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Applied Sciences
Special Issues
Structural Seismic Design and Evaluation
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Structural Seismic Design and Evaluation

A special issue of Applied Sciences (ISSN 2076-3417). This special issue belongs to the section "Civil Engineering".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 20 June 2024 | Viewed by 5320

Special Issue Editors

Prof. Dr. Alfredo Reyes-Salazar

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad Autónoma de Sinaloa, Calz. De Las Americas and Blvd. Universitarios S/N, Ciudad Universitaria, Culiacán de Rosales 80040, Sinaloa, Mexico
Interests: civil engineering structures
Dr. Federico Valenzuela-Beltrán

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad Autónoma de Sinaloa, Calz. De Las Americas and Blvd. Universitarios S/N, Ciudad Universitaria, Culiacán de Rosales 80040, Sinaloa, Mexico
Interests: civil engineering structures
Dr. Mario D. Llanes-Tizoc

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad Autónoma de Sinaloa, Calz. De Las Americas and Blvd. Universitarios S/N, Ciudad Universitaria, Culiacán de Rosales 80040, Sinaloa, Mexico
Interests: civil engineering structures

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Recent decades have witnessed significant damage induced in structures after the occurrence of strong earthquakes. This has led researchers around world to address many issues concerning structural seismic design and evaluation for different types of structures, including steel and concrete buildings.

This Special Issue will provide a publishing platform for the worldwide community of researchers, in traditional and emerging subdisciplines of the field related to seismic behavior assessment and structural design, to present and discuss recent advancements in this broader field. Original papers dealing with experimental and analytical evaluation procedures will be considered for publication.

The following is a non-exhaustive list of topics considered to be within the scope of this Special Issue:

  • Effects of the selection and scaling of strong motions on the seismic response of structures.
  • Evaluation of the reliability of concrete and steel structures with energy-dissipating devices.
  • Seismic performance and risk analysis of structures.
  • Deterministic and probabilistic methods of dynamic analysis in structural engineering.
  • Experimental and computational simulation of dynamic effects on structures.
  • Seismic behavior and modelling of non-structural elements.
  • Quantification of earthquake demand and structural capacity.
  • Seismic regulations and building codes.
  • Dynamic soil–structure interaction.
  • Passive and active systems for earthquake protection.
  • Methods for earthquake-resistant design and retrofit of structures.
  • Seismic performance of new structural systems.

Prof. Dr. Alfredo Reyes-Salazar
Dr. Federico Valenzuela-Beltrán
Dr. Mario D. Llanes-Tizoc
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Applied Sciences is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2400 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • structural seismic behavior
  • design for strong motions
  • deterministic and probabilistic analyses
  • building codes
  • retrofit
  • new structural systems
  • experimental and numerical simulation

Published Papers (6 papers)

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Research

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18 pages, 5241 KiB  
Article
A Damage Index for Assessing Seismic-Resistant Designs of Masonry Wall Buildings Reinforced with X-Bracing Concrete Frames
by Yossakorn Chonratana and Vuttichai Chatpattananan
Appl. Sci. 2023, 13(23), 12566; https://doi.org/10.3390/app132312566 - 21 Nov 2023
Viewed by 720
Abstract
In this paper, a suitable damage index is demonstrated to assess the seismic-resistant design of masonry wall buildings reinforced with double x-bracing concrete frames. As a criterion indicative of the damage level that might occur after an earthquake, the damage index can be [...] Read more.
In this paper, a suitable damage index is demonstrated to assess the seismic-resistant design of masonry wall buildings reinforced with double x-bracing concrete frames. As a criterion indicative of the damage level that might occur after an earthquake, the damage index can be calculated by using analytic results, by using the Park–Ang formula on masonry wall buildings reinforced with concrete structures, and by adjusting the index values in accordance with the results of the analysed models. The data used in this study are collected from the results of four-storey concrete structures with masonry walls under cyclical lateral forces. To simulate the masonry walls’ structural behaviours for damage assessment, x-bracings placed as crosses on each bracing are used to support the compressive strength. Then, the analysis results are used to assess the damage that occurs to the masonry wall building structure by considering deformation and energy decay; additionally, a suitable damage index is calculated for each damage level. The damage index can be considered in the seismic-resistant design of masonry walls reinforced with x-bracing concrete frames. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Structural Seismic Design and Evaluation)
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31 pages, 6064 KiB  
Article
Seismogram Rearrangement as a Perspective Basis for Defining New Attributes
by Ranko Babić and Lidija Babić
Appl. Sci. 2023, 13(20), 11133; https://doi.org/10.3390/app132011133 - 10 Oct 2023
Viewed by 633
Abstract
Proper regulative in earthquake risk reduction, hazard assessment, earthquake resistant design and construction of structures, should be under perpetual improvement. They are mainly the result of earthquake study and analysis of post-seismic effects. In this context, a new frame for seismogram analysis is [...] Read more.
Proper regulative in earthquake risk reduction, hazard assessment, earthquake resistant design and construction of structures, should be under perpetual improvement. They are mainly the result of earthquake study and analysis of post-seismic effects. In this context, a new frame for seismogram analysis is proposed, based on its decomposition into elementary and single (positive and negative) fluctuations (EF/SF). Decomposition enables rearrangement, both providing the frame for defining new attributes, where several main ones are proposed and elaborated in the paper: fan diagram of EFs structural axes; R- or RQ-envelope, formed over positive and over negative peaks of ordered SFs; two forms of difference functions of positive and negative R/RQ-envelopes, as a measure of seismogram’s (a)symmetry, in respect to t-axis; distributions of SFs durations. Several others are in perspective. Analogy between R-envelope and seismogram’s spectrum is considered from the aspects of arranged elements, and asymptotic behavior of these two functional attributes. More objective definition of seismogram duration is proposed, determined by linear regression across the scatter plot of SFs peaks. R-envelope showed itself as an invariant in the seismogram population, and the distribution of SFs durations as well. Results are presented through extensive graphics, backed with mathematical description. Thorough discussion of the concept and results is given. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Structural Seismic Design and Evaluation)
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30 pages, 13906 KiB  
Article
A New Type of Bipartite Random Graph as a Transform of Seismogram and Its Potential for Organizing Seismic Databases
by Ranko Babić and Lidija Babić
Appl. Sci. 2023, 13(18), 10303; https://doi.org/10.3390/app131810303 - 14 Sep 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 556
Abstract
This paper proposes a method to reduce seismogram variability as a determining factor in its interpretation, processing, and clustering. By introducing the concept of single fluctuations (SFs), the seismogram can be parsed into a sequence of random impulses with subsequent ordering. This rearrangement [...] Read more.
This paper proposes a method to reduce seismogram variability as a determining factor in its interpretation, processing, and clustering. By introducing the concept of single fluctuations (SFs), the seismogram can be parsed into a sequence of random impulses with subsequent ordering. This rearrangement of SFs, if they are assigned by positive integers, represents the formal mapping of a regular string of integers into a random one, which can be represented with a bipartite random graph (bigraph). Due to its specific randomness, such a bigraph is considered a new type of random balanced bigraph. The R-envelope and RQ-envelope, its equidistant version, are defined by tracing the peak envelope over ordered SFs. The equivalence and complementariness of the RQ and bigraph are considered and discussed, forming a combined characteristic of the seismogram. The R/RQ provided a considerable reduction in seismogram variability, which was confirmed by creating and analyzing an ensemble of RQ from several seismograms. In the RQ domain, distance is defined as a possible basis for metrics and clustering, but the ensemble variability was quite narrow and not as suitable for this purpose. Otherwise, the ensemble shows high redundancy hidden in the seismogram population. As for the bigraph, the mesh of its edges is structuralized in bundles, forming a skeleton, which reflects the internal structural content of the seismogram. The distance over the domain of bigraphs is proposed to show the possibility of clustering. This means that only a combined RQ and bigraph provides a suitable frame for seismogram representation with reduced variability and, thus, the potential for more effectively organizing seismic databases and a deeper interpretation of seismograms; therefore, RQs and bigraphs can be considered as a transform of a seismogram. Many aspects of these concepts are thoroughly discussed. The similarity between concepts of SF and wavelets is briefly considered. This very complex theme is new and promises broad further research. All issues considered in the paper are abundantly illustrated. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Structural Seismic Design and Evaluation)
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14 pages, 4350 KiB  
Article
A Fracture Model for Dynamic Sliding Safety Evaluation of a Concrete Dam Subjected to Seismic Excitation
by Jeeho Lee and Hyeong Seok Lim
Appl. Sci. 2023, 13(18), 10294; https://doi.org/10.3390/app131810294 - 14 Sep 2023
Viewed by 795
Abstract
The Sliding Safety Factor (SSF) is a crucial criterion for the sliding stability evaluation of concrete dam structures. A concrete gravity dam subjected to strong earthquakes undergoes progressive fractures, in addition to pre-existing fractures, at the dam–foundation interface, which causes a reduction in [...] Read more.
The Sliding Safety Factor (SSF) is a crucial criterion for the sliding stability evaluation of concrete dam structures. A concrete gravity dam subjected to strong earthquakes undergoes progressive fractures, in addition to pre-existing fractures, at the dam–foundation interface, which causes a reduction in the shear strength against sliding. In this study, a new SSF is suggested to take account of the progressive fractured area at the dam–foundation interface. A contact and sliding model for the dam–foundation system is also suggested to compute the dynamically varying normal forces and sliding motions for the suggested SSF. To investigate the effect of the progressively fractured area on the sliding safety evaluation, the conventional, improved, and newly suggested SSFs are compared using the dynamic seismic analysis results of a concrete gravity dam. The conventional formulation of the SSF, in which the fractured area is not represented, yields extremely overestimated sliding safety judgements when a dam is subjected to strong earthquakes. On the other hand, the newly suggested SSF with the proposed contact–sliding model provides more realistic and conservative sliding safety evaluation results than the others. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Structural Seismic Design and Evaluation)
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22 pages, 8611 KiB  
Article
Seismic Performance of Frame Structure with Hysteretic Intermediate Discontinuity
by Angelo Di Egidio, Stefano Pagliaro and Alessandro Contento
Appl. Sci. 2023, 13(9), 5373; https://doi.org/10.3390/app13095373 - 25 Apr 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 871
Abstract
The introduction of an intermediate discontinuity in frame structures is commonly named inter-storey isolation. Inter-storey isolation is an effective technique for the seismic protection of new or existing frame structures. The devices that are used to perform the discontinuity, mainly of the structural [...] Read more.
The introduction of an intermediate discontinuity in frame structures is commonly named inter-storey isolation. Inter-storey isolation is an effective technique for the seismic protection of new or existing frame structures. The devices that are used to perform the discontinuity, mainly of the structural stiffness, are placed at a higher storey level of the structure and not at the base level. In the latter years, this technique has gained increasing interest because, especially for existing buildings, it is cheaper and technically easier to implement than base isolation. In this paper, the attention is focused on the effects on a frame structure of an intermediate elasto-plastic discontinuity that can be described by a Bouc-Wen model. The frame structure with the intermediate discontinuity is modelled with a 3-DOF reduced model. Its dynamical behaviour is investigated by considering both harmonic and seismic external excitation. The results are summarized in gain maps aimed at finding the parameters that optimize the seismic behaviour of the structure. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Structural Seismic Design and Evaluation)
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Review

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35 pages, 3748 KiB  
Review
Pushover Analysis in Seismic Engineering: A Detailed Chronology and Review of Techniques for Structural Assessment
by Kevin Karanja Kuria and Orsolya Katalin Kegyes-Brassai
Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(1), 151; https://doi.org/10.3390/app14010151 - 23 Dec 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 981
Abstract
This study analyzes the progression, utilization, and inherent challenges of traditional non-linear static procedures (NSPs) such as the capacity spectrum method, the displacement coefficient method, and the N2 method for evaluating seismic performance in structures. These methods, along with advanced versions such as [...] Read more.
This study analyzes the progression, utilization, and inherent challenges of traditional non-linear static procedures (NSPs) such as the capacity spectrum method, the displacement coefficient method, and the N2 method for evaluating seismic performance in structures. These methods, along with advanced versions such as multi-mode, modal, adaptive, and energy-based pushover analysis, help determine seismic demands, enriching our grasp on structural behaviors and guiding design choices. While these methods have improved accuracy by considering major vibration modes, they often fall short in addressing intricate aspects such as bidirectional responses, torsional effects, soil-structure interplay, and variations in displacement coefficients. Nevertheless, NSPs offer a more comprehensive and detailed analysis compared to rapid visual screening methods, providing a deeper understanding of potential vulnerabilities and more accurate predictions of structural performance. Their efficiency and reduced computational demands, compared to the comprehensive nonlinear response history analysis (NLRHA), make NSPs a favored tool for engineers aiming for swift seismic performance checks. Their accuracy and application become crucial when gauging seismic risks and potential damage across multiple structures. This paper underscores the ongoing refinements to these methods, reflecting the sustained attention they receive from both industry professionals and researchers. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Structural Seismic Design and Evaluation)
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