenly on the lateral wall of the nasal cavity and the sinus when compared with a standing position. However, the deposition rate in each anatomic area did not change significantly. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Transport and Deposition of Ultrafine Particles and Its Health Effects)
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33 pages, 4206 KiB  
Article
New Homogeneous Spatial Areas Identified Using Case-Crossover Spatial Lag Grid Differences between Aerosol Optical Depth-PM2.5 and Respiratory-Cardiovascular Emergency Department Visits and Hospitalizations
by John T. Braggio, Eric S. Hall, Stephanie A. Weber and Amy K. Huff
Atmosphere 2022, 13(5), 719; https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos13050719 - 30 Apr 2022
Viewed by 2411
Abstract
Optimal use of Hierarchical Bayesian Model (HBM)-assembled aerosol optical depth (AOD)-PM2.5 fused surfaces in epidemiologic studies requires homogeneous temporal and spatial fused surfaces. No analytical method is available to evaluate spatial heterogeneity. The temporal case-crossover design was modified to assess the spatial [...] Read more.
Optimal use of Hierarchical Bayesian Model (HBM)-assembled aerosol optical depth (AOD)-PM2.5 fused surfaces in epidemiologic studies requires homogeneous temporal and spatial fused surfaces. No analytical method is available to evaluate spatial heterogeneity. The temporal case-crossover design was modified to assess the spatial association between four experimental AOD-PM2.5 fused surfaces and four respiratory–cardiovascular hospital events in 12 km2 grids. The maximum number of adjacent lag grids with significant odds ratios (ORs) identified homogeneous spatial areas (HOSAs). The largest HOSA included five grids (lag grids 04; 720 km2) and the smallest HOSA contained two grids (lag grids 01; 288 km2). Emergency department asthma and inpatient asthma, myocardial infarction, and heart failure ORs were significantly higher in rural grids without air monitors than in urban grids with air monitors at lag grids 0, 1, and 01. Rural grids had higher AOD-PM2.5 concentration levels, population density, and poverty percentages than urban grids. Warm season ORs were significantly higher than cold season ORs for all health outcomes at lag grids 0, 1, 01, and 04. The possibility of elevated fine and ultrafine PM and other demographic and environmental risk factors synergistically contributing to elevated respiratory–cardiovascular chronic diseases in persons residing in rural areas was discussed. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Transport and Deposition of Ultrafine Particles and Its Health Effects)
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Review

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26 pages, 1293 KiB  
Review
Cooking Particulate Matter: A Systematic Review on Nanoparticle Exposure in the Indoor Cooking Environment
by Joanna Izabela Lachowicz, Simone Milia, Mariusz Jaremko, Enrico Oddone, Emanuele Cannizzaro, Luigi Cirrincione, Ginevra Malta, Marcello Campagna and Luigi Isaia Lecca
Atmosphere 2023, 14(1), 12; https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos14010012 - 21 Dec 2022
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 4428
Abstract
Background: Cooking and fuel combustion in the indoor environment are major sources of respirable suspended particulate matter (RSPM), which is an excellent carrier of potentially harmful absorbed inorganic and organic compounds. Chronic exposure to RSPM can lead to acute pulmonary illness, asthma, cardiovascular [...] Read more.
Background: Cooking and fuel combustion in the indoor environment are major sources of respirable suspended particulate matter (RSPM), which is an excellent carrier of potentially harmful absorbed inorganic and organic compounds. Chronic exposure to RSPM can lead to acute pulmonary illness, asthma, cardiovascular disease, and lung cancer in people involved in cooking. Despite this, questions remain about the harmfulness of different particulate matter (PM) sources generated during cooking, and the factors influencing PM physico-chemical properties. The most reliable methods for sampling and analyzing cooking emissions remain only partially understood. Objectives: This review aims to comprehensively assess the risks of PM generated during cooking, considering the main sources of PM, PM chemical composition, and strategies for PM physico-chemical analysis. We present the first systematic analysis of PM sources and chemical composition related to cooking. We highlight significant differences between studies using different experimental conditions, with a lack of a standard methodology. Methods: Following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) statement rules and the Patient, Intervention, Comparison, and Outcome (PICO) strategy for scientific research, three different scientific databases (PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science) were screened to find scientific articles that measure, collect, and analyze the chemical composition of nanometer- and micrometer-sized PM generated during cooking activities under different conditions. Data are summarized to assess risk, evaluating the main sources and factors influencing PM generation, their chemical composition, and how they have been collected and analyzed in changing experimental conditions. Results: From 2474 search results, there were 55 studies that met our criteria. Overall, the main variable sources of PM in cooking activities relate to the stove and fuel type. The concentration and chemical–physical properties of PM are also strongly influenced by the food and food additive type, food processing type, cooking duration, temperature, and utensils. The most important factor influencing indoor PM concentration is ventilation. The PM generated during cooking activities is composed mainly of elemental carbon (EC) and its derivatives, and the porous structure of PM with high surface-to-volume ratio is a perfect carrier of inorganic and organic matter. Conclusions: This review reveals a growing interest in PM exposure during cooking activities and highlights significant variability in the chemical–physical properties of particles, and thus variable exposure risks. Precise risk characterization improves possible preventive strategies to reduce the risk of indoor pollutant exposure. However, comprehensive PM analysis needs proper sampling and analysis methods which consider all factors influencing the physico-chemical properties of PM in an additive and synergistic way. Our analysis highlights the need for method standardization in PM environmental analyses, to ensure accuracy and allow deeper comparisons between future studies. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Transport and Deposition of Ultrafine Particles and Its Health Effects)
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