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Applied Sciences
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Discovery and Research on Aquatic Microorganisms
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Discovery and Research on Aquatic Microorganisms

A special issue of Applied Sciences (ISSN 2076-3417). This special issue belongs to the section "Applied Microbiology".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (20 December 2021) | Viewed by 18416

Printed Edition Available!
A printed edition of this Special Issue is available here.

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Anna Poli

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Mycotheca Universitatis Taurinensis, Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino, Turin, Italy
Interests: marine fungi; systematic; phylogenesis; bioremediation; fungal ecology
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Valeria Prigione

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Mycotheca Universitatis Taurinensis, Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino, Turin, Italy
Interests: marine fungi; taxonomy; systematic; bioremediation; fungal ecology
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Aquatic environments, including freshwater and marine ecosystems, raw and treated sewage, sludge and sediments, are home to a huge variety of microorganisms that mediate the recycling of dissolved organic carbon and recalcitrant substrata into the food webs and the atmosphere. Archaea, Bacteria, Filamentous Fungi and Yeasts play a key role in degradation processes and many of them are used or have the potential to be harnessed in bioremediation. The importance of aquatic microorganisms has to be found in their physiology and behaviour: they can sink or float, some are motile, others adhere to a range of biotic and abiotic substrates (e.g. algae, invertebrates, sediments, driftwood etc.), they can form biofilms on surfaces, remain planktonic or produce a broad diversity of bioactive compounds.

By gathering a collection of papers focused on microorganisms in the over-cited environments, this Special Issue provides an opportunity to improve the current knowledge of aquatic microbial biodiversity.

We welcome manuscripts dealing with any of these topics and with the interactions between microbial communities and other aquatic substrata (e.g. algae, seagrasses, animals etc.)

Dr. Anna Poli
Dr. Valeria Prigione
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Applied Sciences is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2400 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

marine and freshwater ecosystems; fungi; archaea; bacteria; microalgae; polyphasic identification; systematics; phylogeny; culturomics; metabarcoding; secondary metabolites; bioactive compounds

Published Papers (7 papers)

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Editorial

Jump to: Research, Review, Other

2 pages, 166 KiB  
Editorial
Special Issue on Discovery and Research on Aquatic Microorganisms
by Anna Poli and Valeria Prigione
Appl. Sci. 2021, 11(24), 11973; https://doi.org/10.3390/app112411973 - 16 Dec 2021
Viewed by 1252
Abstract
The Special Issue entitled “Discovery and Research on Aquatic Microorganisms” wished to improve our knowledge on microorganisms living in aquatic environments [...] Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Discovery and Research on Aquatic Microorganisms)

Research

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11 pages, 1221 KiB  
Article
In Vitro Antibacterial Activity of Marine Microalgae Extract against Vibrio harveyi
by Mohd Ridzwan Jusidin, Rafidah Othman, Sitti Raehanah Muhamad Shaleh, Fui Fui Ching, Shigeharu Senoo and Siti Nur Hazwani Oslan
Appl. Sci. 2022, 12(3), 1148; https://doi.org/10.3390/app12031148 - 22 Jan 2022
Cited by 9 | Viewed by 3377
Abstract
Marine microalgae may produce antibacterial substances. At the exponential phase of growth, four species of marine microalgae were examined for their potential to create secondary metabolites that limit the growth of Vibrio harveyi: Nannochloropsis oceanica, Chaetoceros gracilis, Isochrysis sp., and [...] Read more.
Marine microalgae may produce antibacterial substances. At the exponential phase of growth, four species of marine microalgae were examined for their potential to create secondary metabolites that limit the growth of Vibrio harveyi: Nannochloropsis oceanica, Chaetoceros gracilis, Isochrysis sp., and Thalassiosira weissflogii. V. harveyi is a pathogenic bacteria that can cause severe mortality and loss in aquaculture. Disc diffusion assay and co-culture assay were used to determine antibacterial activity. On TSA % NaCl media, the disc impregnated with microalgae and extracted with ethanol, methanol, saline water, and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) was tested against V. harveyi at concentrations of 1.0 × 105, 106 and 107 CFU mL−1. The disc diffusion assay revealed that N. oceanica extracted with ethanol had the largest inhibitory zone against V. harveyi. Meanwhile, only N. oceanica, Isochrysis sp., and T. weissflogii reduced the growth of V. harveyi (105 CFU mL−1) in the co-culture assay (p < 0.05). The current findings reveal that the hydrophilic chemicals in microalgae extract have antibiotic activity against the highly virulent V. harveyi, which causes vibriosis, a serious disease in farmed fish and aquaculture cultivation around the world. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Discovery and Research on Aquatic Microorganisms)
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15 pages, 2437 KiB  
Article
Extra-Heavy Crude Oil Degradation by Alternaria sp. Isolated from Deep-Sea Sediments of the Gulf of Mexico
by Lucia Romero-Hernández, Patricia Velez, Itandehui Betanzo-Gutiérrez, María Dolores Camacho-López, Rafael Vázquez-Duhalt and Meritxell Riquelme
Appl. Sci. 2021, 11(13), 6090; https://doi.org/10.3390/app11136090 - 30 Jun 2021
Cited by 12 | Viewed by 2834
Abstract
The Gulf of Mexico (GoM) is an important source of oil for the United States and Mexico. There has been growing interest, particularly after the Deepwater Horizon oil spill, in characterizing the fungal diversity of the GoM and identifying isolates for use in [...] Read more.
The Gulf of Mexico (GoM) is an important source of oil for the United States and Mexico. There has been growing interest, particularly after the Deepwater Horizon oil spill, in characterizing the fungal diversity of the GoM and identifying isolates for use in the bioremediation of petroleum in the event of another spill. Most studies have focused on light crude oil bioremediation processes, while heavy crude oil (HCO) and extra-heavy crude oil (EHCO) have been largely ignored. In this work, we evaluated the ability of fungal isolates obtained from deep-sea sediments of the Mexican economic exclusive zone (EEZ) of the GoM to degrade HCO (16–20° API) and EHCO (7–10° API). Alternaria sp., Penicillium spp., and Stemphylium sp. grew with HCO as the sole carbon source. Remarkably, Alternaria sp. was the only isolate able to grow with EHCO as the sole carbon source, degrading up to 25.6% of the total EHCO and 91.3% of the aromatic fraction, as demonstrated by gas chromatography analysis of the saturate, aromatic, and polar fractions. These findings proved to be significant, identifying Alternaria sp. as one of the few fungi reported so far capable of degrading untreated EHCO and as a suitable candidate for bioremediation of EHCO in future studies. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Discovery and Research on Aquatic Microorganisms)
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8 pages, 1453 KiB  
Article
Biofilm Inhibition and Antimicrobial Properties of Silver-Ion-Exchanged Zeolite A against Vibrio spp Marine Pathogens
by Zarina Amin, Nur Ariffah Waly and Sazmal Effendi Arshad
Appl. Sci. 2021, 11(12), 5496; https://doi.org/10.3390/app11125496 - 14 Jun 2021
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2045
Abstract
A challenging problem in the aquaculture industry is bacterial disease outbreaks, which result in the global reduction in fish supply and foodborne outbreaks. Biofilms in marine pathogens protect against antimicrobial treatment and host immune defense. Zeolites are minerals of volcanic origin made from [...] Read more.
A challenging problem in the aquaculture industry is bacterial disease outbreaks, which result in the global reduction in fish supply and foodborne outbreaks. Biofilms in marine pathogens protect against antimicrobial treatment and host immune defense. Zeolites are minerals of volcanic origin made from crystalline aluminosilicates, which are useful in agriculture and in environmental management. In this study, silver-ion-exchanged zeolite A of four concentrations; 0.25 M (AgZ1), 0.50 M (AgZ2), 1.00 M (AgZ3) and 1.50 M (AgZ4) were investigated for biofilm inhibition and antimicrobial properties against two predominant marine pathogens, V. campbelli and V. parahemolyticus, by employing the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and crystal violet biofilm quantification assays as well as scanning electron microscopy. In the first instance, all zeolite samples AgZ1–AgZ4 showed antimicrobial activity for both pathogens. For V. campbellii, AgZ4 exhibited the highest MIC at 125.00 µg/mL, while for V. parahaemolyticus, the highest MIC was observed for AgZ3 at 62.50 µg/mL. At sublethal concentration, biofilm inhibition of V. campbelli and V. parahemolyticus by AgZ4 was observed at 60.2 and 77.3% inhibition, respectively. Scanning electron microscopy exhibited profound structural alteration of the biofilm matrix by AgZ4. This is the first known study that highlights the potential application of ion-exchanged zeolite A against marine pathogens and their biofilms. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Discovery and Research on Aquatic Microorganisms)
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14 pages, 3784 KiB  
Article
Corollospora mediterranea: A Novel Species Complex in the Mediterranean Sea
by Anna Poli, Elena Bovio, Iolanda Perugini, Giovanna Cristina Varese and Valeria Prigione
Appl. Sci. 2021, 11(12), 5452; https://doi.org/10.3390/app11125452 - 11 Jun 2021
Cited by 9 | Viewed by 2142
Abstract
The genus Corollospora, typified by the arenicolous fungus Corollospora maritima, consists of twenty-five cosmopolitan species that live and reproduce exclusively in marine environments. Species of this genus are known to produce bioactive compounds and can be potentially exploited as bioremediators of [...] Read more.
The genus Corollospora, typified by the arenicolous fungus Corollospora maritima, consists of twenty-five cosmopolitan species that live and reproduce exclusively in marine environments. Species of this genus are known to produce bioactive compounds and can be potentially exploited as bioremediators of oil spill contaminated beaches; hence their biotechnological importance. In this paper, nine fungal strains isolated in the Mediterranean Sea, from the seagrass Posidonia oceanica (L.) Delile, from driftwood and seawater contaminated by an oil spill, were investigated. The strains, previously identified as Corollospora sp., were examined by deep multi-loci phylogenetic and morphological analyses. Maximum-likelihood and Bayesian phylogeny based on seven genetic markers led to the introduction of a new species complex within the genus Corollospora: Corollospora mediterranea species complex (CMSC). The Mediterranean Sea, once again, proves an extraordinary reservoir of novel fungal species with a still undiscovered biotechnological potential. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Discovery and Research on Aquatic Microorganisms)
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Review

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22 pages, 2867 KiB  
Review
Facing Phototrophic Microorganisms That Colonize Artistic Fountains and Other Wet Stone Surfaces: Identification Keys
by Fernando Bolivar-Galiano, Oana Adriana Cuzman, Clara Abad-Ruiz and Pedro Sánchez-Castillo
Appl. Sci. 2021, 11(18), 8787; https://doi.org/10.3390/app11188787 - 21 Sep 2021
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 3403
Abstract
All fountains are inhabited by phototrophic microorganisms, especially if they are functional and located outdoors. This fact, along with the regular presence of water and the intrinsic bioreceptivity of stone material, easily favors the biological development. Many of these organisms are responsible for [...] Read more.
All fountains are inhabited by phototrophic microorganisms, especially if they are functional and located outdoors. This fact, along with the regular presence of water and the intrinsic bioreceptivity of stone material, easily favors the biological development. Many of these organisms are responsible for the biodeterioration phenomena and recognizing them could help to define the best strategies for the conservation and maintenance of monumental fountains. The presence of biological growth involves different activities for the conservation of artistic fountains. This paper is a review of the phototrophic biodiversity reported in 46 fountains and gives a whole vision on coping with biodeteriogens of fountains, being an elementary guide for professionals in the field of stone conservation. It is focused on recognizing the main phototrophs by using simplified dichotomous keys for cyanobacteria, green algae and diatoms. Some basic issues related to the handling of the samples and with the control of these types of microalgae are also briefly described, in order to assist interested professionals when dealing with the biodiversity of monumental fountains. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Discovery and Research on Aquatic Microorganisms)
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Other

10 pages, 2106 KiB  
Brief Report
The Presence of Marine Filamentous Fungi on a Copper-Based Antifouling Paint
by Sergey Dobretsov, Hanaa Al-Shibli, Sajeewa S. N. Maharachchikumbura and Abdullah M. Al-Sadi
Appl. Sci. 2021, 11(18), 8277; https://doi.org/10.3390/app11188277 - 07 Sep 2021
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2427
Abstract
Marine biofouling is undesirable growth on submerged substances, which causes a major problem for maritime industries. Antifouling paints containing toxic compounds such as copper are used to prevent marine biofouling. However, bacteria and diatoms are usually found in biofilms developed on such paints. [...] Read more.
Marine biofouling is undesirable growth on submerged substances, which causes a major problem for maritime industries. Antifouling paints containing toxic compounds such as copper are used to prevent marine biofouling. However, bacteria and diatoms are usually found in biofilms developed on such paints. In this study, plastic panels painted with a copper-based self-polishing antifouling paint were exposed to biofouling for 6 months in the Marina Bandar Rowdha, Sea of Oman. Clean panels were used as a control substratum. Marine filamentous fungi from protected and unprotected substrate were isolated on a potato dextrose agar. Pure isolates were identified using sequences of the ITS region of rDNA. Six fungal isolates (Alternaria sp., Aspergillus niger, A. terreus, A. tubingensis, Cladosporium halotolerans, and C. omanense) were obtained from the antifouling paint. Four isolates (Aspergillus pseudodeflectus, C. omanense, and Parengyodontium album) were isolated from clean panels and nylon ropes. This is the first evidence of the presence of marine fungi on antifouling paints. In comparison with isolates from the unprotected substrate, fungi from the antifouling paint were highly resistant to copper, which suggests that filamentous fungi can grow on marine antifouling paints. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Discovery and Research on Aquatic Microorganisms)
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